Increase In Household Income Research Articles

Time trends in HPV vaccination according to country background: a nationwide register-based study among girls in Norway

BackgroundSince the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine was introduced in Norway in 2009, the vaccine uptake has increased. Whether this increase is similar regardless of the girls’ country background is unknown. We examined changes in HPV vaccine uptake from 2009 to 2014 and studied the impact of parental education and income on HPV vaccine uptake according to country background.MethodsGirls in the first six birth cohorts (1997–2002) eligible for HPV vaccination were identified through the National Registry. Information on HPV vaccination, country background and socioeconomic factors was extracted from the Norwegian Immunisation Registry and Statistics Norway. Risk differences (RDs) and confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated with linear binomial regression. A total of 177,387 girls were included in the study.ResultsThe HPV vaccine uptake increased from 72.5% in 2009 to 87.3% in 2014. The uptake increased for girls in all country background categories. Highest vaccine uptake was observed in girls with East−/South-East Asian background, 88.9% versus 82.5% in the total population. Vaccine uptake decreased slightly with increasing parental education, RD = − 1.6% (95% CI: − 2.3% to − 0.8%) for highest compared with lowest education level. In contrast, the uptake increased with increasing household income, RD = 4.9% (95% CI, 4.3 to 5.5%) for highest compared with lowest quintile. Parental education had largest impact in girls with Asian background, RD = − 8.1% (95% CI − 10.5% to − 5.6%) for higher vs lower education. The largest impact of household income was observed in girls with background from Middle East/Africa, RD for a 200,000 NOK increase in income was 2.1% (95% CI 1.2 to 3.0%).ConclusionsThe HPV vaccine uptake differed with country background but increased over time in all country background categories. Moreover, the impact of education and income on vaccine uptake differed with country background.

Livelihood Impacts of Forest Carbon Protection in the Context of Redd+ in Cross River State, Southeast Nigeria

The rate of landcover change linked to deforestation and forest degradation in tropical environments has continued to surge despite a series of forest governance policy instruments over the years. These informed the launch of one of the most important international policies called Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Plus (REDD+) to combat forest destruction. REDD+ assumes that communities will have increased assets to natural capital which will enhance their livelihood portfolio and mitigate the effects of climate variability and change across biomes. The aim of this study is to ascertain the livelihoods impacts of forest carbon protection within the context of REDD+ in Cross River State, Nigeria. Six forest communities were chosen across three agroecological zones of the State. Anchored on the Sustainable Livelihood Framework, a set of questionnaires were administered to randomly picked households. The results indicate that more than half of the respondents aligned with financial payment and more natural resources as the perceived benefits of carbon protection. More so, a multinomial logistic regression showed that income was the main factor that influenced respondent’s support for forest carbon protection. Analysis of income trends from the ‘big seven’ non-timber forest resources in the region showed increase in Gnetum africanum, Bushmeat, Irvingia gabonensis, Garcinia kola, while carpolobia spp., Randia and rattan cane revealed declining income since inception of REDD+. The recorded increase in household income was attributed to a ban in logging. It is recommended that the forest communities should be more heavily involved in the subsequent phases of the project implementation to avoid carbon leakages.

Work-trip mode choice in Germany – Affected by individual constraints or by partner interaction?

Individuals with young children have additional responsibilities and tend to have different patterns of work-trip mode choice. In this regard, the purpose of the study is to determine if individuals’ commuting mode decisions vary with gender and the presence of young children. In doing so, we develop four separate models for women and men with and without children, respectively. We explore the associations between work-trip mode choice and five key elements: i) personal socio-economic status; ii) household attributes, iii) spatio-temporal fixity, iv) partner interaction and v) working hours preferences. We use the German National Time Use Survey 2012/13 and adopt multinomial logit analysis. In general, our results suggest that the direction of coefficients is more similar than different for both men and women. For respondents without young children, the spatial and temporal fixity attributes strongly predict men’s (also women's) driving, whereas for working in market/non-market sectors, partner attributes significantly decrease men’s driving. For respondents with young children, increase in personal income positively and significantly predicts women's (also men's) driving, whereas high levels of education, increase in household income and partners’ time spent on unpaid work strongly decrease women’s driving. For both the groups, men or women with more egalitarian or reverse working hours preferences are more likely to use sustainable modes.

Situation analysis of energy use and consumption in Cambodia: household access to energy

The aim of this article is to analyse the current situation of access to energy (in relation to SDG 7) and energy usage behaviour in households in two provinces in Cambodia, namely Pursat and Kampong Cham. The analytical framework is based on the energy ladder model and the energy stacking model as a starting point for assessing the current household energy profiles. A quantitative survey carried out in late 2015 in 970 households revealed differences in access to electricity between urban, electrified rural, and non-electrified rural districts. In urban areas, households are using multiple (3–4) energy sources compared to rural areas (2–3). The use of electricity through batteries in the non-electrified rural areas remains notable (43%) despite no access to the national grid. The dependence on traditional biomass, especially firewood, remains high (91% of all respondents) for all the sampled households, especially so in rural non-electrified households. The study confirms that households’ energy mix is composed of various energy sources, even when modern energy sources are available as opposed to complete fuel switch. The results also show that electricity use does not automatically lead to increased household income, but is much more complex process than discussed in existing research. The article further discusses the possible causes behind the phenomenon, proposes recommendations for better-informed energy policy, and provides important insights towards sustainable energy transition in Cambodia in the future.

Community concern and government response: Identifying socio-economic and demographic predictors of oil and gas complaints and drinking water impairments in Pennsylvania

Oil and gas development has led to environmental hazards and community concerns, particularly in relation to water supply issues. Filing complaints with state agencies enables citizens to register concerns and seek investigations. We evaluated associations between county-level socio-economic and demographic factors, oil and gas drilling, and three outcomes in Pennsylvania between 2004 and 2016: number of oil and gas complaints filed, and both the number and proportion of state investigations of water supply complaints yielding a confirmed water supply impairment (i.e., “positive determination”). We used hierarchical Bayesian Poisson and binomial regression analyses. From 2004 to 2016, 9,404 oil and gas-related complaints were filed, of which 4,099 were water supply complaints. Of those, 3,906 received investigations, and 215 yielded positive determinations. We observed a 47% increase in complaints filed per $10,000 increase in annual median household income (MHI) (Rate Ratio [RR]: 1.47, 95% credible interval [CI]: 1.09–1.96) and an 18% increase per 1% increase in educational attainment (RR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.11–1.26). While the number of complaints filed did not vary by race/ethnicity, the odds of a complaint yielding a positive determination were 0.81 times lower in counties with a higher proportion of marginalized populations (Odds Ratio [OR]: 0.81 per 1% increase in percent Black, Asian, and Native American populations combined, 95% CI: 0.64–0.99). The odds of positive determinations were also lower in areas with higher income (OR per $10,000 increase in MHI: 0.35, 95% CI: 0.09–0.96). Our results suggest these relationships are complex and may indicate potential environmental and procedural inequities, warranting further investigation.

EFFECTS OF INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT IN THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC STATUS OF FARM FAMILIES IN THE SECOND DISTRICT OF NUEVA ECIJA, PHILIPPINES

In general, the study aimed to determine the effects of infrastructure projects on the socio-economic status of the farm families in the project area. This study used a descriptive-quantitative correlation design. A total of 3 key informants and 90 farm families head composed of the respondents. A survey questionnaire was prepared as an instrument in gathering the required information. The mean of 51.69 years old signifies that most of the respondents' ages were at the prime working age. A majority (95.70%) of the households were headed by male farmers and have no other source of income other than farming. Concrete roads were constructed as early as 2013 and 2018 in the area of study. The development of the infrastructure exhibits a very high effect with the access to medical response as well as the faster medical response to emergencies. The result shows that the project shows a significant effect on transportation, travel time, hauling cost, ease in travel of the farm families, and increases market access. On the other hand, increase in agricultural production, creating jobs, increase in average household income, increase yields, and increase the use of fertilizer was given a descriptive rating of fair indicating that these aspects were not affected by the development of the infrastructure more so with the increased access to banks/credit.

THE The proposed integrated model for rural people of alum in the Mekong delta

This study is to design an integrated eco-agricultural system for waste treatment in the acidic soil areas in the Mekong Delta. The system is based on recycling all of the materials (from the inputs, outputs, and wastes) under conditions of acidic soil towards zero emissions and maintaining sustainability for farmers' livelihood. The system is demonstrated at Vo Van Tham's farm in Thanh An Commune, Thanh Hoa District, Long An Province. The cost investment is 80,000,000 VND, and the cost is 60,000,000 VND for operating per year. The results show that the proposed system has benefits for the environment, for example wastewater is collected and treated at is178 m3/day, reduce the emission of 756 tons CO2t/year. 50% the amount of pig manure (about 3 tons/day) is separated from pig shed discharges entering the biogas system. It also helps to increase household income (the expected income is about 160,000,000 VND/year, and the payback period is less than 1 year). In addition, solutions are used for alleviating soil acidity level, increase soil pH, and reducing aluminum toxicity in the area. This can help utilize difficult conditions of the acidic soil. Therefore, the proposed system can be applied widely for surrounding areas with similar livelihood activities, and natural conditions.

Estimation of domestic urban electricity consumption: A case study of Baghdad, Iraq

Electricity consumption for household purposes in urban areas widely affects the general urban consumption compared to other commercial and industrial uses, as household electricity consumption is affected by many factors related to the physical aspects of the residential area such as temperature, housing unit area, and coverage ratio, as well as social and economic factors such as family size and income, to reach the extent of the influence of each of the above factors on the amount of electricity consumed for residential uses, a selected sample of a residential area in the city of Baghdad was studied and a field survey conducted of the characteristics of that sample and the results analyzed and modeled statistically in relation to the amount of electricity consumed for residential units. Results showed that the annual electricity consumption is directly proportional to both the increase in the residential plot area and the increase in the number of residents of the housing unit and the increase in the monthly income of households, while it is inversely proportional to the plot coverage rate. Through the results of the field research, it was possible to build six quantitative models describing the behavior of electricity consumption in relation to the variables covered in the research.

Estimation of domestic urban electricity consumption: A case study of Baghdad, Iraq

Electricity consumption for household purposes in urban areas widely affects the general urban consumption compared to other commercial and industrial uses, as household electricity consumption is affected by many factors related to the physical aspects of the residential area such as temperature, housing unit area, and coverage ratio, as well as social and economic factors such as family size and income, to reach the extent of the influence of each of the above factors on the amount of electricity consumed for residential uses, a selected sample of a residential area in the city of Baghdad was studied and a field survey conducted of the characteristics of that sample and the results analyzed and modeled statistically in relation to the amount of electricity consumed for residential units. Results showed that the annual electricity consumption is directly proportional to both the increase in the residential plot area and the increase in the number of residents of the housing unit and the increase in the monthly income of households, while it is inversely proportional to the plot coverage rate. Through the results of the field research, it was possible to build six quantitative models describing the behavior of electricity consumption in relation to the variables covered in the research.

ANALYSIS OF FACTORS INFLUENCING HOUSEHOLDS’ PREFERENCE LEVEL FOR SOLAR ENERGY IN URBAN AREAS OF SOUTHWEST NIGERIA

If Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) seven of affordable and clean energy will be achieved, access to clean energy such as solar energy needs dedicated attention. The study assessed respondents' perception of solar energy and identified factors influencing their preference level in urban areas of Southwest Nigeria. Data were obtained from four hundred and eighty (480) solar energy users and four hundred and eighty (480) non- solar energy users leading to total of nine hundred and sixty (960) respondents' through a multi-stage sampling technique. Descriptive statistics, 5-likert scale type and tobit regression model were used to analyze the data collected. The respondents agreed that solar energy is the most appropriate source of energy compared to fossil fuel with mean score of 3.83. Price stability (0.83) attribute of solar energy is one of the reasons that makes it preferred by the respondent. A unit increase in household income will lead to 0.0879592 preference for solar energy in the study area. The study recommends that government at all levels should sensitize the households on the usage of solar energy in Nigeria to achieve the goal seven of SDGs.Keywords: Clean Energy, Solar Energy, Perception, Tobit Regression Model, NigeriaJEL Classifications: Q1, Q2, Q3 P28DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.10001

Regression Application On The Farmers‘ Household Consumption Expenditure Model

Every household tries to maximize utility in consuming goods and services with price and income levels as constraints. Household consumption expenditure comes from food and non-food items. Research conducted in Makassar City aims to determine the differences in farmers' household consumption expenditure on food, non-food, and food + non-food and estimate the factors that influence them. The research method used is descriptive and explanatory. They were based on the time dimension, using cross-section data from primary data with a sample of 327 respondents consisting of 165 farmers and 162 female farmers. The findings show that household food expenditure of farmers is smaller than non-food expenditure. The opposite result occurs in the household expenditure of farmers women. Household income, wife's formal education, household size, regional differences, and gender were influence changes in household consumption expenditure from food, non-food, and food + non-food. Increasing household income supported by balanced nutrition education will avoid food insecurity, increasing household expenditure.

Determinants of dietary diversity practice among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at Wachemo University Nigist Eleni Mohammed memorial referral hospital, Southern Ethiopia.

BackgroundDietary diversity has continued to receive a global attention among pregnant women as they have been considered susceptible to malnutrition because of their increased nutrient demands. Thus, a variety of foodstuffs in their diet are necessary for ensuring the appropriateness of their nutrient consumptions. This study, therefore assessed the dietary diversity practice and its determinants among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at Wachemo University Nigist Eleni Mohammed memorial referral hospital, Southern Ethiopia.MethodsA hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out on 303 participants from May 1 to June 15, 2019 using a systematic random sampling technique. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS (version24.0). Both bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to decide the association of each explanatory variable with the outcome variable. Odds ratio with their 95% confidence intervals was calculated to identify the presence and strength of association, and statistical significance was declared at p < 0.05.ResultsThe overall prevalence of adequate dietary diversity practices was observed to be 42.6%. The determinants of dietary diversity practice included earning of a monthly income ≥2000 Ethiopian birr (AOR = 1.62; 95%CI:1.19–2.85), maternal educational level (AOR = 2.50; 95% CI: 1.05–6.12), educational status of partner (AOR = 2.45; 95% CI:1.20, 9.57), having a partner who was a government employee (AOR = 4; 95% CI:2.18–7.21), and the receiving of nutritional information (AOR = 1.35; 95% CI: 3.39–6.94).ConclusionsThe study indicated that the overall consumption of adequate dietary diversity practice was found to be low. Therefore, increasing household income, enhancing nutritional related information, advancing the academic level of both wife and her partner is essential to improve women’s dietary diversity practice.

The Impact of Airport Construction on Farm Households’ Income

Infrastructure development is needed to encourage economic growth. However, infrastructure development requires land acquisition, which may adversely impact the community. This study aims to analyze the impact of Kertajati International Airport construction on the farm households’ income and welfare level. This research data used primary data with a simple random sampling method to select 76 farm households in the most affected village. The analysis techniques were income analysis and paired sample t-test. The results showed that farm income was significantly higher before the airport construction. Nevertheless, off-farm income increased after the airport construction, leading to an insignificant household income difference before and after the land acquisition. As for the prosperity level, on average, the farm households lived below the decent living standard. The results imply the importance of increasing farmers’ capacity so that that compensation funds can be utilized to increase household income.

The impact of the Vietnam Bank for Social Policies preferential credit on household welfare in Vietnam: a panel data analysis

PurposeThe study examines the impact of the preferential credit provided by the Vietnam Bank for Social Policies on poverty reduction in Ninh Binh province, Vietnam. It also identifies and ranks the barriers of accessing the credit.Design/methodology/approachThe study applies fixed-effects method to handle the panel data to examine the impact of the credit on poverty reduction. It also uses face-to-face interviews and group discussions to identify and rank the barriers of accessing to the credit.FindingsThe results show that the credit (represented by loan volume) positively and significantly helps improve household income, but does not help to improve household consumption. The major barriers include the time spent to get to the nearest bank branch, banking support services provided to clients and the transparency of household poverty status assessment.Research limitations/implicationsData are collected in three years and the number of the observations is limited to 300 households.Practical implicationsThe VBSP preferential credit may need to be modified to significantly help reduce poverty and the VBSP and involved parties may need to eliminate the barriers so that the poor can have a better access to the credit.Social implicationsThe VBSP preferential credit is one of the reasonable sources that can help eliminate poverty though increasing household income.Originality/valueThe VBSP preferential credit can help increase household income, but does not really help improve household consumption due to the small volume of loans. In addition, banking support services and the household poverty assessment are seen as barriers to the access of the poor.

Estimation of the standard model of the water footprint of individuals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

The study aims to estimate the elements of water footprint and total water footprint of individuals in Saudi Arabia, and the study concluded that the average total water footprint of the individuals in the study sample was about 2329 m3/person/year, of which the food water footprint represents about 80%, and the water footprint of domestic and industrial use is about 20%. By conducting an analysis of variance, it was found that there are statistically significant differences between the averages of the estimates of the food water footprint per person according to the source of the difference represented by the different regions of the kingdom. It also showed the statistical insignificance of the difference between the average industrial water footprints per person according to gender. The results of the standard model indicate that an increase in household income and family size by 10% will increase the water footprint of the individual by 1.8% and 0.2%, respectively. By estimating the standard model to show the effect of the joint interaction between quantitative and formal variables on the total water footprint of the individual in Saudi Arabia, it becomes clear that the effect of the educational level and nationality together is estimated at 286.24 m3, which represents about 12.3% of the total water footprint of the individual and shows the importance of setting policies and programs through which it is possible for reorienting the patterns and behaviors of community members in the kingdom to use water optimally.

Pelatihan produksi roti gandum sebagai pangan fungsional di Gampong Kajhu Kabupaten Aceh Besar (Training on wheat bread production as a functional food in Kajhu Village, Aceh Besar District)

The purpose of this activity was to train community members in Kajhu Village, Aceh Besar District to produce wheat bread with the addition of pumpkin. These community service activities were carried out in several stages which were socialization of the importance of a healthy lifestyle through focus group discussions by 3 experts in health field (clinical pharmacology, internal medicine, and clinical nutrition) and discussions about production, packaging, and product marketing. The result showed that 60 packs of bread with approximately 80 calories were produced every production time. Marketing and transaction (ordering) of products utilized online media. The sales value for 60 breads per day was Rp.420,000, with a profit of ± Rp. 180,000. This result was a good thing for Kajhu Village community group members because it could increase household income. In conclusion, the implementation of this product-based community service program has resulted in bread products with nutritious ingredients of wheat and pumpkin which have been clinically and experimentally (in other researches) proven to have anti-diabetic properties.

KONTRIBUSI USAHA KERAJINAN ANYAMAN PANDAN TERHADAP PENDAPATAN RUMAH TANGGA PENGERAJIN

The government's efforts to empower the community's economy can be done through business activities that exploit the natural potential. Such as the business development carried out in Buluh Nipis Village, Siak Hulu District, Kampar Regency in the form of small industrial businesses and household handicrafts because besides being able to create jobs, it is also a development goal so that it can increase household income and society in general. The pandan woven handicraft business in Buluh Nipis village is carried out simply by utilizing the potential of the pandanus plant as a raw material in the village area. His condition still requires guidance from related agencies for the development of handicraft businesses which can have an impact on the household income of craftsmen to improve the welfare of rural communities. The effect of the pandanus woven handicraft business on the craftsmen's household income is still smaller than the parent business because the handicraft business is only a part-time job to fill spare time after doing basic work so that time spent on weaving activities is not optimal

Quality of Drinking Water and Sanitation in India

Wide disparity exists in access to drinking water across social groups in rural and urban India. This article shows that the economically weaker sections or the lower quintile class does not have access to water within the premises both in rural and urban areas. This indicates that low income or wealth would mean poor access to basic amenities for households. Similarly, access to toilets and incidence of open defaecation reflect social disparities. The regression results show that an increase in the household income increases the predicted probability of maintaining an exclusive latrine. Further, compared to the ‘General Category’, the ‘Scheduled Castes’ and ‘Other Backward Classes’ have a lower probability of constructing an exclusive latrine facility, in the rural and urban areas.

Rural Household Income: Who's Educational Attainment Counts?

Many factors contribute to household income; The key among them is education. This paper seeks to ascertain if there is any difference between the effect of education attainment of the household head and that of the most educated member of the household on household income. The study used data from 400 rural households in Ogoni, Rivers State, Nigeria, selected by a stratified random sample. The data were analyzed using mean difference test and ordinal logistic models. The paper established evidence supporting positive influence of education on household income (p &lt; 0.01). Two methodological conclusions were drawn. First, either education attainment of the household head or education attainment of the most educated member of the household can be used to estimate the influence of education on household income even when the distribution of these two exogenous variables are significantly different. Second, both exogenous variables should not be used together in the same household income function to avoid biased estimates due to collinearity. A major limitation of this study is recommended for further study. That is, the questionnaire used in the study did not provide information on how many household heads are the most educated members of their respective households. The possible endogeneity bias in such situation should be captured in future estimation. The study concludes that improving education attainment of, at least, a household member could be an effective way of increasing household income in rural communities.

Land rental market and rural household efficiency in China

AbstractWell-functioning factor markets play an important role in improving the performance of the agricultural sector. Our paper examines both technical and allocative efficiencies at the household level, with an application to a cross-section sample of rural households in three provinces of China in 2009. In a first step, we use nonparametric methods to estimate household efficiency. In a second step, we examine econometrically the role of land rental market and its linkages with household-level efficiencies. We find that participation in the land rental market does not affect technical efficiency but has large positive effects on allocative efficiency. This stresses the need to distinguish between technical efficiency and allocative efficiency in the analysis of land tenure issues. The improvements in allocative efficiency from land-leasing contribute to significant increases in household income in rural China.