Incoming Stream Research Articles

EFFECTS OF PROPOLİS ON THE DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES AND BİOCHEMİCAL COMPOSİTİON OF Musca domestica LİNNAEUS, 1758 (DİPTERA: MUSCİDAE)

The housefly (Musca domestica L.) is well known a global pest of animals and humans. The houseflies contain high purity chitin and protein which are widely used in industry, and medicine. Their larvae can produce animal protein in the biodegradation of organic waste . House flies provide an alternative for recycling nutrients while also generating multiple income streams, so their large-scale production is important. In this study, the effects of different doses of propolis applied to a wheat bran diet on the developmental stages (larval and pupal development time, larval, pupal, and adult weight, and larval, pupal, and adult survival) and the protein, carbohydrate, and lipid content in Musca domestica larvae were examined under laboratory conditions (62±0.2% humidity and 25.06 ± 0.8°C temperature). Thirty Musca domestica larvae were reared on substrates exposed to four different propolis concentrations. One-way ANOVA was used to compare life history and biochemical parameters. The results showed that increasing concentrations of propolis reduced larval length and weight. While a decrease in the number of pupae and adults was observed, a significant increase in pupal weight was noted. Larval development time was not affected by propolis diets compared to the control, but pupal development time was shortened. In biochemical composition, no significant difference in protein content in Musca domestica larvae was observed with increasing propolis concentrations. However, compared to the control, increasing propolis concentrations increased carbohydrate content and decreased lipid content in Musca domestica larvae.

Building feminist communities in the digital economy: algorithmic affordances and feminist dilemmas

ABSTRACT Increasing numbers of individuals and groups are turning to subscription-based platforms like Patreon to create smaller, more private digital spaces, and income streams less contingent on social media platforms. Within this shift, feminist groups are notably visible, from private community platforms to messaging groups. In this paper, I consider this shift by reflecting on findings from a three-month digital ethnography with the Anti Diet Riot Club, a UK-based group who in 2021 launched ‘The Community’, a subscription-based online community. Drawing on ethnographic data, I explore how in contrast to experiences of social media platforms and algorithms as fast-paced, exhausting, tiring and boring, being in a space which was algorithmically simpler, slower and sparser was experienced by participants as enabling, agency-building, and connective. Yet, ‘The Community’ ultimately sits behind a paywall, and this generates powerful tensions between building participatory feminist communities, and the kinds of consumer, service-oriented expectations and relationships that emerge. I conclude by considering the opportunities slowness and sparseness afford for building feminist networks of community and support, while critically reflecting on how subscription-based memberships entangle feminist initiatives within the neoliberal digital economy and the challenges this poses for creating and sustaining feminist digital spaces.

Influence of Credit Limitations on the Growth of Small Enterprises in Fragile States: The case of Bosaso, Somalia

In recent years, the development of small enterprises has emerged as a vital component of economic growth and poverty alleviation in many countries. This study aimed to investigate the influence of credit limitations on the growth of Small Enterprises in Bosaso, Somalia. To achieve this objective primary data was collected and analyzed employing content analysis and multiple regression analysis. The study revealed that a majority of small enterprises in Bosaso have access to credit, with Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) and banks being the primary sources. However, a significant minority still lacks access to credit, mainly due to weak banking infrastructure and insufficient collateral. Small enterprises face numerous challenges when seeking loans, including insufficient guarantor, Political instability, limited financial infrastructure, high interest rates, and limited collateral. These challenges hinder their ability to access credit, limiting their growth potential. Also, the regression analysis indicated a positive and significant relationship between credit availability and small enterprise growth. Conversely, the access to loan and the cost of credit were found to have negative impacts on growth. On the other hand, Small Enterprises in Bosaso employ various coping strategies to overcome credit limitations, including informal financing, asset-based financing, diversification of income streams, cost reduction measures, and seeking grants or donor funding. Based on these findings, the authors made several recommendations to address the challenges and enhance the growth prospects of small enterprises in Bosaso, Somalia.

Learning to Detect Novel Species with SAM in the Wild

AbstractThis paper tackles the limitation of a closed-world object detection model that was trained on one species. The expectation for this model is that it will not generalize well to recognize the instances of new species if they were present in the incoming data stream. We propose a novel object detection framework for this open-world setting that is suitable for applications that monitor wildlife, ocean life, livestock, plant phenotype and crops that typically feature one species in the image. Our method leverages labeled samples from one species in combination with a novelty detection method and Segment Anything Model, a vision foundation model, to (1) identify the presence of new species in unlabeled images, (2) localize their instances, and (3) retrain the initial model with the localized novel class instances. The resulting integrated system assimilates and learns from unlabeled samples of the new classes while not “forgetting” the original species the model was trained on. We demonstrate our findings on two different domains, (1) wildlife detection and (2) plant detection. Our method achieves an AP of 56.2 (for 4 novel species) to 61.6 (for 1 novel species) for wildlife domain, without relying on any ground truth data in the background.

Agroforestry for Carbon Neutrality: An Effective Pathway to Net Zero

Agroforestry is a promising strategy to achieve carbon neutrality and net zero emission, aiming towards the balance between greenhouse gas emissions and equal amount of carbon removal through sequestration Among several methods of carbon sequestration, agroforestry stands out for its unique ability to simultaneously sequester carbon while reducing greenhouse gas emissions, particularly nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions associated with chemical fertilizer use in conventional agriculture. These systems store carbon through multiple pathways like, in above-ground biomass, below-ground root systems, and enhanced soil organic carbon accumulation while maintaining the agricultural productivity. Acknowledged under the afforestation and reforestation programs of the Kyoto Protocol, agroforestry has attracted interest for its several advantages from both industrialized and developing countries for its multifaceted benefits, including its potential to combat desertification and reduce anthropogenic emissions. Beyond carbon sequestration, it enhances soil fertility, supports biodiversity conservation, and provides economic diversification for farmers through multiple income streams. The role of REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) negotiations in extending the Kyoto Protocol's second commitment period has further strengthened agroforestry's position in global climate action, particularly through the development of REDD offset credits in compliance carbon markets. The World Agroforestry Centre defines agroforestry as a dynamic, ecologically based natural resources management system that integrates trees on farms and in the agricultural landscape, diversifying and sustaining production for increased social, economic, and environmental benefits. The Association for Temperate Agroforestry (AFTA) defines it as an intensive land management system that optimizes the benefits from biological interactions created when trees and/or shrubs are deliberately combined with crops and/or other natural resources. This review article critically examines agroforestry's crucial role as an effective pathway toward achieving carbon neutrality and net zero goals, synthesizing current knowledge and future prospects.

Cultivation of Oyster Mushroom could be a Viable Option for Doubling the Farmer’s Income - An Overview

Our country is celebrating 75th year of Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsava and our Government is very much focused on how to double the farmer’s income, it is the utmost duty of every researcher, educationist and agriculture scientist to explore the ways and means to achieve this target. The cultivation of oyster mushrooms has the potential to significantly increase the income of farmers. Oyster mushrooms are easy to grow, require minimal resources, and have a high market demand. By cultivating oyster mushrooms, farmers can diversify their income streams and increase their profits. This abstract suggests that oyster mushroom cultivation could be a viable option for farmers looking to double their income. Indian economy is primarily agriculture based and where the average income from Agriculture Sector ha-1 is very less in comparison to the other developed nations of the world. This is a call of time to enhance the farmer’s income so they can live their lives in a lucrative manner. Present objective cannot be achieved merely by enhancing the price of the different agricultural produce which the farmers grow on their farm lands, but we should include certain other practical implications to increase the existing productivity level of different agricultural and allied ventures by diversifying farm enterprises. Mushroom culture is one of such enterprises with particular reference to oyster mushroom which has the vast potential to double the existing income level of farmers and this enterprise can easily be adopted by any category of farmers even having marginal landholding.

Investigation of slug catcher vessel degradation by hydrogen sulfide (H2S) damage

Slug catchers offer effectively multiphase flow management in the field of oil and gas industry. critical equipment required for isolates and confines liquid, gases, and solid particles in slugs under environmental conditions that observed to incoming production stream. This work examines the case study that undergoes corrosion failure in vessels of slug catcher, concentrating on (H2S) damage, hardness, and microscopic corrosion in different locations. The methodology of this study involved visual inspections, hardness, and microscopic testing in order to evaluate the level of nature corrosion. The results refer that while the failure of corrosion pits present, there were not cracks, microcracks, stress corrosion cracking (SCC), or Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC) recognized in the structural of vessel. The structures of ferrite and pearlite of the HIC were presented in main components, and there are no cracks or microcracks detected.

Разработка и применение алгоритмов фильтрации и обработки видеопотока на ПЛИС

The paper is devoted to the details of implementation of machine vision algorithms on FPGA. The algorithms were implemented using the Vitis HLS high-level synthesis tool. The main parameter in the realization of the algorithms is speed; since it is necessary to proceed processing of the incoming video stream with minimum delay.

Empowering Women through Sericulture: Transforming Defective Cocoons into Opportunities

In South Asia, particularly India, women face significant challenges stemming from gender discrimination, poverty, and caste-based inequalities. Self-Help Groups (SHGs) have emerged as a pivotal approach to women's empowerment, promoting both economic independence and social awareness. This review paper explores the role of sericulture, specifically the crafting of handicrafts from silk cocoons, as a means of enhancing women's livelihoods in rural areas. By utilizing cut and pierced cocoons, artisans can create a diverse array of decorative and functional products, contributing to both personal income and community development. This innovative use of by- products in handicrafts not only fosters creativity but also promotes self-employment, allowing marginalized women to gain economic agency. Moreover, engaging in cocoon crafting serves as a therapeutic activity, improving mental well-being and providing a sense of purpose. The study emphasizes the importance of integrating bio-crafts into the broader sericulture industry. This integration not only enhances sustainability by making use of waste materials but also provides a reliable income stream for women and their families. The potential for value addition through skilled craftsmanship transforms what would otherwise be discarded into valuable products, contributing to the local economy. Ultimately, these initiatives improve women's economic status and contribute to their social empowerment, offering a multifaceted solution to entrenched gender inequalities in South Asia. By equipping women with skills and resources, fostering community support, and promoting environmentally sustainable practices, the crafting of silk cocoon handicrafts exemplifies a holistic approach to addressing the challenges faced by women in rural areas. Through this innovative model, women can achieve greater independence, enhance their social standing, and participate actively in their communities, paving the way for a more equitable and empowered society.

Building a Culture of Compliance: The Influence of Tax Socialization and Inclusion on Indonesian Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) Taxpayers

Taxes serve as the cornerstone of any nation's economic framework, functioning as both a regulatory mechanism and a primary source of government revenue. They are indispensable for managing taxpayer behavior, ensuring a steady stream of state income, and financing essential public services and infrastructure development. In Indonesia, the compliance of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) is pivotal to the nation's fiscal well-being. This study delves into the factors that influence MSME taxpayer compliance, specifically focusing on the role of tax socialization, tax inclusion, and the involvement of tax volunteers. A quantitative research approach was adopted, involving the distribution of questionnaires to MSME taxpayers in Indonesia. The data collected was then analyzed using SPSS software to test the hypotheses regarding the impact of tax socialization, tax inclusion, and tax volunteers on taxpayer compliance. The findings of this study reveal that tax socialization and tax inclusion positively influence the level of tax compliance among Indonesian MSME taxpayers. Furthermore, the involvement of tax volunteers also has a positive impact on enhancing taxpayer compliance. This study underscores the importance of tax socialization and tax inclusion in fostering a culture of compliance among MSMEs in Indonesia. The positive role of tax volunteers in assisting taxpayers and promoting compliance is also highlighted. These findings have significant implications for tax authorities in their efforts to improve tax compliance rates and enhance revenue collection.

One faith for different realities: accounting and management practices of Benedictine monasteries

Purpose This paper aims to explore how the accounting and management practices of monastic institutions were shaped by their surrounding social, political, geographical and economic environments, as well as religious ideologies, during critical historical periods. Design/methodology/approach By applying institutional theory and the comparative international accounting history perspective, this study conducts a comparative analysis of archival records from two monasteries, examining how their accounting and managerial practices were influenced by differing institutional logics. The research relies on systematic archival data collection, complemented by secondary sources, to analyze how religious beliefs shaped the accounting and management practices of these institutions and the degree of convergence between the two. Findings This study found that both monasteries adapted their accounting and management practices to their external environments. San Placido demonstrated resilience amidst disruptions such as wars and earthquakes, while Silos showed financial sophistication through diverse income streams. The resilience of these institutions was driven by their ability to align internal operations with external political, economic and social factors. This adaptability, coupled with strategic management, enhanced their capacity to maintain financial stability, illustrating the direct link between external changes, organizational resilience and improved financial health. Research limitations/implications This study highlights the historical interplay between religious principles and accounting management practices in Benedictine monasteries by comparing two monasteries. It reveals how external environments shape internal operations, showcasing the resilience and adaptability of these institutions in maintaining financial sustainability through the alignment of external pressures with internal resilience mechanisms, which in turn bolster their financial health. Originality/value This research contributes valuable insights to historical managerial and accounting literature, shedding light on the financial resilience and strategies used by Benedictine monasteries. It underscores the enduring respectful legacy of their accounting practices and the unique interplay between spiritual devotion and organizational structure within these institutions.

Validating Flow-Based Arrival Management for En Route Airspace: Human-In-The-Loop Simulation Experiment with ESCAPE Light Simulator

The advancement of Arrival MANager (AMAN) is crucial for addressing the increasing complexity and demand of modern airspace. This study evaluates the operational feasibility and effectiveness of an innovative AMAN designed for en route airspace, the so-called En Route AMAN. The En Route AMAN functions as a controller support system, facilitating the sharing of information between en route air traffic controllers (ATCos), approach controllers (current AMAN), and airport controllers (Departure Managers) in airports with multiple runways. The En Route AMAN aims to support upstream ATCos by sequencing and spacing of incoming streams via speed control and runway assignment, thereby enhancing overall air traffic efficiency. Human-In-The-Loop simulations involving rated ATCos are performed under scenarios that replicate real-world traffic and weather conditions. These simulations focus on upstream airspace to assess the impact of En Route AMAN on delay mitigation and ATCos’ performance. Unlike previous studies that solely relied on theoretical models and fast-time simulation for operational feasibility evaluation, this approach incorporates ATCos’ real-time decision-making, situational awareness, and task management, addressing critical operationalization challenges. The results demonstrated that the En Route AMAN could reduce the average flight duration by up to 25.6 s and decrease the total number of ATCo instructions by up to 20% during peak traffic volume. These findings support that the En Route AMAN is both operationally viable and effective in mitigating arrival delays, highlighting the importance of Human-In-The-Loop for practical validation.

Interaction Between Age Pension Means Testing and Innovative Income Streams in Australia*

We investigate the interaction between Age Pension means testing and innovative income streams in Australia, considering the use of an investment‐linked annuity that allows a choice of drawdown level. We find that current means testing arrangements incentivise a very specific usage of investment‐linked annuities that is not materially impacted by individual characteristics or fees, due to incoherencies across the income test and assets test. We investigate alternative means test structures, including a structure that includes only an income test and incorporates capital consumption by adjusting taper rates with age according to an annuitisation schedule. This structure removes the distortions impacting annuity usage, generates the most stable Age Pension over lifetime, encourages drawdown of assets over retirement and more accurately reflects the means of retirees to generate an income at each age.

Role of Polyhouse Technology in Mitigating Climate Risks for Floriculture

Climate change poses significant challenges to agricultural productivity, particularly in sectors like floriculture that rely heavily on favorable environmental conditions. In this context, polyhouse technology emerges as a promising solution for mitigating climate risks faced by floriculture farmers. Polyhouses provide a controlled environment that shields crops from extreme weather events, temperature fluctuations, and excessive rainfall, thereby reducing the vulnerability of floriculture production to climate variability. This paper reviews the role of polyhouse technology in climate risk mitigation for floriculture farmers. It examines how polyhouses help in maintaining optimal growing conditions, including temperature, humidity, and light intensity, throughout the year. By regulating these environmental factors, polyhouses enable year-round cultivation of high-value flower crops, offering farmers a stable income stream despite external climate fluctuations. Furthermore, the study explores the economic and environmental benefits associated with polyhouse-based floriculture systems. It analyses the cost-effectiveness of polyhouse construction and operation, considering factors such as energy consumption, water usage, and crop yield. Additionally, the environmental sustainability of polyhouse technology, including its potential to reduce pesticide and fertilizer usage, is discussed. The paper also highlights the challenges and limitations of adopting polyhouse technology in floriculture farming, including initial investment costs, technical expertise requirements, and market access issues. Strategies for overcoming these barriers, such as government subsidies, capacity building programs, and market linkages, are proposed. The polyhouse technology can play a climate-resilient solution for floriculture farmers, offering opportunities for increased productivity, income stability, and environmental sustainability in the face of climate change.

Trends in the retirement security of Black and Hispanic households in the US: A setback for Black Americans but continued progress for Hispanics

Retirement income security refers to the ability of households to provide an adequate stream of income during the period of their retirement from the labor force. Expected retirement income is based of four components: (i) standard non-pension wealth holdings, (ii) defined contribution (DC) pension holdings, (iii) actual or expected defined benefit (DB) pension entitlements, and (iv) actual or expected Social Security benefits. The first two components are converted into an annuity. All the data (except rates of return) for these calculations are available from the Survey of Consumer Finances. Results indicate that both Black and Hispanic households made remarkable progress in terms of mean and median retirement income, poverty reduction, and replacement rates from 1989 to 2007 in both absolute terms and relative to whites. However, for Black households, this was followed by a reversal of fortune from 2007 to 2019, with expected median retirement income declining, the projected poverty rate rising, and the projected replacement rate falling, though expected mean retirement income does rise. Hispanics also experienced a setback in mean retirement income but continued progress in replacement rates and reducing poverty from 2007 to 2019.

Navigating the Mauritian Creative Landscape: Insights into Collective Management Organization of Copyright and Neighbouring Rights in Mauritius

A thorough analysis of collective management organisations (CMOs) in the unique sociocultural and economic context of Mauritius is presented in this article. By employing a comprehensive methodology that encompasses various case studies and qualitative research techniques like interviews and organisational document analysis, it provides significant understanding of the roles, challenges, and impacts of CMOs in directing and balancing creativity in the Mauritius setting. This study sheds light on the complexities and opportunities present in collective management within Mauritius’ dynamic creative sectors through an examination of operational processes, legislative frameworks, and the socio-economic contributions of CMOs. Minimal election attendance, numerous complaints and conflicts, poor enforcement of intellectual property rights, operational inefficiencies, minimal stakeholder involvement, and poor market dynamics are some of the particular challenges that CMOs in Mauritius confront. The modernisation of the legislative framework, the use of technological advancements, capacity building, income stream diversification, public awareness and advocacy campaigns, and the potential for African and regional unity are some of the special opportunities that CMOs have in Mauritius. This paper offers crucial insights for decision-makers, interested parties, and scholars who want to improve the sustainability and efficacy of collective management techniques, with the ultimate goal of promoting an atmosphere that encourages innovation, creativity, and the fair sharing of intellectual property rights in Mauritius.

Innovation in Local Digital Media: The Case of Sevilla Directo

The journalistic industry is undergoing a process of continuous transformation in response to an ongoing crisis. In this scenario, marked by disruptive technological changes and shifts in audience and advertiser behaviour, a new communication ecosystem is emerging that facilitates the rise of novel media outlets. Community social media, data journalism, and specialisation are some of the key features present in these emerging business models. This research aims to identify and understand the role of innovation in media adaptation to the current communication paradigm. Methodology: We employ a case study approach, analysing Sevilla Directo, a native digital medium in a city of approximately 700,000 inhabitants. Data collection techniques include observation, website analysis, in-depth interviews, focus groups with journalists, and analysis of sector reports and databases. Results and Discussion: Our findings indicate that technological advancements and the reach of social networks are fundamental to the growth of local media. However, we observe that adaptive changes predominate with little disruption and minimal focus on R&D&I. The organisation under study lacks a business model that guarantees its long-term sustainability and relies primarily on traditional income streams. Concurrently, social capital emerges as a key element in financing.

Re-inventing through re-finding. Riparian agriculture for environmental system revitalization marking a new identity for lower shrinkage and isolation in Finiq

The paper is a focused exploration of strategies aimed at revitalizing Finiq Municipality's environmental and cultural landscape, with a particular emphasis on riparian agriculture. Located in the southern region of Albania, Finiq possesses remarkable natural, historical, and culinary assets. However, the region grapples with persistent challenges such as population decline, economic stagnation, and cultural identity erosion. This study's core objective is to present innovative strategies centered around riparian agriculture, which can lead to the revitalization of Finiq's environmental systems, foster economic growth, mitigate isolation, and renew the region's cultural identity. The primary aim of this study is to introduce and advocate for riparian agriculture as a transformative force capable of rejuvenating Finiq Municipality's environmental systems, thereby stimulating economic revitalization, reducing isolation, and rekindling the region's cultural identity. This study employs a comprehensive research methodology that encompasses an in-depth examination of Finiq's environmental and cultural assets, an assessment of the challenges facing the region, and an exploration of successful riparian agriculture practices. Insights gained from local engagement and case studies form the basis for the development of strategic recommendations tailored to Finiq's unique context. In terms of the main conclusions derived from the paper, we should highlight the need for the adoption of riparian agriculture which can catalyze environmental restoration, economic growth, and cultural revival in Finiq. Encouraging community-based agricultural initiatives, including cooperatives and farmer markets, can enhance local engagement, promote economic development, and strengthen social bonds. Implementing terrace farming practices in hilly and mountainous areas has the potential to optimize land use, prevent environmental degradation, and support agro-tourism, offering unique products and experiences. Improvements in irrigation and drainage systems are essential to sustain agricultural growth and mitigate flooding concerns. Integrating renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, with agriculture can create additional income streams, enhance energy sustainability, and contribute to Finiq's environmental regeneration.

The promise and reality of middle-class homeownership in China: housing assetisation, speculative urban (re)development and residential inequalities

ABSTRACT This paper offers a nuanced understanding of China’s housing assetisation by (1) examining its role in supporting financialised urban (re)development after the global financial crisis, and (2) dissecting the contradictions between seemingly flourishing housing markets and deep-seated residential inequalities. Drawing on the case of Guangzhou, this paper first illustrates how housing assetisation internalizes financial norms within Chinese homeowner society, signifying a shift in the mode of social regulation from managerialism to entrepreneurialism. This shift is evident in the capitalization of priority access to public infrastructure and the prevailing culture of accumulation, investment and speculation. In the post-crisis era, housing has been repackaged as a lucrative investment by the local state through dazzling (sub)urban projects, large-scale infrastructure construction and ambitious urban-planning proposals, thereby fueling a home-buying frenzy. We argue that the assetisation-induced social ethos of capital accumulation and speculative investment, entwined with infrastructure-cum-property-led urban (re)development, has recast Chinese cities into shareholder-value machinery. As the local state leverages household savings and income streams to bolster land-based financialised urban development, homeowners/buyers are transformed into investor-citizens. This transformation implies that urban household balance sheets become intricately linked with China’s urban fortunes. Moreover, residential inequalities are exacerbated, exemplified by prevalent gentrification “at a premium”.

Estimating methane emissions from manure: a suitable case for treatment?

Abstract Methane from livestock is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions. Under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), Annex I countries’ National Inventories report emissions from cattle as enteric or from manure management at ratios of between 3:1 and 9:1 depending on country and cattle type. Field research generally supports the inventories’ assumptions about enteric emissions, but these ratios have focused interest on enteric emissions and diverted attention away from those from manure management. Official calculations about manure management emissions factors are more varied than those for enteric emissions and evidence from field measurements suggests inventories may be underestimating manure management emissions especially in the dairy sector. This paper has three objectives. First, it reviews the science underpinning the international framework for estimating methane emissions from manure management. Second, it presents data from two dairy farms in south-west England where measured emissions of methane from slurry storage facilities are found to be four to five times greater than the assumptions in the UK’s inventory. If these measurements were representative of the UK, the implication is that total methane emissions from the UK dairy herd would be over 40% greater than the level reported to the UNFCCC and the proportion of total methane emissions from dairy cows arising from manure management would be almost a half rather than less than a quarter. Finally, the paper assesses the potential value if methane were captured from slurry storage facilities. Its value as a biogas is estimated to be £500 million per year for the UK dairy industry (at forecourt diesel prices). The paper concludes that the scale of emissions and the potential economic value of lost biogas are sufficient to warrant urgent research and action to reduce emissions from manure management with the beneficial prospect that a valuable new income stream for farm businesses could also be realised.