Contribution To Income Research Articles

Analysis of the contribution of income in fulfilling household livelihoods of coastal communities

The uncertainty of economic conditions which limited the employment opportunities has caused stability in family income. This condition has encouraged many coastal communities to diversify their work to increase income. Job diversification can provide a substantial contribution to meet household needs during the dry season. This study aims to determine the contribution of income made by coastal communities to support their household needs. This research was conducted in Punaga Village, Mangarabombang District, Takalar Regency. The results of this study indicated that the type of work carried out by coastal communities is rice cultivation and seaweed, which have so far significantly contributed to household life although the harvest is obtained in the rainy season and seaweed is harvested every 45 days after planting. Other sectors such as non-rice and non-agriculture contributed significantly to increase household income such as raising livestock, civil servants, employees, and others. Expenditures are mostly spent on farming costs and daily expenses such as consumption. The coastal community has 100% implemented a dual livelihood pattern to meet their needs, which contributes significantly to meet their needs and to build a more decent life.

Sources of income from HTR areas in Boalemo: no single policy for improving welfare of the communities

Under social forestry programme, community plantation forest (HTR) scheme aims to increase welfare of farmers and provide timber supply for industry, while at the same time also improve the environment. HTR permit has been granted to forest farmer groups in Boalemo District since 2012. This research tries to explore how farmers make use of both their HTR and private land, contribution of these land into household income and how the land-use systems applied would determine environment condition. Results reveals that agriculture and estate crops contributes for about 56% and 38% respectively into total income of households. In addition, when most farmers manage their private land, contribution of the private land provides almost twice to total income compared with income contribution from HTR land. Meanwhile, floods has been hit Boalemo District every year with more people suffering from the floods. Learnt from research results and findings, opportunities to combine various policies are available to utilize the HTR land for growing trees for future income, and the farmers can continue their current land-use system in their private land for short- and medium-term income. Considering the HTR land are located in hilly contour, the trees could potentially reduce erosion and flood incidents.

Contribution of Microfinance Institutions in Empowering Women in Tanzania (A Case of Serengeti District Council)

In Tanzania the position of women in terms of economic and social status has been low compared to men. Majority of women are poorer, have low education and suffer from traditions and customary beliefs. Thus, empowering women is one of the main issues in Tanzania and sub- Sahara Africa context. Microfinance services are considered to be the entry point towards empowering women in economic and social status. However, it is also considered that Microfinance Institutions are extorting money from poor women through high interest rates, causing higher social pressure and domestic violence. The study use quantitative and qualitative data from Serengeti District council at Mara region of Tanzania. The study used cross-sectional studies, whereby data was collected at a single point in time. In total 20 women participated in the survey. The data obtained was analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The study found that, the impact of Microfinance Institutions on women empowerment is very crucial in Tanzania. Women members of Microfinance Institutions have more control over savings and income generated from the business, greater role in decision making, and greater contribution in household income. However, the women do not participate in decisions regarding inheritance of household assets. With this regard, microfinance institutions have more contribution in women empowerment. Keywords: Microfinance, Institutions, Empowerment, Household, Decision making DOI: 10.7176/JAAS/63-06 Publication date: April 30 th 2020

Analisis pekerja anak pada pasar tradisional (studi kasus : pasar angso duo dan pasar baru Kota Jambi)

This study aims to: 1) To analyze the social and economic characteristics of child labor in the traditional markets of Pasar Angso Duo and Pasar Baru Kota Jambi. 2) To analyze how much the contribution of child labor income to family income. And 3) To analyze what factors influence children working in the traditional markets of Pasar Angso Duo and Pasar Baru Kota Jambi. Based on social and economic characteristics, it can be said that the average age of child labor ranges from 7-10 years, the number of child workers who have not completed school is very large, 19 people or 76 percent. There are very large numbers of family heads of children who have not completed high school, namely 18 people or 72 percent. Furthermore, the average working hours of child laborers in the Angso Duo and Pasar Baru markets range from 7.5 to 8.5 hours.

Multi-dimensional well-being associated with economic dependence on ecosystem services in deltaic social-ecological systems of Bangladesh

While the benefits humans gain from ecosystem functions and processes are critical in natural resource-dependent societies with persistent poverty, ecosystem services as a pathway out of poverty remain an elusive goal, contingent on the ecosystem and mediated by social processes. Here, we investigate three emerging dimensions of the ecosystem service-poverty relationship: economic contribution of provisioning ecosystem services to the household livelihood mix, social-ecological systems producing different bundles of ecosystem services and material wealth versus reported life satisfaction. We analyse these relationships in Bangladesh, using data from a bespoke 1586-household survey, stratified by seven social-ecological systems in the delta coastal region. We create poverty lines to ensure comparability with traditional poverty measures that overlook environmental factors and subjective measurements of well-being. We find that any contribution of ecosystem service-based income to the livelihood mix decreases the likelihood of the incidence of poverty, and of individuals reporting dissatisfaction. We find no relationship between the incidence of material poverty and the specific social-ecological systems, from agriculture to fishery-dominated systems. However, the probability of the household head being dissatisfied was significantly associated with social-ecological system. Individuals living in areas dominated by export-oriented shrimp aquaculture reported lower levels of life satisfaction as an element of their perceived well-being. These results highlight the need for social policy on poverty that accounts for the diversity of outcomes across social-ecological systems, including subjective as well as material dimensions of well-being. National poverty reduction that degrades ecosystem services can have negative implications for the subjective well-being of local populations.

SISTEM LELANG BOKAR PADA KOPERASI UNIT DESA BERKAT DI KABUPATEN MUARA ENIM PROPINSI SUMATERA SELATAN

Crumb rubber auction is ones of business unit of KUD Berkat, this is the biggest income contribution to the KUD. This research tries to explain the mechanism and the process of lump rubber auction at KUD Berkat. The study was conducted from April to May 2017. Determination of respondents using simple randomg sampling with a total of 58 respondents. The mechanism and process of the auction were explained by descriptive qualitative analysis. The research showed that the mechanism of lump rubber auction starting from rubber farmers to TPK (Cooperative Service Point) is then reported an auction was conducted at KUD Berkat. The factory is given a form to fill the bidding price on several TPK then read the winner of the auction. A week later weighed.

Sistem Lelang Bokar pada Koperasi Unit Desa Berkat di Kabupaten Muara Enim Propinsi Sumatera Selatan

Crumb rubber auction is ones of business unit of KUD Berkat, this is the biggest income contribution to the KUD. This research tries to explain the mechanism and the process of lump rubber auction at KUD Berkat. The study was conducted from April to May 2017. Determination of respondents using census and lottery method with a total of 58 respondents. The mechanism and process of the auction were explained by descriptive qualitative analysis. The research shoed that the mechanism of lump rubber auction starting from rubber farmers to TPK (Cooperative Service Point) is then reported an auction was conducted at KUD Berkat. The factory is given a form to fill the bidding price on several TPK then read the winner of the auction. A week later weighed.Keywords : Crumb rubber auction, cooperative,

Factors Affecting Income of Female Workers Producing Ketupat Casing and Their Contribution to Household Income

This study aims to examine the effect of education level, working time, age, work experience and number of family members on income of female workers in Datar Village and measure the extent of income contribution of female workers producing ketupat casing to household income. The respondents were selected using the census method and data were analyzed using multiple linear. This study found that education level, working time, work experience and number of family members had a significant effect on income of female workers. Age had no effect on income of female workers. The variable with the strongest relationship to income of female workers was working time. The implications of this study are that in order to increase their income, the female workers should utilize the residue of ketupat casing production in the form of coconut sticks to make other handicrafts, such as woven plates and broom sticks. The crafts can be sold in order to increase income of female workers producing ketupat

Livestock income and household welfare for communities adjacent to the Great Fish River Nature Reserve, South Africa

Conflicts in protected areas often result from contestations around benefit-sharing arrangements. Integrating biodiversity conservation and livelihood goals in protected areas can be aided by quantitative assessments of the contribution of surrounding land-use options and trade-offs between conservation and use. Using household surveys, this study examines the contribution of livestock income (cash and subsistence) to household welfare among livestock-owning households living adjacent to the Great Fish River Nature Reserve, South Africa. Across all households, livestock income contributed about 28% to total household income but the distribution of and dependence on livestock income varied across groups of people. Livestock income had little effect on income inequality but poverty incidence and depth were tied to livestock income especially for the poor and less-poor households. The potential livelihood and conservation benefits for increased support for livestock production are discussed, including how this could reduce conflict levels between conservation agencies and local communities and in a broader sense, improve the relationship between the state and its citizens.

Analisis Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi Dan Kelayakan Usaha Sedotan Prupuk (Phragmites karka (Retz) Trin ex Steud) Di Desa Tumbang Nusa, Pulang Pisau

Communities in Tumbang Nusa Village, Jabiren Raya District Pulang Pisau Regency began to develop prupuk (Phragmites karka (Retz) Trin ex Steud) as a straw material to replace plastik that is difficult to decompose. This study aims to calculate the cost of production, develop a selling price scenario and conduct a feasibility study on the development of straws from prupuk. Primary data was collected from 20 people involved in making pru[uk straws and supplemented with secondary data from various previous studies and publications.The results of this study indicate that the cost of production of prupuk straws ranges between IDR 374.3 - IDR 408.68 per pcs. The proportion of prupuk straw financing is for the purchase of raw materials (59.72% to 65.14%), labor costs (34.36% to 39.58%) and overhead costs for capital financing (0.6% to 0.7 %). Determination of the selling price is done by adding the cost of goods manufactured to the desired profit (mark up method) with scenario I with a profit rate of 10% (amounting to IDR 389.04 for large packages and IDR 449.54 for small packages) to scenario VI with a level of 60% profit (IDR 565.88 for large packages and IDR 653.88 for small packages). In terms of price, determining the selling price up to scenario VI can still compete with the prices of its competitors, namely bamboo straws. Although the price of the product is competitive, the level of labor productivity is very low. At the break even point condition, the maximum labor income is only IDR 180,062.74. When compared with the UMR District of Pulang Pisau, the income contribution received from making this purun straw is very small (only 6.11%). In order to achieve an income level equivalent to the UMR of Pulang Pisau Regency, a production turnover of 383 pcs per person per day is needed or equal to 7,652 pcs per person per month. In order to improve the quality and quantity of prupuk straws, it is necessary to apply production technology.

Distribution Strategy of Subsidized Fertilizer in Smallholder Oil Palm Plantation at Air Batu Subdistrict, Asahan District, North Sumatra

Palm oil is an important commodity for Indonesia. It is an export oriented commodity with the highest export income contribution. Initially, Indonesian palm oil plantations were developed by major companies and since 1986, smallholders have started to establish. In 2018, the share of smallholders has reached 42% of the total Indonesian oil palm plantation areas. However, unlike major companies, most smallholders’ lack capital. Unfortunately, oil palm smallholders are not in the priority list of subsidized fertilizer recipients. As a result, smallholders have an average productivity that is still lower than private and state company plantations, which are 585.3 ton/ha/year and 5828 ton/ha/year, respectively. This does not only influence smallholder income but also the Indonesian palm oil industry. Therefore, this study will analyze subsidized fertilizer distribution for oil palm smallholders in Air Batu Subdistrict, Asahan District, which are determined purposively as one of the oil palm smallholding centers in North Sumatera. Data were collected from 1 (one) staff of the Agriculture office in Asahan, 2 (two) extension agents, 4 (four) fertilizer shopkeepers, and 24 smallholders in Air Batu. The agriculture office staff and extension agents were selected by purposive sampling based on their knowledge and responsibility in the distribution of subsidized fertilizers while shopkeepers and smallholders were selected with snowball sampling technique. Aside from timeliness, the overall distribution of subsidized fertilizer in Air Batu, Asahan is relatively good. Internal factors are negative since weaknesses are more dominant than strengths, while external factors are positive, since opportunities are more dominant than threats. The Asahan Agriculture Staff have made some fundamental changes, namely improving the management system both internally and externally. Therefore, they can use their strengths to overcome their weaknesses and threats to utilize the available opportunities as well as possible.

Strategy to improving community economic through on-farm agroforestry using community forestry scheme in KPH Yogyakarta

The enhancement of land productivity using the agroforestry mechanism with the scheme of community forestry program has been practiced as a strategy to improve the economic growth of the community surrounding Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan (KPH) or Forest Management Unit of Yogyakarta. This approach is expected to become the solution in reducing deforestation and degradation as impacts of the decreasing quality of forest resources. Forest co-management with the community through a commodity diversification scheme has been practiced for several years. The objective of this research is to understand the economic profile of the farmers’ households who have become part of the program using several parameters. These parameters include the financial feasibility of the agroforestry scheme, the economic contribution from on-farm and off-farm income to farmers’ total income in a specified period, and the discrepancy between farmers’ income, and income per capita as initial input to measure the social-economic level in regional basis. From 100 respondents interviewed, we could provide the following information: (a) the farmers as respondents are categorized into four land share areas, namely (a) ≤ 0.25 Ha (b) 0.26-0.50 Ha (c) 0.51-0.60 Ha and (d) 0.61-1.00 Ha. The average income in Gunungkidul District for (a) Production forest is 1,612,500 IDR (b) Conservation forest is 1,893,750 IDR while the average income in Kulon Progo District for (a) Production forest is 1,568,250 IDR and (b) Conservation forest is 1,612,500 IDR. The income from areas managed by the farmers as stated above represent the economic contribution from the on-farm and off-farm income of the program. The income contribution for farmers from agroforestry within the research remains low (<10%), and the income discrepancies calculated using the Gini Ratio coefficient are (a) 0.38-0.42 for Gunungkidul District and (b) 0.34-0.46 for Kulon Progo District. Both of the regions studied have low to moderate discrepancy levels.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR PENDUKUNG KEBERLANJUTAN USAHATANI KOPI ARABIKA DI PROVINSI BALI

Coffee is the mainstay of Balinese exports. But the productivity of Balinese Arabica coffee is still low. The sustainability of Bali Arabica Coffee farming is threatened. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors driving the sustainability of Arabica coffee farming in Bali. The research location is the Arabica coffee production center in Bali Province. The method of determining the number of sampling based on the Slovin formula with an error rate of 15% is 52 farmers. The method of determining sampling is based on random sampling. The economic dimension shows that Arabica coffee farm income in Bali in 2019 per average area of ??arable land by farmers (0.86 ha) is Rp 22,820,376. Contribution of income from Arabica coffee farming in Bali to family income is 69.07%. Farming Experience (X22), farmer age (X20), and farmer education (X21) are components of Social Factors. Making rorak (X13), number of family members (X23), replanting (X12), use of quality local seeds (X11), farmers know the condition of their land (X10) representing environmental factors. The use of shade (X14), plant age (X5), use of clean water (X9), and harvesting of red picks (X19) are the components forming the Technology Factor.

Tingkat Kesejahteraan Keluarga Buruh Tani Wanita pada Bidang Produksi Kopi di CV. Frinsa Agrolestari

Farmworkers in the coffee production section at CV. Frinsa Agrolestari are dominated by women, namely 9 women and 5 men. While the coffee production process is fairly heavy, female farmworkers continue to become workers in this company. The large number of females as farm workers can be caused by the low income in her family. Inadequate income from her husband salary will encourage some of the wifes to get additional income. This research was motivated by this phenomenon. The purpose of this study was to determine the level of welfare of female farmworker families, the contribution of female farmworkers income to the family income, and the motivation of female farmworkers working in the production field at the coffee factory of CV. Frinsa Agrolestari, Margamulya Village, Pangalengan, Bandung Regency. The approach taken in this research was a qualitative approach, using a case study with interviews based on indicators of family welfare levels according to the regulation of BKKBN in the year of 2005. The results of the study showed that the family welfare level of a female working in the field of coffee production at CV. Frinsa Agrolestari was in the Prosperous Family category I indicating that the income can fulfill basic needs such as clothing, shelter, health, and education. Contribution of income of female farmworkers to the family income ranged from 22.2% (the lowest) to 50% (the highest). Motivation of the female farmworkers to work is 89% due to economic reasons and 11% due to social reasons. Keywords: family, farm, labor, welfare,women

Constructing HLM to examine multi-level poverty-contributing factors of farmer households: Why and how?

Accurately identifying poverty-contributing factors of farmer households in an all-round way is the critical prerequisite and guarantee for taking targeted measures in poverty alleviation. From the combined perspectives of multi-level comprehensive detection and human-nature sustainable development, this study has designed a multi-level index system of household-level, village-level, and town-level, and constructed a nested three-level hierarchical linear model to examine the poverty-contributing factors of farmer households, and to reveal the significant ones and their multi-level interaction mechanism. The case test from Fugong County shows that: (1) Poverty-contributing factors are multi-level, showing both individual and background effects. 77.14% of the poverty is caused by household-level factors, 6.24% by village-level ones and 16.62% by town-level factors. (2) Significant poverty-contributing factors at different levels are different, identifying different contribution degrees to poverty gaps of farmer households. Five household-level factors show significant influence on poverty degree and account for 70.95% of the overall poverty gap among poor households, 11.70% for four village-level significant factors and 86.80% for two town-level ones, respectively. (3) Higher-level factors have different degrees of influence on the contribution difference of lower-level ones. The two town-level factors, terrain relief and town per capita annual income have explained 59.38% of the difference of village-level proportion of migrant workers’ contribution to poverty degree among towns and 89.89% of the difference of household-level per capita annual income's contribution to poverty degree among towns respectively. (4) Measures such as improving the type of access to roads, developing characteristic planting and breeding, and implementing relocation projects, can help poor households in the study area to reduce poverty. This study provides a new perspective for identifying farmers' poverty-contributing factors and technical reference and decision support for local departments to plan and implement targeted assistance and household-specific development policies.

Evaluating Contribution of Trees Outside Forests for Income of Rural Livelihoods of Terai Region of Nepal

Trees Outside Forests (TOF) is a reliable source of income for farmers in rural area but study regarding this has not been explored in depth yet. Therefore, this study was objectively conducted to assess the contribution of income from TOF products in annual income of rural household. Dhangadimai Municipality of Siraha district, Nepal was selected as study site. Altogether, 300 household surveys and 20 Focus Group Discussions (FGD) were conducted to find the income sources and their contribution including TOF. The descriptive analysis and unitary method were applied to analyze the collected data. The off-farm income was US$ 1802.57 in total per household. Among it, the highest income was from remittance around US$ 762.34 (42.29%) and the lowest from government job around US$ 166.68 (9.25%). The farm based total annual income per household was US$ 685.94 on which, the highest income was US$ 220.28 (32.11%) from grains and the lowest income was US$ 0.04 from ploughing other farmers’ field. The total value of livestock of average household was US$ 805.99 and out of this, the highest value was of buffalo i.e. US$ 333.01. At the same time, annual income from TOF product was about US$ 853.31 in total per household. Out of this, the highest income was approximately US$ 521.90 (61.16%) from fruits followed by US$ 214.77 (25.17%) from selling of timber. The highest net income per household was US$ 448.66 respectively from selling timber by rich family while US$ 233.78 for medium family. In addition, the net income from selling fruit by rich, medium and poor family was US$ 427.82, 550.71, and 382.43 respectively. Specifically, the total contribution of income only from TOF product was US$ 853.3027 (20.57%). This research will be useful document to develop the economic policy related to TOFs in different agroforestry systems

Technological Entrepreneurship And Dynamic Entrepreneurial Capabilities In Indian IT Industry

Entrepreneurship acts as a pillar for the economic prosperity of a nation as it leads to generation of employment contribution in national income, rural development, industrialization, technological development, export promotion etc. Technological Entrepreneurship (TE) is an important way to commercialize technological innovations and offers unique development opportunities for societies to educate and grow. Technology development and entrepreneurial capabilities spirit fuels growth of the nation. Dynamic entrepreneurial capability is to examine how a small entrepreneurial firm can achieve successful product innovation and technology change by substituting the traditional drivers for innovation, such as patenting capabilities, in-house research and development and expert human capital with a new type of higher order capabilities, peculiar to entrepreneurial and small and medium-sized enterprises settings, which we state as dynamic entrepreneurial capabilities. The dynamic entrepreneurial capabilities of Indian IT industry has built valuable brand equity for itself in the global markets. The IT industry achieved a major breakthrough in the 1990s and is now one of the important industries of India. Its vast reservoir of dynamic technological entrepreneurial capabilities transformed India into a super power. The main purpose of this paper is to study about Technological Entrepreneurship in India and dynamic entrepreneurial capabilities in Indian IT industry.

Annual Income Contribution of Wood Fuel Production from Small-scale Plantation Forest Experience from Farmers in Fagta Lekoma, Awi zone, Amhara, Ethiopia

This study aims to examine the annual income contribution of wood fuel production from small - scale plantation forestry in Fagta Lekoma district of Amhara region, Ethiopia. Household surveys were conducted by following the snowball-sampling technique. The data analyzed by using STATA software and multiple linear regression model also employed to evaluate the contribution of wood fuel annual income from the total annual income of the households. About 9000 Ethiopian Birr (ETB) and (1 USD = 36.8 ETB) household income comes from charcoal selling which is the highest average annual income. The result of multiple linear regression analysis indicates that an increase in one unit (ETB) income from charcoal making leads to an increase in total annual income by 0.972 units (ETB). Annual income contribution of wood fuel production is the largest amount of income recorded followed by annual income from crop production. Plantation forestry plays a significant role not only economically but also by the provision of alternative livelihood options for households. Plantation forestry used as a means of soil reclamation as well as means of households’ income. Inaction and implementation of policies supporting plantation forestry sustain rural livelihood by increasing their adaptive potential for shock and stress by creating alternative means of livelihood.

Analysis Of Regional Acceptance Potentials From The Tourism Sector In West Kotawaringin, East Kotawaringin, And Palangka Raya City

This study aims to analyze and determine the potential revenue of the tourism sector on Regional Original Income in three regions, namely West Kotawaringin Regency, East Kotawaringin Regency, and Palangka Raya City. The data used is qualitative data and is also supported by quantitative data, the method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. Data analysis uses the contribution of tourism income to Regional Original Income, namely using an analysis of the contribution of PAD based on the classification of contribution criteria. The results of this study indicate that the different tourist characteristics between the three regencies/cities have their own tourist attractions. But the number of tourists visiting only come directly to the tourist attraction, so that previously the tourism industry was a source of income for the private sector and the region through restaurant taxes or hotel taxes, now the source of income from the tourism industry is less contributing to Regional Original Income

Nonprofit Marketing Expenses: Who Spends More than Others?

ABSTRACT Marketing techniques are well-accepted practices in today’s nonprofit organizations. Still, existing research on nonprofit marketing focuses on a small number of cases, and little is known about the sector-wide marketing practices. This study examines how a nonprofit’s marketing endeavors, measured by the percentage of expenses spent on marketing, vary across organizations, depending on such organizational contingencies as revenue mix, service type, and organizational activities. The analysis of the 2012 Statistics of Income Sample data shows that the proportion of marketing expense in total expenditure is positively associated with the proportions of commercial income and charitable contributions in total revenue and negatively with the proportion of government grants. The results also reveal that the proportion of marketing expense is more strongly associated with commercial revenue than with donation revenue, which implies that the current marketing practices have a stronger emphasis on increasing sales of goods and services. The findings also show significant differences across service types, as arts and environmental organizations spend more on marketing while health and human service organizations spend less than others.