Incoming Wind Speed Research Articles

Open-Loop Control Co-Design of Semisubmersible Floating Offshore Wind Turbines Using Linear Parameter-Varying Models

Abstract This paper discusses a framework to design elements of the plant and control systems for floating offshore wind turbines in an integrated manner using linear parameter-varying models. Multiple linearized models derived from aero-elastic simulation software in different operating regions characterized by the incoming wind speed are combined to construct an approximate low-fidelity model of the system. The combined model is then used to generate open-loop, optimal control trajectories as part of a nested control co-design strategy that explores the system’s power production and stability using the platform pitch tilt as a proxy in the context of crucial plant and control design decisions. The radial distance between the central and outer columns and the diameter of the outer columns of the semisubmersible platform are the plant design variables. The platform stability and power production are studied for different plant design decisions. The effect of plant decisions on subsequent power production and stability response of the floating wind turbine is quantified in terms of the levelized cost of energy. The results show that the inner-loop constraints and the plant design decisions affect the turbine’s power and, subsequently, the cost of the system.

Optimal combined wake and active power control of large‐scale wind farm considering available power

AbstractThe high‐order nonlinear complex characteristics of traditional static wake model (SWM) restrict the fast optimization of wake effect. Therefore, this paper introduces a dynamic wake model (DWM) to describe the time‐varying wake characteristics of wind turbines (WTs) with low computational cost. The traditional SWM is linearized to derive the wake wind speed sensitivity coefficients, which represents the sensitivity of wake wind speed deficit with respect to the active power reference. Considering the natural propagation characteristics of wake effect, a wake delay function is added to realize the future wind speed prediction of different locations of the wind farm. And a joint control strategy of wake and active power based on model predictive control (MPC) is proposed to optimize the power contribution of each WT to minimize wake effects, and maximize total available power. Thus, the increased available power is able to satisfy the power demand from Transmission System Operator (TSO) for ancillary services and enhance power support capability. The control performance of the proposed control strategy is evaluated by simulations under constant and varying incoming wind speed.

Design and Analysis of an Adaptive Dual-Drive Lift–Drag Composite Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine Generator

In this paper, based on the lift-type wind turbine, an adaptive double-drive lift–drag composite vertical-axis wind turbine is designed to improve the wind energy utilization rate. A drag blade was employed to rapidly accelerate the wind turbine, and the width of the blade was adaptively adjusted with the speed of the wind turbine to realize lift–drag conversion. The aerodynamic performance analysis using Fluent showed that the best performance is achieved with a blade curvature of 30° and a drag-type blade width ratio of 2/3. Physical experiments proved that a lift–drag composite vertical-axis wind turbine driven by dual blades can start when the incoming wind speed is 1.6 m/s, which is 23.8% lower than the existing lift-type wind turbine’s starting wind speed of 2.1 m/s. At the same time, when the wind speed reaches 8.8 m/s, the guide rail adaptive drag-type blades all contract and transform into lift-type wind turbine blades. The results show that the comprehensive wind energy utilization rate of the adaptive dual-drive lift–drag composite vertical-axis wind turbine was 5.98% higher than that of ordinary lift-type wind turbines and can be applied to wind power generation in high-wind-speed wind farms.

Effects of different working parameters on the turbulent drag reduction regulated by annular plasma synthetic jet actuators

Reduction of turbulent drag force is one of important works in the design of airplanes and hypersonic aircrafts. The annular plasma synthetic jet (APSJ) has become an interesting and popular flow control method in reducing the drag of turbulent boundary layers. In this paper, a comprehensive experimental study is carried out on the turbulent drag reduction regulated by an array of annular plasma synthetic jet actuators. The effects of the operating parameters such as the actuation voltage, the pulse frequency and the incoming wind speed on the drag reduction rate are studied and discussed in detail. The performances of the plasma actuator array are evaluated and summarized at multiple working conditions. Finally, the coherent structures of turbulence and the hairpin-like vortices are depicted and discussed. The results show that the optimal drag reduction rate is achieved, as the actuation voltage, pulse frequency and incoming wind speed are Vpp = 7 kV, fp= 50 Hz, and U∞ = 7 m/s, respectively. A resonant coupling phenomenon is observed when the pulse frequency of the actuators approaches the characteristic frequency of the coherent structure. The upward sweep flow induced by APSJ actuators may lead to a reduction of the turbulent drag force, but the downward wash flow leads to an increase in the drag. Present study could provide solid experimental data and a helpful guidance for the drag reduction of an airplane.

Profiling wind LiDAR measurements to quantify blockage for onshore wind turbines

AbstractFlow modifications induced by wind turbine rotors on the incoming atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), such as blockage and speedups, can be important factors affecting the power performance and annual energy production (AEP) of a wind farm. Further, these rotor‐induced effects on the incoming ABL can vary significantly with the characteristics of the incoming wind, such as wind shear, veer, and turbulence intensity, and turbine operative conditions. To better characterize the complex flow physics underpinning the interaction between turbine rotors and the ABL, a field campaign was performed by deploying profiling wind LiDARs both before and after the construction of an onshore wind turbine array. Considering that the magnitude of these rotor‐induced flow modifications represents a small percentage of the incoming wind speed ( ), high accuracy needs to be achieved for the analysis of the experimental data and generation of flow predictions. Further, flow distortions induced by the site topography and effects of the local climatology need to be quantified and differentiated from those induced by wind turbine rotors. To this aim, a suite of statistical and machine learning models, such as k‐means cluster analysis coupled with random forest predictions, are used to quantify and predict flow modifications for different wind and atmospheric conditions. The experimental results show that wind velocity reductions of up to 3% can be observed at an upstream distance of 1.5 rotor diameter from the leading wind turbine rotor, with more significant effects occurring for larger positive wind shear. For more complex wind conditions, such as negative shear and low‐level jet, the rotor induction becomes highly complex entailing either velocity reductions (down to 9%) below hub height and velocity increases (up to 3%) above hub height. The effects of the rotor induction on the incoming wind velocity field seem to be already roughly negligible at an upstream distance of three rotor diameters. The results from this field experiment will inform models to simulate wind‐turbine and wind‐farm operations with improved accuracy for flow predictions in the proximity of the rotor area, which will be instrumental for more accurate quantification of wind farm blockage and relative effects on AEP.

Study on the Pitch Angle Effect on the Power Coefficient and Blade Fatigue Load of a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine

For vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs), the increase of the incoming wind speed higher than the rated value will make the tip speed ratio (TSR) lower and lower, resulting in the blade fatigue load becoming more and more severe and the power coefficient weakening gradually. This paper explores whether varying the pitch with the TSR decrease is necessary for improving the power coefficient and reducing the fatigue load. Specifically, the pitch angle effect on the power coefficient and fatigue load of a VAWT at different TSRs was studied by the computational fluid dynamics method. The results show that the optimal pitch angle in terms of the power coefficient varies with the TSR, which means that varying the pitch with the TSR decrease can improve the power coefficient. Meanwhile, the principle to guide the pitch variation is to avoid flow separation in the downwind zone and minimize the angles of attack (AoAs) in the upwind zone. At the lowest TSR of 1.7 in the present work, varying the pitch from the optimal one in terms of the power coefficient reduced the blade normal force amplitude significantly, which is mainly attributed to avoiding the vortex–blade encounter and minimizing the AoAs in the downwind zone. The vortex–blade encounter at the lowest TSR is an important phenomenon related to the variation of the blade torque and blade normal force and will weaken and disappear with the pitch angle increase.

An evaluation method for wake effect of wind farm group based on CFD-WRF coupled wind resource map

The wake effect of wind farm can reduce the incoming wind speed at the wind turbine located in the downstream direction, resulting in the decrease of global output. WRF model adopts a three-layer two-way nested grid division scheme to simulate the upper atmospheric circulation, obtain wind speed, wind direction and other data that can truly reproduce the fluid characteristics of the regional wind farm group. The boundary conditions and solution conditions of CFD model are set, and the computational fluid dynamics model of the region is obtained. WRF is coupled with CFD, and Fitch wake model is introduced into it. By introducing the drag coefficient of wind turbine into the calculation of wind speed and turbulent kinetic energy in CFD-WRF coupling model, the wind field characteristics and wake effect of wind farm are simulated online. Monte Carlo sampling method is used to obtain random wind resource data in CFD-WRF coupling model, and then the sampled data is used to calculate the group output of wind farms, and evaluate the impact of wake effect on wind farm treatment. The experimental results show that this method can effectively analyze the characteristic data of regional wind field, and the calculation time of RANS method is about 3 s. Due to the wake effect, the overall output and efficiency of wind field will be significantly reduced.

Acceleration and Reynolds effects of crosswind flow fields in gorge terrains

A significant acceleration generated in the gorge terrain poses a serious threat to the operational safety of the transportation facilities downstream of the gorge. To determine the formation mechanism of the acceleration effect, this paper compares the results of wind tunnel tests with the improved delayed detached eddy simulation in terms of the spatial distribution, turbulence, and spectrum of the flow field on the gorge topography under crosswinds. The effect of the Reynolds number on the results is discussed in terms of the characteristic wind speed of flow field and the scaling ratio. Recurrent neural networks are used to attempt to get signals from unknown measurement points and to repair damaged signals. The results show that when the mountain spacing in the experimental and the computational fluid dynamics models is zero, the most dramatic acceleration reaches 1.28–1.4 times the incoming wind speed. In the wind tunnel tests, the peak of the power spectra density (1.065 × 10−2) at the downstream of the center of the gorge with a mountain spacing of zero is 3.37 and 14.77 times higher than the corresponding values (3.16 × 10−3 and 7.21 × 10−4) in the gorge topography with the mountain spacing of 0.01 and 0.02 m, respectively. The maximum difference of mean wind velocities in the leeward of the gorge is 6.4% when the Reynolds number ranges from 2.03 × 105 to 1.03 × 107. The results are expected to provide a reference for the design of windproof facilities in gorge terrains.

Experimental Study on the Influence of Incoming Flow on Wind Turbine Power and Wake Based on Wavelet Analysis

Taking a wind farm in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau as the experimental site, the ZephiR Dual Mode (ZDM) LiDAR and ground-based laser LiDAR were used to scan the incoming flow and wake of the wind turbine separately. Based on wavelet analysis, the experimental study was conducted on the influence of different incoming wind speeds on the power and wake of the wind turbine. It is found that the incoming wind speeds have a great influence on the wind turbine power, and the fluctuation frequency of the wind speed is obviously higher than that of the power, that is, the scale effects of turbulence are magnified. The rotation of the wind wheel can accelerate the collapse of the large-scale turbulent structures of the incoming flow, and large-scale vortices continue to collapse into small-scale vortices, that is, the energy cascade evolution occurs. And in the wake diffusion process, the dissipation degree of the upper blade tip vortex is greater than that of the lower blade tip vortex caused by the rotation of the wind turbine. Under the same incoming flow conditions, due to the influence of tower and ground turbulence structure, the energy level connection phenomenon of the measuring points below the hub height is stronger than that above the hub height, and it weakens with the increase of the measuring distance. That is, the energy cascade of the measuring points below the hub height at 1.5 D (D is the diameter of the wind wheel) of the wake is weaker than that at 1 D of the wake. With the increase of the measuring distance of the wake, the influx of the external flow field further aggravates the momentum exchange and energy transport between the vortex clusters, that is, the influence of the external flow field gradually increases in the wake vortex pulsation.

Proposal of fully-coupled actuated disk model for wind turbine operation modeling in turbulent flow field due to complex topography

The wind speed and direction of flow fields in the time and space domains are complicated owing to topographic relief, and it is not yet known how time-varying incoming wind speed and automatic windward effect interact with the wake characteristics of wind turbines. To address this, semi-coupled ADM-SR model (SR model) and a fully coupled ADM-DR model (DR model) are proposed in this study. The wakes of wind turbines located at various locations on the slant ridge were then compared. The wake velocity deficit of the wind turbines using the SR and DR models were found to be up to 40% and 20% upstream of the ridge, respectively, with large variations. Downstream, the wind turbine wakes of both models were similar. The DR model with the automatic windward orientation caused the wind turbine actuator disk to rotate by 9.24° and 7.40° perpendicular to the tangential direction of the streamline, and the accuracy of the control procedure was verified. Furthermore, the lower the turbulence intensity, the greater the difference between the predictions of the two models, and the power prediction value of the DR model was approximately 80% higher than that of the SR model.

Effectiveness of wake control optimization for multiple in-line wind turbines by combinatorial machine learning wake model

In the wind turbine wake control research, the analytical wake model does not consider the influence of direct control parameters on the wind turbine wake flow field, and its prediction accuracy is by no means satisfying. The numerical simulation method can accurately predict the wake effect, but its low computational efficiency renders it unable to be used in the iterative control optimization study. In this paper, a new wake model coupled with the direct control parameters (tip speed ratio and pitch angle) of a single wind turbine is built based on the machine learning algorithm for which the widely applied Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is applied for instance. By combining the ANN wake model with different wake superposition models, the best combinatorial model for quantitative evaluation of multiple wake interferences is achieved, which not only has great accuracy but also ensures high calculation efficiency. On top of the established combinatorial wake model, three in-line wind turbines are investigated for assessing the effectiveness of wake control optimization with respect to the traditional greedy control. The results show that by optimizing the control parameters (tip speed ratio and pitch angle) of wind turbines, the total power of the three wind turbine units is increased by 1.15~3.48% depending on the incoming wind speeds and distances apart between wind turbines. The power variation of each wind turbine shows that the increase in total power is achieved by the decreased power of the first wind turbine and the increased power of the second and third wind turbines. The research verifies the effectiveness of adopting optimized wind turbine wake control on the total wind farm power improvement numerically.

A wind tunnel investigation of the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of bionic flapping wings with three-dimensional complex motion

The bionic flapping wing aircraft realizes flight by imitating the structure and flapping mode of birds. In this paper, a three-dimensional composite motion aerodynamic analysis model of a bionic flapping wing is established. The diverting field and flapping wing grid are divided up using dynamic hybrid grid technology. The flow field of the flapping wing is analyzed by solving the Navier–Stokes (N–S) equation combined with the Boussinesq hypothesis. The lift of the flapping wing under different flutter frequencies and incoming wind speeds is studied under the asymmetric flutter condition. In order to verify the accuracy of the aerodynamic simulation results, a flapping-wing shrinking-ratio model prototype is made, and low-speed wind tunnel experiments are carried out to test the changes in the flight lift of the wing at different flutter frequencies and angles of attack. A comparative analysis of the wind tunnel experiment and the aerodynamic simulation results shows that when the flapping frequency (1–5 Hz) and incoming wind speed (1–5 m/s) increase, the lift force generated by the wing flapping increases. Due to the deviation between the experimental sample airfoil area and the simulated airfoil area, as well as the wing-driven fuselage vibration during the experiment, a sensor error is produced, resulting in a deviation of about 1 N between the experimental result curve and the simulation result curve. However, the aerodynamic characteristics obtained from the aerodynamic simulation analysis are basically consistent with the aerodynamic change law measured in the wind tunnel experiment.

Numerical Simulation Research Considering the Influence of Bridge Deck Cross Slope on Wind Performance of π-Type Composite Beam Cable-Stayed Bridge with a Symmetric Elevation Arrangement

Based on a symmetrical cable-stayed bridge, the wind resistance performance of a proposed π-type composite beam is analyzed, and the influence of changing the bridge deck cross slope ratio on the static and dynamic wind characteristics is emphatically studied. The purpose is to provide a design reference for the preliminary wind resistance study of the cable-stayed bridge. The CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) numerical calculation method is used to solve the vibration problem of wind-bridge coupling with the help of the software Fluent. It is found that variation of four deck cross slope rates 0%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5% has large effects on the static wind coefficient and flutter critical wind speed of a π-type combination beam. In the range of a −3–3° wind attack angle, the static wind drag coefficient will be decreased as the beam deck cross slope rate increases, and in which the drag coefficient at 0% slope rate is the largest. Within the discounted wind speed 13, changing the bridge deck cross slope has little effect on the aerodynamic derivatives of a π-type composite beam. However, the beam deck slope increases the critical wind speed of the bridge, and the critical wind speed at 2.5% is the largest of the four deck slope rates. In addition, it is found that the beam leeward surface keeps generating up and down vortices when the incoming flow wind speed is in the range of 2.5–4.0 m/s, which led the beam to be under vertical vortex vibration, and further research is needed on vibration suppression measures.

The Effect of the Cordillera Mountain Range on Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Northern Philippines

In this study, we examined the sensitivity of tropical cyclone (TC) characteristics and precipitation to the Cordillera Mountain Range (CMR) in Luzon, Philippines. Using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, we simulated eight TCs with four different CMR orographic elevations: Control, Flat, Reduced, and Enhanced. We found that at significance level α=0.05, TC intensity significantly weakened as early as 21 h prior to landfall in the Enhanced experiment relative to the Control, whereas there was little change in the Flat and Reduced experiments. However, throughout the period when the TC crossed Luzon, we found no significant differences for TC movement speed and position in the different orographic elevations. When a TC made landfall, associated precipitation over the CMR increased as the mountain height increased. We further investigated the underpinning processes relevant to the effect of the CMR on precipitation by examining the effects of mountain slope, incoming perpendicular wind speed, and the moist Froude Number (Fw). Compared with other factors, TC precipitation was most strongly correlated with the strength of approaching winds multiplied by the mountain slope, i.e., stronger winds blowing up steeper mountain slopes caused higher amounts of precipitation. We also found that individually, Fw, mountain height, and upslope wind speeds were poor indicators of orographically induced precipitation. The effects of mountain range on TC rainfall varied with TC cases, highlighting the complexity of the mountain, wind, and rainfall relationship.

Numerical simulation on exploring influencing factors of wind-driven natural ventilation effect in large indoor dock

The shipbuilding industry is booming and the health problems of workers caused by the harsh indoor dock environment force us to explore efficient and reasonable ventilation methods suitable for large workshops. Due to the strong specificity of large workshops, general or local ventilation methods cannot be universally applied. It has great potential and good economy to improve indoor environment by changing natural ventilation design. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has gradually become a powerful tool for predicting indoor and outdoor airflow organization and optimizing indoor ventilation. This paper adopts CFD to study the effect of the inflow wind speed, the position of the side wall shutters, the area ratio and form of roof ventilators on the effectiveness of natural ventilation in a large shipyard driven by wind pressure. The results show that the influence on total ventilation volume is more obvious when the intake side is shaded than the exhaust side. Different incoming wind speeds will affect the wind pressure at the ventilation position, which is the decisive external factor affecting the natural ventilation of docks. When the area ratio of roof ventilators increases to a certain extent, its continued increase has an insignificant effect on the total ventilation volume. The influence of changing the arrangement of the roof ventilator on the natural ventilation effect can be neglected when the area ratio is kept constant.

Parametric study of the effectiveness of active yaw control based on large eddy simulation

Previous studies on active yaw control (hereafter, AYC) have demonstrated its potential in wind farm power optimization. However, most focus are concentrated on the amount of relative power enhancement achieved by AYC, ignoring how various parameters affect the effectiveness of AYC, let alone the mechanism behind the variation of AYC efficiency. Evidently, this is not conducive to the practical implementation of AYC. In response, a parametric study of the effectiveness of AYC is pursued in this paper, by performing a series of large eddy simulations (hereafter, LES) for the NREL 5 MW turbine array under different operating conditions. The LES results reveal that AYC is more effective in the environment with lower incoming wind speed and smaller turbulence intensity level. What is more, the AYC efficiency is found to vary greatly with the streamwise distance between consecutive wind turbines, but is not sensitive to the change of column spacing within a typical range. A large power gain is achieved at wind angles corresponding to partial-wake operating conditions. The active yaw behavior of the last wind turbine in the array also shows the potential to increase the total power production but the corresponding power gain is small. Moreover, it is shown that the yaw direction of wind turbine has nonnegligible influence on AYC, especially in the stable boundary layer. From the power production perspective, positive yaw of wind turbine is recommended in the north hemisphere.

Optimizing Airfoil Aerodynamic Characteristics by Using Proposed CSA-KJ Method

Combined with the cuckoo search algorithm (CSA) and the Kutta–Joukowski (KJ) theorem, a CSA-KJ optimization method was proposed to improve the airfoil aerodynamic characteristics in this work. The fourth-order constant-free polynomial function was employed to describe the airfoil profile. The KJ loop lift of the airfoil was taken as the objective function, and the CSA was applied to iteratively update this method, which was used to optimize the NACA4412 airfoil. The results demonstrate that the optimized effect of the CSA-KJ method on the lift-drag ratio becomes increasingly more significant with the increase of incoming wind speed, and it has the best performance at an angle of attack of 0°. Compared with the NACA4412 airfoil, the average and the maximum lift-drag ratio coefficients of the CSA-KJ4412 airfoil have increased. Meanwhile, the pressure difference distribution is improved, and the aerodynamic characteristic is better. From this, it can be seen that the CSA-KJ method can provide an effective way to optimize the aerodynamic performance of other airfoils.

Wind Turbine Load Optimization Control Strategy Based on LIDAR Feed-Forward Control for Primary Frequency Modulation Process with Pitch Angle Reservation

Because wind power is connected to the grid on a large scale, frequency fluctuation in the power grid, which is defined as a system safety risk to the power grid, occurs from time to time. According to the grid code rules of China, wind turbines are required to be equipped with primary frequency modulation or inertia response control capability, which are used to support the safe and stable operation of the power grid. During the traditional frequency modulation process of the wind turbine, power limiting operation or pitch angle reservation is generally adopted to ensure that the reserved energy can be released at any time to support the frequency change in the power grid. However, the frequency support method leads to a large loss of power generation, and does not consider the coordination between mechanical load characteristics control and primary frequency modulation. In this paper, a mechanical load optimization control strategy for a wind turbine during the primary frequency modulation process, based on LIDAR (light detection and ranging) feed forward control technology, is proposed and verified. Through LIDAR feed forward control, the characteristics of incoming wind speed can be sensed in advance, with the consequence that the wind turbine can participate in, and actively control, the primary frequency modulation procedure. According to the characteristics of incoming wind, for instance the amplitude and turbulence, simultaneously, the size of the reserved pitch angle can be adjusted in real time. This kind of method, coordinating with the mechanical load of the wind turbine, can be used to reduce both the ultimate load and fatigue damage as much as possible. Finally, the mechanical load characteristics of the wind turbine with and without the control strategy are compared and studied through simulation. The research results show that the load optimization control strategy based on LIDAR feed-forward control technology can effectively reduce the fatigue and ultimate loads of the wind turbine while supporting the frequency change in the power grid; especially for the fatigue load of tower base tilt and roll bending moments, the reducing proportion will be about 4.3% and 6.3%, respectively.

Analysis on aerodynamic performance of mine horizontal axis wind turbine with air duct based on breeze power generation

Developing wireless sensor networks based on breeze power generation is of great significance to promote the development of intelligent mines. In this paper, a small horizontal axis wind turbine with air duct was designed for the underground environment of coal mine. The aerodynamic performance of the wind turbine was analyzed by constructing a three-dimensional solid model of the wind turbine. The results show that under the condition of low wind speed underground, the air flow entering the air duct in the outer basin is accelerated and rectified, and the velocity near the impeller increases. The pressure value at the front end of the blade is the largest and the pressure value at the rear end of the blade is the smallest. A certain range of negative pressure zone is formed at the rear end of the impeller, which is conducive to the operation of the wind turbine. After the air flow passes through the impeller, the speed decreases and the speed is the lowest near the rotating shaft of the impeller. Inner basin: the air flow velocity increases gradually along the radial direction of the impeller centre. The pressure at the front end of the blade is greater than the atmospheric pressure, which is conducive to promoting the stability and sustainability of the wind flow and facilitating the operation of the wind turbine. When the wind speed reaches the rated wind speed of the wind turbine, the power, torque and output power of the wind turbine increase, which can provide effective power generation. Compared with other aerofoils, NACA5505 air foil has higher lift drag ratio and thrust coefficient, and is more suitable for downhole low wind environment. Compared with the wind turbine without air duct, the wind turbine with air duct has higher wind energy conversion and output power at low Reynolds number, which verifies the feasibility of the wind turbine with air duct. In the case of low incoming wind speed and no expansion of the size of the wind turbine, improve the output power of the wind turbine and meet the intrinsic safety requirements of the wind turbine. The research can provide technical support for the continuous power supply of wireless intelligent sensors in the mine environment, and provide scientific basis for mine safety production and fine management, which has long-term economic and social benefits.

Dynamic Performance Assessment of PMSG and DFIG-Based WECS with the Support of Manta Ray Foraging Optimizer Considering MPPT, Pitch Control, and FRT Capability Issues

Wind generators have attracted a lot of attention in the realm of renewable energy systems, but they are vulnerable to harsh environmental conditions and grid faults. The influence of the manta ray foraging optimizer (MRFO) on the dynamic performance of the two commonly used variable speed wind generators (VSWGs), called the permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) and doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG), is investigated in this research article. The PMSG and DFIG were exposed to identical wind speed changes depending on their wind turbine characteristics, as well as a dangerous three-phase fault, to evaluate the durability of MRFO-based wind side controllers. To protect VSWGs from hazardous gusts and obtain the optimum power from incoming wind speeds, we utilized a pitch angle controller and optimal torque controller, respectively, in our study. During faults, the commonly utilized industrial approach (crowbar system) was exclusively employed to aid the studied VSWGs in achieving fault ride-through (FRT) capability and control of the DC link voltage. Furthermore, an MRFO-based PI controller was used to develop a crowbar system. The modeling of PMSG, DFIG, and MRFO was performed using the MATLAB/Simulink toolbox. We compared performances of PMSG and DFIG in reference tracking and resilience against changes in system parameters under regular and irregular circumstances. The effectiveness and reliability of the optimized controllers in mitigating the adverse impacts of faults and wind gusts were demonstrated by the simulation results. Without considering the exterior circuit of VSWGs or modifying the original architecture, MRFO-PI controllers in the presence of a crowbar system may help cost-effectively alleviate FRT concerns for both studied VSWGs.