Contribution To Income Research Articles

KONTRIBUSI KETERWAKILAN PEREMPUAN DI LEGISLATIF DALAM INDEKS PEMBANGUNAN GENDER (IDG)

The Gender Empowerment Index (GDI) is a measure obtained from women's indicators in the legislature, professional women and women's income contribution. Of these three indicators, the position of women in the legislature is a massive inator that will only move once every 5 years. The regulation on political representation has been established since 2003 by setting a quota of 30%, but on the way up to 16 years the affirmative action has not been successful. The reason is the role of political parties is not optimal, female candidates are limited human resources and limited in the narrow nomination. The position of women's representation in the legislature contributes greatly in forming GDI. Women's contributions will be massive within 5 years. Therefore a strategic step is needed to collaborate between the power of political parties in promoting female candidates with political capital owned by women. Strong political parties have the opportunity to make this happen.

KONTRIBUSI PENDAPATAN PEKERJA USAHA TAHU NIPON TERHADAP PENDAPATAN KELUARGA DI DESA TATELI KECAMATAN MANDOLANG KABUPATEN MINAHASA

The purpose of this study was to determine the income contribution of Tahu Nipon Business workers to family income and the time allocation on Tahu Nipon Business workers. This research was conducted for three months, starting from January to March 2019. The data used in this study were primary data and secondary data. Primary data was obtained from direct interviews with workers and business owners of Tahu Nipon Business. Secondary data is obtained from the Office of The North Sulawesi Central Statistics Agency and Tateli Village Office; and the internet through google books and google scholarships to get journal articles and thesis related to the topic of this research, namely the contribution of workers 'income to family income and the outpouring of workers' time. The sampling method is a census with the number of respondents 6 workers. The results of this study indicated that the average income contribution of Tahu Nipon Business workers is 83.33% of family income. The average time spent by Tahu Nipon Workers in the research area in one day for domestic activities is 2.08 hours per day with a percentage of 8.66%, while the time spent on productive activities is 8.33 hours per day with a percentage of 34.70 %, and time for other activities besides taking care of family and work, including sleep rest, averaging 13.5 hours per day with a percentage of 56.25%.*eprm*

POLA NAFKAH GANDA MASYARAKAT NELAYAN IKAN NOMEI (Harpadon nehereus sp) DI JUATA LAUT KOTA TARAKAN KALIMANTAN UTARA

The purpose of this study was to obtain a description of the dual livelihood patterns of fishermen families, to know the contribution of each family member of the Nomei fishermen who worked on family income and to know the motivation of fishermen's wives in Juata Laut who were involved in applying multiple livelihood patterns. The sampling method used was purposive sampling totaling 10 families consisting of nuclear families and extended families, each of 5 families in the Juata Laut Village. The results of this study indicate that the picture of the double income pattern applied by nuclear family members and extended families is still very limited. The types of work in the field of fisheries are carried out by men and women, where all men are generally fishermen and women are all processors of dried fish. The percentage of the contribution of husband's income to the nuclear family averaged 36.42% and the percentage contribution of wife's income was 63.58% on average. While the percentage of husband's income contribution to the broad family is an average of 28.39%, the percentage contribution of wife's income is an average of 51.76% and the contribution of other family income averages 19.85%. Motivation of the wives of fishermen who are involved in earning a living is dominant in the household income factor which is felt to be lacking.

Kontribusi Pendapatan Industri Kunyit Bubuk Terhadap Pendapatan Keluarga di Desa Gunung Silanu Kecamatan Bangkala Kabupaten Jeneponto

This study aims to determine : Contribution of turmeric powder industry business income to family income in Gunung Silanu Village. The population of this study as all the turmeric powder industry in Gunung Silanu Village which amout to 1 unit. The target in this study was 19 workers and an industrial owner of turmeric powder in Gunung Silanu Village. Data collection is done by using observation, interview, and documentation technique. The data is analyzed quantitatively – qualitatively. The result of this study indicate that : The contribution of the turmeric powder industry business income to the income of the workforce family is included in the medium category with a percentage of 21,76 percent, which proves that as much as 78,04 percent of the family income contribution to labor is obtained from outside the industrial business.

Contribution and Distribution of Farmers Income of Palm Oil (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) in Pewisoa Jaya Village Tanggetada Sub-District Kolaka Regency

The objective to be achieved is to determine the contribution of oil palm farmers' income to the total income of farmers in Pewisoa Jaya Village, Tanggetada District, Kolaka Regency. To determine the income distribution of oil palm farmers in Pewisoa Jaya Village, Tanggetada District, Kolaka Regency. on the results of the study it can be concluded that the contribution and distribution of income of oil palm farmers is 25,10 % harvest season, the average income of oil palm farmers is 61,42 % per harvest year while the contribution of oil palm farming is 25.10% of the total income of oil palm farmers, and the distribution of income of oil palm farmers is 0.004. the condition is still very low or the community is less prosperous in Pewisoa Jaya Village, Tanggetada District, Kolaka Regency

Analisis Strategi Peningkatan Pendapatan Asli Daerah dalam Pelaksanaan Otonomi Daerah di Kota Bandar Lampung

In estimating the potential of the region, information and benchmarks are needed that are real in the field and are desired by the community concretely. One of the financial benchmarks that can be used to see regional readiness in implementing autonomy is to measure how far the financial capacity of a region is. While the regional financial capacity is usually measured by the amount of contribution of Regional Original Income (PAD). Data collection techniques used were interviews and documentation and data analysis techniques using qualitative descriptive. The results of the study using SWOT analysis showed that the strength of Bandar Lampung City Revenue Service in an effort to increase local revenue is to have qualified human resources (quite competent), the potential of the Bandar Lampung City Revenue Office is quite high quality in carrying out its main tasks and functions, there are job descriptions clear in carrying out their main tasks and functions and supporting adequate operational budget. The weaknesses are the weak function of coordination between and inter agencies, the weak monitoring function, inadequate office facilities and infrastructure and the weak application of sanctions for violators of taxes and levies. Potential objects as well as high taxpayers and retributions and strong political support for the elected Mayor and Deputy Mayor are opportunities for the Bandar Lampung City Revenue Service in an effort to increase local revenues and challenges or threats of Bandar Lampung City Revenue Service in an effort to increase local revenue is the scope of the area of potential that is quite broad and the low public awareness of taxpayers and levies.Keywords: Increased PAD, SWOT Analysis

The Conflicts of Ultilization of Forest Area in Bukit Basa Limited Production Forest, Rejang Lebong District, Bengkulu Province

Bukit Basa Limited Production Forest covers 125 hectares, located in Rejang Lebong District, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia. The main function of limited production forest is to yield forest products, timber and non timber. In Bukit Basa Limited Production Forest, there has been a change of land use from forest land to a crop land. There has been conflict in this forest area. The objective of this study was to describe the characteristics of communities cutivating forest land and to suggest conflict resolution of this forest area. The data were collected by field observation, and interview. The accidental sampling technique was used to select 42 respondents. Legal approaches were used to find solutions to the tenurial conflict. The results showed that land use of Bukit Basa Limited Production Forest, in 2017 was entirely crop land. All of this forest areas have been illegaly occupied by people. The average land area of occupied by a household was 1.24 ha. The people acquired their land by buying (4.76%), renting (21.43%), clearing the forest (42.86%), and inheriting (30.95%). The dependence of this community on the forest area was quite high. Only 38.10% of them had agricultural land outside the forest area; 61.9% depended on the land in the forest area. The contribution of farmers' incomes from agricultural business in forest land was 77.22% of their total income. The legalization of the use of limited production forests as crop lands must be enforced through policy schemes of community-based forest management, such as community forests, village forests, community plantations forest, or partnerships.

Economic benefits of natural tourism: driving community’s participation for conservation in Halimun Salak National Park, Indonesia

Natural tourism development is expected to provide added value for ecological and economic aspects of protected areas. Natural tourism activities can generate revenue which can be allocated for conservation as well as provide economic benefits for local communities. With the proviso that tourism activities still benefit communities’ economy, then it possibly will increase their awareness and participation in conservation activities. This research aims to determine the contribution of tourism activities for households’ economy and national park management. Particularly, the contribution of Halimun Salak National Park tourism household income sharing, total household expenses, as well as stakeholder perception related to the conservation at HSNP. The results determine the economic benefits of natural tourism for the community. 66% of local household income was generated from natural tourism and tourism income meets 91% of household expenditure of local communities. Tourism activities could driving community’s participation for conservation in Halimun Salak National Park due to their economic dependencies on tourism.

KONTRIBUSI PENDAPATAN INDUSTRI KUNYIT BUBUK TERHADAP PENDAPATAN KELUARGA DI DESA GUNUNG SILANU KECAMATAN BANGKALAKABUPATEN JENEPONTO

ABSTRACTThis study aims to determine : Contribution of turmeric powder industry business income to family income in Gunung Silanu Village. The population of this study as all the turmeric powder industry in Gunung Silanu Village which amout to 1 unit. The target in this study was 19 workers and an industrial owner of turmeric powder in Gunung Silanu Village. Data collection is done by using observation, interview, and documentation technique. The data is analyzed quantitatively – qualitatively. The result of this study indicate that : The contribution of the turmeric powder industry business income to the income of the workforce family is included in the medium category with a percentage of 21,76 percent, which proves that as much as 78,04 percent of the family income contribution to labor is obtained from outside the industrial business

PENDUGAAN POTENSI TEGAKAN DAN KONTRIBUSI HUTAN RAKYAT TERHADAP PENDAPATAN MASYARAKAT DI KECAMATAN CIGUDEG KABUPATEN BOGOR

Forests are one of the great natural resources of its role in various aspects of life both economic aspects, social, development and forest environment and its ecosystem as the basis of national development capital with the diversity of flora and fauna that can provide benefits for human life. One effort to support the balance of natural ecosystems and economic needs is the formation of community forests, aimed at increasing the income and welfare of the people. This can be seen from the existence of traditional folk forests in the effort of the community itself without the intervention of the government (pure self-help), either in the form of one species plant (pure forest), or with the pattern of agroforestry. The purpose of knowing about the potential and condition of community forest, and the amount of revenue contribution from the result of community forest management is compared with Minimum Regional Wage (UMR) Bogor Regency. Methods in this study using survey approach and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by using systematic sampling with random start with 20% sampling intensity. The result of research on the potential of community forest stands is 1.213,586 m3, derived from Sengon, Jabon, Acacia, Mahogany and Jati. The contribution of peasant forest income is on average 29,88% compared to UMR value of Bogor Regency.

Identifikasi Model Pengelolaan Lahan Kering Dataran Tinggi Berbasis Agroforestri Tradisional di Pulau Timor

Tujuan diadakannya penelitian ini untuk; (i) mengidentifikasi model pengelolaan lahan kering dataran tinggi berbasis agroforestri tradisional; (ii) mengukur seberapa besar kontribusi pendapatan rumah tangga masyarakat yang diperoleh pada masing-masing model pengelolaan lahan kering dataran tinggi berbasis agroforestri tradisional. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Pulau Timor khususnya di kecamatan Miomaffo Barat, Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara, Nusa Tenggara Timur pada bulan Oktober-Desember 2016 menggunakan metode deskriptif eksploratif dengan teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik observasi, kuesioner, dan wawancara langsung pada tokoh kunci (Qey person). Penentuan sampel dalam penelitian ini berdasarkan peta existing conditions penggunaan lahan yang merupakan hasil overlay data Citra landsat serta data persebaran ekologi agroforestri di pulau Timor. Penentuan responden guna mengetahui kontribusi ekonomi masyarakat ditentukan secara snowball sampling. Hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa terdapat tiga model agroforestri tradisional yang dikembangkan masyarakat di lokasi penelitian yaitu; (a) model agrosilvicultur Kono yang merupakan praktik perladangan menetap dengan komposisi jenis tanaman berkayu (Kehutanan), tahunan dan tanaman semusim; (b) model agrosilvopasture Poan yang merupakan praktik kebun hutan tetap dengan variasi jenis tanaman yang tinggi (Polycultur) serta bentuk pengelolaan yang menyerupai bentuk kebun hutan (Forest Garden) dengan stratifikasi tajuk yang beragam; (c) model silvopastural Suf, merupakan praktik penggembalaan alam pada kawasan padang savana, yang dimanfaatkan sebagai ranch peternakan alami. Analisis kontribusi pendapatan rumah tangga masyarakat diketahui di atas 50%. Artinya bahwa secara kontribusi ketiga model agroforestri tradisional yang ditemukan berpeluang untuk dikembangkan dengan perlu adanya intervensi intensif dalam hal pengelolaan yang berkelanjutan dengan pertimbangan pada aspek ekologi wilayah, sosial ekonomi serta budaya atau kearifan lokal masyarakat setempat.

Exogenous Determinants of Rural Electricity Connection to Residential Consumers in Kasulu District, Tanzania

Access to clean and reliable sources of energy like electricity to rural consumers is a pressing issue globally but mostly to the Lowest Economic Developed Countries (LEDCs). Tanzania being among, has special target of connection electricity to rural residents. However, connection of electricity has been overtly explained by various factors. Therefore, this study was conducted specifically to examine how exogenous factors can influence household to connect electricity. The study design was cross-sectional withy sample size of 250 households connected to electricity. Results from Multiple Regression Model (MRM) indicates that number of households connected to electricity is determined by bureaucratic procedure(p< 0.01), quality of residential house in terms of roof andwalls, distance from power distribution line, materials and technical costs and economic status (p<0.001) had peculiar influence on household to connect electricity. Due to financial constraint, households have devised financial resources mobilization strategies to meet connection costs. These included, taking loans (from banks, savings and credit co-operative societies) and selling assets. However, some household have advantages by having a good number of income contributors. The results for Pearson's Product Moments of Correlation Coefficient (PPMCC) showed that there was moderate positive correlation between household income and number of contributors, r=0.354 (p< 0.001). The study concludes that electricity connection at the household should consider safety of consumers; yet consumers residing near the distribution have advantages bound with financial relief for upfront cost. Bureaucratic procedures can scale down number of consumers in rural areas. It is recommended that; the utility supplier should provide more incentive based on flexible power connection procedures. Fixed cost for upfront costs be devised while the utility provider continues carrying service line costs even for those situated far from power lines.

Household livelihood diversification and gender: Panel evidence from rural Kenya

There are high hopes that livelihood diversification could contribute to goals of poverty reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). This study uses household panel data collected in 2008 and 2013, combined with a mixed methodology to examine the regional and gender disparities, as well as the determinants of change in livelihood diversification in the agricultural regions of Nyeri and Kakamega in rural Kenya. The study period was characterised by important structural changes in the composition and sources of household cash incomes, with farm incomes declining significantly, pushing female headed households into absolute poverty. Whereas the contribution of nonfarm income to total household cash incomes increased significantly, especially in Kakamega. The econometric results show that there is a positive and significant relationship between changes in household asset wealth and changes in livelihood diversification at the regional level, implying that diversification is mainly an accumulation strategy for wealthier farm households. In addition, changes in livelihood diversification are significantly correlated with the initial level of diversification, household demographic characteristics such as age, gender, education level, and hiring labour. Furthermore, increased access to agricultural input credit and more secure land rights seem to promote specialisation in farming rather than diversification. Whereas poverty has a negative and significant effect on change in livelihood diversification. The results have implications for development policy in rural Kenya – highlighting the need to harness the positive aspects of livelihood diversification for poverty reduction, while reducing the negative effects on poorer households by reducing asset entry barriers into remunerative activities.

KELAYAKAN USAHA PENGAWETAN BAMBU BERBASIS MASYARAKAT

Bamboo can be used as a wood substitute, but bamboo has a low natural durability. Traditional methods of preservation bamboo by water soaking takes a long time and vast place. The low natural durability of bamboo and the low contribution of household income from bamboo cultivation encourages the development of other business alternatives, such as bamboo preservation business. The objectives of this research are to assess the feasibility of bamboo preservation. Data analysis was performed using Market Analysis and Development (MAD Net Present Value (NPV) is IDR 30.737.598, Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) at 1,29 and the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) at 31,72%.

The evolution of socioeconomic health inequalities in Ecuador during a public health system reform (2006\u20132014)

One of the challenges in international health care policy is the reduction of health inequalities. We study the case of a recent health care reform in Ecuador, based on a revised model of public provision and financing of comprehensive care. The policy challenged not only the health care system but also key determinants of health, seeking to grant access and reduce persistent inequalities in utilization of health care services. This study evaluates the progress made on the socioeconomic health inequalities before and after reforms, between 2006 and 2014. The Living Standards Measurement Survey 2006 and 2014 are used to examine trends in inequality of two health dimensions: health status and health care utilization in Ecuador. The analysis includes the estimation and decomposition of the concentration index of health care utilization variables to understand which the most important contributors to inequality are, and how they change during the period analyzed. Health inequality reduced after the public health system reform in Ecuador. The utilization of curative visits shows a pro-rich bias, which significantly reduced over the period of analysis. The use of a public facility for a doctor visit also shows a moderate reduction in socioeconomic inequality; although concentrated among the poor, the findings confirm an increase in the utilization of public health facilities by all socioeconomic groups. The decomposition analysis concludes that the most relevant determinants of the inequality in health care utilization variables are income, family size and education. Moreover, the contribution of income decreased dramatically in the utilization of curative visits after the reforms. This is the first study that assesses the inequality implications of recent policies targeted at guaranteeing the right to health, equity and social protection of the Ecuadorian population. We provide evidence of a significant reduction of health care inequality, following a well-rounded set of public interventions and investments to attack health and inequality determinants. Yet policies aimed at improving the distribution of education and income are necessary to further reduce health inequalities.

Alokasi Waktu Kerja dan Peran Istri Nelayan dalam Meningkatkan Ekonomi Keluarga di Kelurahan Petoaha Kecamatan Nambo Kota Kendari

This research aimed (1) To describe the working time allocation and role of the fisherman’s wife as a fish seller for activities in the household, social activities and economic activities, (2) To know the contribution of fisherman's wife in improving family economy and (3) To know the relation between family income and working time allocation of fisherman’s wife. This research was conducted in the Petoaha, the districts of Nambo. The population of this research was the entire of the fisherman's wife of Petoaha, the districts of Nambo as a fish seller. Sample determination using purposive sampling technique. The number of samples is determined using Slovin formula and based on the calculation result using the formula, the total sample is 43 respondents. The results of this research showed that the average allocation of working time and the role of fisherman’s wife for household activities is 66.56%, social activities 1.29% and economic activities 14.94%. The average income contribution of fishermen's wife to family income is 42%. The relationship between family income and the fisherman’s wife working is the family income in the lower category, the allocation time of fisherman’s wife in economy activity increasing

Influence of Participation in Community and Social Development Projects on Beneficiaries’ Income in Ondo and Kwara States, Nigeria

The study determined the influence of participation in community social development projects on household income among beneficiaries in Ondo and Kwara states, Nigeria. Specifically, it determined the extent to which respondents were aware of community-driven development projects, the level to which respondents participated in the community-driven development project and influence of CDD approach on the income of beneficiaries in the study area. A simple random sampling was used to select 6 households in each of the non-benefiting communities, thus making a total of eighty-four (84) non-beneficiaries in the two states. Primary data was collected and analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The results show that 54.2 % of the respondents who benefitted from CSDP projects were males while 45.8% of them were females. The findings also show that 56.0% and 36.9% were aware and very much aware of education projects respectively while only 4.8% were not aware. The CSDP projects implemented among the respondents include majorly health facility (64.3%), water facility (55.9%), education (52.9%), electricity (51.2%) and socio economic (47.0%). Other CSDP projects implemented in the communities were transported (36.9%), environment (35.1%) and gender and vulnerable group’s projects (27.9%). The study also revealed that the majority (86.3%) respondents had a very high level of participation water project with a mean value of (X ̅= 3.77) while only 2.6% had a very low level of participation. Furthermore, majority (70.6%) of the respondents had a very high level of participation in health projects (X ̅= 3.58) but the level of participation was low 5.2% of them. There was a 33.4 % increment in the mean annual income among the CDD beneficiaries (X ̅=₦166542.8). The findings showed that there was a significant difference in income of beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries before and after the implementation of CDD projects in the study areas with a p-value 0f 0.000. The study concluded that the CDD approach to community social development projects ensured positive outcomes of the community driven development projects

The contribution of a fruit tree-based agro forestry system for household income to smallholder farmers in dale District, Sidama zone, Southern Ethiopia

Fruit tree based agroforestry system has great roles to play in the livelihood improvement and it provides multiple contributions of household income and supplementary food for smallholder farmers. However, there is limited quantitative empirical evidence on the contribution of fruit based agroforestry system. Therefore, this study was initiated to examine fruit tree based agroforestry system and its contribution of household income for livelihood improvement in Dale District. Data was collected through a combination of focus group discussions, key informant interviews, household survey and field inventories. A total of 145 respondents from three kebeles were interviewed and data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and econometric analysis. The results revealed that the status of fruit based agroforestry in the study area varies with land holding size. Fruit trees such as; Musa acuminate, Persea americana and Mangifera indica were the major types of tree species grown in the system in the study area. The contribution of fruit for poor, medium and rich households was 3166.8 Birr, 3713.8 Birr and 1380 Birr respectively. The fruit tree contributes 24.75% for poor HHs, 23.34% for medium HHs and 5.16% for rich HHs from the total income. The average income earned from fruit trees was 2754 Ethiopian Birr (ETB) per year. Besides, the result from the econometric analysis indicates that access to extension service, family size, land size, and the number of livestock influenced the income from fruit trees. Further studies of examining of the market value chain, areas of intervention along the chain and economic value of the fruit tree based agroforestry system including environmental function served by the system is needed to fully understand the contribution of fruit tree based agroforestry system and livelihood improvement

PERTUMBUHAN PENDAPATAN ASLI DAERAH DAN KONTRIBUSINYA TERHADAP BELANJA DAERAH KOTA MANADO

This study aims to find out how much the growth of Regional Original Income (PAD) and the Contribution of PAD to the Regional Expenditures of the City of Manado. This research was conducted for three months from September to November 2017. The data used in this study were secondary data collected from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) of North Sulawesi. The results showed that the growth of PAD from 2011-2016 was fluctuating with the highest growth rate in 2012 of 24.49% and the lowest in 2015 of 4.22% and with an average of 15.33%. The contribution of Regional Original Revenue to Regional Expenditures for 2011-2016 is still in the lack of criteria, with the highest contribution in 2014 amounting to 19.08% and the lowest in 2016 amounting to 14.91% and the average contribution to Regional Expenditure of 15.75% . This means that the Manado City government needs to improve performance more in exploring new sources of Regional Revenue and maximizing existing PADs to increase Regional Original Income Contributions to Manado City Regional Expenditures.*eprm*.

Religion and Income as Determinant of Well-being Among Employees in Faith-Based and Secular Educational Institutions in Southern Nigeria

This study investigated the influence of religion and income on well-being among employees in faith-based and secular educational institutions in Southern Nigeria. Three hypotheses were formulated and a total of 500 employees from the study area served as participants. The instruments used for data collection included the Demographic Data Inventory (DDI), Well-Being Scale (WBS), and Religion Scale (RS). Data collected were analyzed by means of multiple regression analysis and independent samples t-test. Results revealed significant combined contributions of religion and income to the well-being of employees in faith-based and secular educational institutions in Southern Nigeria (F_{(2, 497)} = 56.467, p < .05), accounting for 25.3% of the variance in their well-being and relative contributions of religion and income to their well-being with income (β = .346; t = 20.491; p < .05) being a stronger predictor of employee well-being than religion (β = .318; t = 18.773; p < .05). There was also a significant difference between employees in faith-based and secular educational institutions in the contribution of religion and income to well-being (t = 9.372, p < .05). It was recommended, among other things, that religious involvement among employees should be encouraged and a steady flow of income in the forms of salaries, allowances, and bonuses should be maintained.