Increase In Net Income Research Articles

Produção de mudas e de raízes comerciais de mandioquinha-salsa ‘Amarela de Carandaí’ em função de espaçamentos e amontoa

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar espaçamentos entre plantas dentro da fileira (20 e 25 cm) e número de amontoas (0, 1 e 2 amontoas) sobre a produção de mudas (rebentos) e de massa fresca de raízes comerciais de mandioquinha-salsa visando principalmente a obtenção de material propagativo, no próprio local de cultivo. Os fatores foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 2 x 3, no delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Foram realizadas colheitas aos 211 e aos 255 dias após o plantio (DPA). Aos 211 DAP, maior número de rebentos foi obtido com o espaçamento de 20 cm entre plantas (493.610 rebentos) e que permitiria o plantio de 7,47 ha. Aos 255 DAP o maior número foi nas plantas cultivadas com espaçamento de 20 cm e sem amontoa (606.360 rebentos), com capacidade de plantio de 9,18 ha. Aos 255 DAP as plantas cultivadas com o espaçamento de 20 cm entre plantas e as cultivadas sem amontoa apresentaram o maior número de raízes comerciais, mas não a maior massa fresca, sendo esses resultados diferentes dos obtidos aos 211 dias. Ao relacionar a produção das mudas e a obtenção de raízes comerciais de mandioquinha-salsa, determinou-se que o agricultor deve optar pelo cultivo utilizando 25 cm entre plantas, duas amontoas e colheita aos 255 dias, uma vez que precisaria cultivar 1,55 ha para obter o mesmo número de rebentos que o cultivo com espaçamento de 20 cm entre plantas, sem amontoa e colheita aos 255 DAP (606.360 rebentos ha -1 ), mas teria aumento de 2,04 t ha -1 de raízes comerciais e aumento na renda líquida de R$ 3.746,00 por hectare.

Response of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) to Foliar Feeding of Micronutrients

In Pakistan, one of main cause of low production of wheat is lack of proper fertilizer management especially micronutrients which plays crucial role in growth and yield of wheat. So, foliar feeding of micronutrients may be used as supplement for obtaining higher yield. Demo-trials were carried out at a district of Punjab, Toba Tek Singh during in 2010-2011 to determine if micronutrient application is required or not to maximize wheat yields. Each site experiment was laid out according to Randomized Complete Block Design containing two treatments i.e. control (recommended NPK fertilizer alone) and treated (foliar application of 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ml acre-1 micronutrients mixture along with NPK fertilizer). Comparatively best results regarding yield and composition of grain were obtained with application of multi-nutrients foliar spray @ 1000 or 750 ml acre-1. Moreover, significant improvement in BCR and VCR and increase in net income from the same land made this technology economically viable and beneficial for the farmers of the area. All these outcomes motivated farmer community to follow technology of foliar feeding of multi-nutrients to raise the crop production.

Crop rotation biomass and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi effects on sugarcane yield

A cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum spp.) vem sendo cultivada no Brasil para produção de açúcar e agroenergia. Em seu sistema de produção, após um ciclo de 4 a 8 anos, é possível a rotação com plantas de cobertura, antes do seu replantio, para melhoria do solo e geração de renda. Estudou-se a caracterização e produtividade de biomassa de leguminosas (como adubos-verdes) e girassol (Helianthus annuus L.), a ocorrência natural de micorrizas, o teor de açúcar e a produtividade em colmos da cana-de-açúcar IAC 87-3396 e a viabilidade econômica desse sistema com cultivo após as opções de rotação, com quantificação da produtividade durante três cortes consecutivos. O amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L.) cv. IAC-Caiapó, girassol cv. IAC-Uruguai e mucuna-preta (Mucuna aterrimum Piper and Tracy) foram as culturas que apresentaram maior percentagem de colonização por fungos micorrízicos. O girassol foi a planta de cobertura que mais extraiu nutrientes do solo, seguido por amendoim (Arachis hipogaea L.) cv. IAC-Tatu e feijão-mungo (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). A colonização por fungos micorrízicos mostrou correlação positiva com a altura de plantas de cana no primeiro corte (p = 0,01 e R = 0,52), mas não se correlacionou com a produtividade de colmos ou açúcar. No primeiro corte, o girassol foi a cultura de rotação que ocasionou o maior aumento de produtividade, da ordem de 46% em colmos e de 50% na quantidade de açúcar, em comparação com a testemunha. Com exceção dos amendoins, todas as culturas em rotação aumentaram a renda líquida do sistema na média de três cortes de cana-de-açúcar.

Macro Management of Agriculture Scheme in Maharashtra: An Evaluation

The Macro Management of Agriculture (MMA) Scheme was one of the major centrally sponsored schemes formulated by the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation in 2000-2001. This paper evaluates the impact of three schemes under MMA that are implemented in Maharashtra ‒ Integrated Cereal Development Programme, Sustainable Development of Sugarcane-based Cropping System, and Integrated Pest Management under Balanced Integrated use of Fertilizers. There has been an increase in net income as well as yield of generally all the sample farmers as compared to the earlier years. The study however underlines the need for strengthening the extension machinery of the government to improve the outreach of the extension officers and for proper training of the resource persons. It is important to provide basic infrastructure to the farmers which will help them in reaping the benefits of the schemes.

Species identification and selection to develop agroforestry at Lake Toba Catchment Area (LTCA)

Wijayanto N (2011) Species identification and selection to develop agroforestry at Lake Toba Catchment Area (LTCA). Biodiversitas 12: 52-58. In order to improve land productivity surrounding the LTCA, the existing ITTO project tries to establish agroforestry system. The system will be designed to meet consideration of both sides. on one side is to generate the people awareness of the forest and land rehabilitation, and on the other side is to support the poverty reduction. The aims of this research are: species identification and selection to develop agroforestry at LTCA. Data collecting was carried out with: interview, group discussion, field observation, divining manual study, and PRA. The diversity of the available crop kind shows the number of choices to be developed by the farmer. The farmers generally have the economic objective to develop agroforestry, including increase in net income, risk reduction, increase in environmental service, and the wealth and savings accumulation. Various types of agricultural crops, plantations and forest trees were found in LTCA. They can be the basis for building a wide variety of agroforestry systems.Key words: catchment area, agroforestry system, sequential, integrated.

Black Monks and White Gold The Solovetskii Monastery's Prosperous Salt Trade during the Time of Troubles of the Early Seventeenth Century

AbstractThis article represents a study of extant business records of the Vologda podvor'e of the Solovotskii Monastery from the Time of Troubles (1598-1613). The archival records show that the monastery continued to take in impressive sums from its salt trade during this period of crisis, and in fact was able to increase its revenue during the first two thirds of the Troubles. The study additionally demonstrates that both prices and sales volume oscillated (rose and fell) in a yearly pattern. However, over the longer term, volume remained constant while prices rose, thus producing the increase in net income. The detailed records of prices also enable a comparison to the late Prof. Hellie's data set in The Ecomomy and Material Culture of Russia. The Solovki salt prices recorded at Vologda manifest distinct price levels and behavior and thus significantly enhance Hellie's charts for the Time of Troubles period. The study as a whole illustrates that the Time of Troubles exerted quite an uneven effect on the population of Muscovy, with the wealthy monasteries often economically unaffected or at least less affected than the general population. It also reveals the extent to which economic profit remained a principal driving force of the monasterial “corporation” at this time.

Effects of marketing chicken meat as a whole or cut up on enterprise income

As research material, 521 broiler carcasses, 308 of which were cut up manually and 213 of which were cut up with machine, were used. The carcasses cut up were divided into 6 groups based on their weights. In both methods, the whole weights of the carcasses were determined first and recorded. After that, they were divided into 3 parts as wings, legs, and breast. It was found that the process of cutting up takes 12 s by hand and 50.5 s with machine. As a result of cutting up, net income increase was determined as 13.75% for manual cutting up and 11.37% for mechanical cutting up.

Avaliação econômica do uso da restrição alimentar qualitativa para suínos com elevado peso de abate

O objetivo neste trabalho foi avaliar economicamente o uso da restrição alimentar qualitativa para suínos machos castrados em terminação sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça de 60 animais. Dez suínos foram abatidos no início da fase experimental (89,0 ± 4,2 kg) e os demais, alimentados com rações contendo cinco níveis de restrição nutricional qualitativa (0, 5, 10, 15 e 20%), obtidas pela inclusão de casca de arroz finamente moída, até o final do experimento (127,8 ± 2,9 kg). Foram calculados os custos com alimentação durante o período experimental (R$alimento) e estimados os valores de receita bruta de cada carcaça de animais abatidos aos 128 kg (RBsuíno128kg) ou no início do experimento (RBmédia_suíno89kg). A partir destes três dados, foi calculado o resultado líquido (RL) do uso das dietas experimentais (RL = RBsuíno128kg - RBmédia_suíno89kg - R$alimento). Também foram analisadas as variações mensais dos preços do milho, do farelo de soja e do suíno, sendo determinado o preço do milho como o fator de maior impacto sobre a lucratividade do uso da restrição qualitativa. A equação de predição da probabilidade de aumento linear do resultado líquido pelo uso da restrição qualitativa foi determinada em função dos diferentes preços do milho - PM (valor de P RL = 0,392 - 0,625PM, R² = 0,73). Efeito significativo foi observado para preços do milho de cerca de quatro vezes ou mais acima do custo da casca de arroz. Assim, conclui-se que a viabilidade do uso da restrição qualitativa, até o nível de 20%, depende do cenário econômico, mas sobretudo do preço do milho, o principal ingrediente substituído nas rações ao empregar-se a restrição qualitativa, e de sua relação com o custo do resíduo utilizado para diluição energética.

Benefits and barriers to perennial forage crops in Iowa corn and soybean rotations

AbstractThe transition away from forage-based cropping systems in Iowa to corn and soybean rotations since World War II has corresponded with degraded economic and environmental conditions in the state. Falling net incomes for farmers and concern over global warming and the effects of agriculture-related pollution on water, wildlife and human health have increased interest in diversified cropping systems. This paper reviews the benefits of diversifying Iowa corn and soybean rotations with perennial forage species such as alfalfa and red clover. Perennial forage crops improve soil quality, decrease NO3-N leaching and soil erosion, increase carbon sequestration and decrease pesticide and herbicide needs by controlling weed and insect pests. Forage legumes reduce N fertilizer needs for succeeding corn crops at a higher rate than soybeans, and corn crops following forages have higher yields than after corn or soybeans. Farmers who add alfalfa to corn and soybean rotations could realize significant economic gains. A simulated 5-year rotation in Iowa including corn–soybeans–oats/alfalfa–alfalfa–alfalfa would result in a 24% net income increase over 5 years of corn–soybean–corn–soybean–corn, even with government farm support payments for the row crops. Farm policies that encourage commodity production create little incentive for Iowa farmers to diversify their cropping systems beyond corn and soybeans, despite the clear economic and ecological benefits. We recommend increasing federal support for conservation programs that reward environmentally beneficial farm practices such as the Conservation Securities Program and we encourage land grant universities to hire researchers interested in alternative agricultural systems.

Economic consequences of the first-time IFRS introduction in Europe

Advocates of mandatory IFRS adoption claim that IFRS increases financial statement comparability and enhances the quality of financial disclosure, which in turn leads to more liquid markets. Using first-time disclosure (IFRS restatements), this study tests empirically this assertion by examining whether IFRS adoption by representative European countries results in more liquid markets. We propose that IFRS introduction can directly affect market liquidity by improving comparability. Our findings suggest that, at the industry level, larger restatements in net income increase uncertainty among investors, and by extension stock illiquidity. For industries with fewer restating peers, lack of information comparability additionally suppresses investment activities with larger liquidity costs.

Earnings Management at Large US Bank Holding Companies

This paper examines earnings management at the largest publicly traded bank holding companies in the United States. We find that the use of discretionary loan loss provisions is positively related to a bank's unmanaged cash flow returns, capital ratios, and asset size. In contrast, the use of discretionary loan loss provisions is negatively related to a bank's non-discretionary loan loss provisions and market-to-book ratios. Further, the use of discretionary loan loss provisions to manage earnings is significantly related to the fraction of shares owned by the bank's CEO, the fraction of shares owned by all directors, the existence of CEO/chair duality, and the CEO's pay-for-performance sensitivity. However, this practice is found to be significantly reduced when the board is composed of more independent outside directors. For the sample of large banks examined in this paper, the majority of earnings management results in an increase in net income. Thus, while bank managers appear to use discretionary loan loss provisions to increase earnings and, subsequently, their own personal wealth, corporate governance mechanisms can be incorporated to effectively constrain discretion in earnings management.

거세한우에 있어서 배합사료의 적정 TDN 수준과 도축 월령

Ninety Hanwoo steers (initial BW = 167.2±13.4 kg) were used to determine the effect of energy concentrations in concentrates and slaughter age on performance, carcass characteristics. Steers were allotted by BW to one of eighteen pens. Eighteen pens were randomly allotted to a low (70-70-71-72% for the growing, the early, the middle or the late fattening periods), medium (70-71-72-73%) or high (70-72- 73-74%) TDN level of concentrates. Five steers for each treatment of energy level were slaughtered every one month from 26 month of age to 31 month of age. Concentrates was fed restrictedly to achieve a predicted gain of 0.7~0.9 kg from growing stage to middle fattening stage. All steers were fed orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) hay as roughage during the growing period, fed rice straw gradually substituted for orchard grass hay during the early fattening period, and fed rice straw only thereafter. Overall body weight and feed intake were not affected by TDN levels of concentrates. Average daily gain for all treatments was higher than 0.9 kg/d during the 19~21 month of age and decrease thereafter, but sustained above 0.7 kg/d. Mean concentrates intake for all treatments was 1.0~1.3% of live BW during the growing period and 1.5% during the early fattening. Thereafter, it decreased up to 1.4% during the middle fattening and 1.0% during late fattening period. Delay of slaughter end point resulted in a gradual increase of rib-eye area, back fat thickness and marbling score, especially after slaughter age of 29 month there was significant increases (P<0.05). The appearance rate of 1 + and 1 grade related to the slaughter ages was 100% at 29, 30 and 31 months of age, whereas those at 26, 27 and 28 months were 93, 86 and 80%, respectively. Dressing rate was significantly (P<0.05) increased and rate of retailed cut weight significantly (P<0.05) decreased when slaughter age increased. In economic analysis, there was pronounced increase in net income up to 32~46% after slaughter age of 29 months. Under the conditions of this study, high TDN intake is not necessarily required for high quality Hanwoo meat production and slaughter age of 29 month might be the optimum for Hanwoo steers (Key words : TDN content of concentrates, Hanwoo steers, Slaugher age)

Impact of thetexas beef partnership in extension program on profitability of beef cow-calf herds.

To determine whether beef herds could increase profitability by reducing production cost per 100 lb (hundredweight [CWTI; ie, 45.4 kg) of calf through implementation of advice from teams of veterinarians and county extension agents supported by university specialists. Longitudinal study. 6 commercial cow-calf herds comprising 1,927 cows. Teams of veterinarians and county extension agents provided advice on 25 profitable ranch management practices to herd owners for 3 years. Use of each practice in herds was measured on a scale of 1 to 5 for baseline year 1999. Similar measurements were made at the end of each year for comparison with baseline values. Outcomes were measured by standardized performance analysis. Mean weaning weight of calves per exposed cow of the 6 herds increased significantly from 1999 (2000, 26.8 kg [59 lb; 17%]; 2001, 49.1 kg [108 lb; 31%]; and 2002, 43.2 kg [95 lb; 27%]). Mean cost per CWT of calf decreased significantly from the 1999 value (2000, -$20.04 [-18%]; 2001, -$33.40 [-29%]; and 2002, -$22.52 [-20%]). Additional profits for the 6 herds were $54,407 in 2000, $135,695 in 2001, and $116,089 in 2002 (3-year total of $306,191). Mean increase in management score of herds was positively correlated with increase in net income and accounted for > 60% of increased profits. Profitability of beef cow-calf operations can be substantially increased through a team approach by identifying opportunities for improvements in management and helping ranch managers implement profitable practices.

Analysis on poverty in mountain areas based on off-farm industries

This paper reveals that agricultural growth trend in China is strongly correlated with the growth of off-farm industries—the curve of net income from off-farm industries reflects the general characteristics of net income of households. That means the increase of net income of farm households is chiefly from off-farm industries, more than from agriculture. The authors therefore conclude that the “poverty” in mountain areas or the gap between mountain areas and plain areas lies in the underdevelopment of off-farm industries in mountain areas. Finally, the authors make suggestions of strategic adjustment of economic structure: 1) present situation of mountain areas in China should be fully considered; 2) a full industrial system is not our desire; 3) advantageous industries should be promoted to create famous products; 4) industrialization and urbanization in mountain areas should be promoted and so on.

Impact of manual and mechanical cut-up of broiler carcasses on the enterprise income

This research was carried out in the Meat and Fish Products Co. Sincan Plant (Ankara,Turkey) between March 2002&amp;ndash;May 2002. Total 666 broiler carcasses, 461 of which was cut-up with hand using a knife and 205 of which was cut up with cutting saw, formed the research material. Cut-up carcasses were classified in 6 groups according to their weights. The carcasses were weighted as a whole in both methods and after their weights were recorded, they were cut-up into 4 parts as breast, legs, wings and neck. It was determined that process of cutting up with knife lasted for 60 s and for 17 s with cutting saw. As a result of cutting up, net income increase was determined as 13.82&amp;nbsp;percent in cutting up with knife and as 15.61 in cutting up with cutting saw with summer prices and as 3.73&amp;nbsp;percent in cutting up with knife and as 5.6 percent in cutting up with cutting saw with winter prices.

Common Bean Response to Tillage Intensity and Weed Control Strategies

Increased concern about environmental degradation, reduced biodiversity, and high production costs for common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Nicaragua have increased farmers’ interest in reduced or no tillage systems in combination with low cost and environmentally friendly weed management. This study examined how tillage and weed control measures affect weed densities and biomass, common bean yield, and net income. Three tillage treatments [no tillage (NT), minimum tillage (MT), and conventional tillage (CT)] and three methods of weed control (mulching, mechanical, and chemical) were evaluated in the same field for 3 yr (1994–1996). Bean canopy height was measured twice during the growing season, and bean yield components were recorded each year. Weed biomass and weed density of monocots and dicots, respectively, were measured 28 and 42 days after sowing (DAS) in each experiment. There was an interaction between years and weed control for both weed density and weed biomass. There was also an interaction between tillage system and weed control system regarding bean yield and net economic benefit. Minimum tillage outyielded NT and CT by 10 and 15% and resulted in an increase in net income that was 23 and 35% greater than NT and CT, respectively. Mechanical and chemical weed control increased yields more than mulching in NT and MT. Mechanical weed control with NT or MT would be sufficient to ensure profitable production of common bean. This practice should be combined with the use of both weeds and preceding crop residues as mulches.

A limited-service rural hospital model: the freestanding emergency department.

A rural hospital that has been downsized to a freestanding emergency department is an important model in that it offers a possible solution to a community's need to have emergency-care services locally available. This model could include other important local services, such as skilled-nursing and outpatient services. This study looks at the financial feasibility of a rural hospital shutting down acute-care services and maintaining emergency services. Expenses were determined, and changes to revenue and expenses were estimated. Reimbursement was assumed static. Medicare cost reports and hospital financial disclosure reports were used in investigating three model categories: an urgent-care clinic with emergency services; a hospital-based emergency department with an outpatient clinic; a hospital-based emergency department with an outpatient clinic and a hospital-based skilled-nursing facility. Even with best-case assumptions regarding continued reimbursement, results show only a small increase in net income and, in two cases, large losses compared with the size of the hospital operations. A subsidy would be required from the community or an affiliated hospital or network for the model to remain financially stable. The regulatory barriers to implementation are noted, as well as the potential problems with the human aspects of implementation--staffing, recruitment and retention, professional education and quality. If the model rural hospital is an affiliate or partner with one or more health care facility, which could assist with financial and staffing needs, it may be feasible.

Performance of lactating dairy cattle housed in a four-row freestall barn equipped with three different cooling systems (1999)

Ninety-three multiparous Holstein cows averaging 130 days in milk (DIM) were utilized to evaluate three cooling treatments installed in separate pens of a four-row freestall barn in northeast Kansas during the summer of 1999. Treatments were: 1) a double row of 36-inch fans spaced at 24-ft intervals over the freestalls; 2) a single row of 36-inch fans spaced at 24-ft intervals over the freestalls and over the cow feed line; and 3) a double row of 36-inch fans spaced at 24-ft intervals over the freestalls and a single row over the feed line. Each pen was equipped with identical sprinkler systems over the cow feed line. The 85-day study evaluated milk production, body condition score, respiration rate, and feed intake of cows cooled with the systems. Cows cooled with fans over the freestalls and feed line produced more (P< .05) milk (98.8 vs 93.9 lb/cow/day) than those cooled with fans only over the freestalls. Milk production was similar for cows cooled with fans over the freestalls and feed line, and doubling the number of fans over the freestalls had no apparent advantage. Cows in all treatments consumed similar amounts of feed, and those cooled only by fans over the freestalls tended to gain more body condition than cows in the other two treatments. Estimated increase in net income realized from using these cooling systems ranged from $3,500-6,100/year/pen.; Dairy Day, 1999, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 1999

Economic evaluation of neonatal health protection programs for cattle

Objective— To develop an economic tool that can be used to help cattle producers evaluate benefits of neonatal health programs. Design— Computer simulation of a multiple-year spreadsheet model, using economic and production variables. Sample Population— Records for a university research farm beef herd. Procedure— Data from the university research farm beef herd for each year from 1990 to 1995 were evaluated to determine economic benefits for the cowcalf enterprise that would result from a decrease in morbidity and mortality. A baseline economic evaluation of returns to variable costs was performed, using actual production and marketing information. Actual economic performance was contrasted with a projected simulation in which morbidity and mortality were decreased. Sensitivity analysis for the simulation model assessment of a neonatal health program was also performed. Results— Mean-per-cow increase in net income for the herd during the 6-year period for morbidity and mortality reductions of 20, 40, and 60% was $7.44, $14.93, and $22.42, respectively. Sensitivity analysis revealed that net income per cow was not sensitive to errors in projections of morbidity and mortality. Clinical Implications— Identifying potential economic benefits for implementing a neonatal health plan and quantifying the costs to implement each component of the plan can be used by veterinarians and their clients when formulating a proactive strategy to provide the greatest potential for economic reward. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:810-816)

Dual Labor Markets, Urban Unemployment, and Multicentric Cities

A two-sector model of urban employment is developed which focuses on the formation of a secondary sector in response to a primary-sector demand shock. The optimal location of this (single-firm) sector is shown to give rise to a multicentric urban spatial structure. Conditions are then established under which the new labor market equilibrium involves both a decrease in unemployment and an increase in net income for those unemployed. These results are extended to a case where all unemployment benefits are financed by local taxation of firms. Here it is shown that profit incentives may exist for the primary sector to subsidize entry of the secondary sector.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: J41, R14.