Contribution To Income Research Articles

PERAN AKTIF PEREMPUAN PENGRAJIN EMPING MELINJO DALAM PENINGKATKAN PENDAPATAN KELUARGA DI DESA WATES KECAMATAN WATES KABUPATEN BLITAR

This study aims to determine the role, analyze the income and contribution of women melinjo chip craftsmen in Wates district in the home industry of melinjo chips. The study used a mixed method and gender analysis of the Harvard model, while for the determination of sampling using the purposive sampling method. The role of women farmers in the hamlet of Wates as housewives and helping to earn extra income as craftsmen emping melinjo. The average income received by the family per month is Rp. 3,000,000. The average monthly expenditure is IDR 1,200,000. So that the average net income per month is IDR 1,800,000. The contribution of women's income to family income is 50%, so women in Wates hamlet contribute quite a lot to the income of farmer families.

Analisis Empat Dimensi Kebijakan Izin Usaha Pengelolaan dan Pengusahaan Sarang Burung Walet Di Kota Pekanbaru Provinsi Kepulauan Riau

Pekanbaru City Regulation Number 3 of 2007 concerning Business Permits for Management and Exploitation of Swallow's Nests aims to preserve the environmental sustainability of the management and exploitation of swallow's nest. The problems that arise include the very minimal number of business permits that impact the contribution of regional income, noise pollution, air pollution, environmental impacts, and health problems. The purpose of this study is to analyze the management and management of swallow nests in Pekanbaru City. The approach uses descriptive qualitative data techniques that combine interviews, documentation, and observation. From the research, it can be seen that the policy of managing and exploiting swallow's nest has not been effective. Communication with target groups is carried out through socialization, but it is not practical. The quantity of human resources is still limited. The budget for the operation of the swallow's nest business license is still not optimal. Facilities are also still not optimal. Policy policies seen from the commitment of policy implementers tend to be lacking. Coordination in the supervisory process is not carried out consistently. Supporting factors are the assumptions of explicit policy assumptions and realities, authority resources, social and political conditions, and community support. The inhibiting factor is the information that forms policy formulation, apparatus resources, budget, facilities; economic needs; and target group support.

THE ANALYSIS OF PLANTATION FEMALE WORKER INCOME DETERMINANT

This research was conducted to: 1) analyze the contribution of female worker income to household income, and 2) analyze the factors that influence the female worker income of plantation female workers at P.T. Agro Muko (Mukomuko Estate). The number of female workers at P.T. Agro Muko (Mukomuko Estate) was 297. Therefore, by using the Slovin formula, the counted number respondents was 75. The contribution of female worker’s income to household income was counted with the percentage of female worker’s income contribution to the total of household income. Meanwhile, the factors that influenced to the income of female worker was analyzed using multiple linear regression model. The results indicate that the average income of female worker is Rp 1,481,680/month with an average contribution of 55.17% to household income. Female worker ages and husband’s income had negative effect on the female worker income, while formal education, number of family dependents, and working experience had positive effect. Other family member’s income had no effect.

Kontribusi Pendapatan Usahatani Padi Gogo terhadap Pendapatan Rumahtangga di Desa Lelekaa Kecamatan Wolasi Kabupaten Konawe Selatan

This research is motivated by the fact that Gogo Rice cultivated by the majority of the community in Lelekaa Village, Wolasi District, South Konawe has the main objective as the main source of food needs in the family. In addition to fulfilling food, Gogo rice is also a farm product that can be managed to increase farm household income. The purpose of this study was to determine how much Gogo rice farm income and its contribution to household income in the Lelekaa village. The location of the study was determined with the consideration that the majority of the people in Lelekaa Village were still consistently planting Gogo rice. The number of samples in this study was 29 people. The data analysis used is descriptive quantitative. There are two research results. First, the average income of upland rice farming in Lelekaa Village, Wolasi Subdistrict, Konawe Selatan Regency is Rp 4.769.144/MT in one year. Second, the contribution of Gogo rice farming income to household income in Lelekaa Village, Wolasi District, Konawe Selatan Regency was 17,92%. The contribution provided by other farms is smaller than Gogo rice farming with a percentage value of 9,28%, while the contribution of non-agricultural income to household income holds the greatest value with a percentage of 72,80%.

Excess Benefit Allocation in Shared Savings Based on Non-cooperative Game Theory

Energy saving income distribution mode is of great significance to the energy industry. With the continuous application of new technologies, the problem of excess energy saving income distribution has become one of the obstacles to the appreciation of energy performance. At present, the distribution of risk and income is mainly based on the contribution of risk and income, which has some limitations. The benefit distribution of energy saving negotiation between energy saving service companies and clients can be regarded as a bargaining process where an effective range satisfying both parties can be obtained. This provides a new perspective in solving the problem of excess energy saving income distribution in energy management contract projects.

Sumber - Sumber dan Kontribusinya dalam Pendapatan Rumah Tangga Tani di Lahan Pasang Surut Kecamatan Barambai Kabupaten Brito Kuala Kalimantan Selatan

The cultivation of tidal swamp for agriculture had been done since a long time ago with traditional system and have potential to be develop in the future. But many constraints those cause low income for agriculture household. To solve this problem, agriculture household make diversification on farm or look for another job away from farm (off farm activity). The samples are devided in two groups, agriculture household that have overflow land (181 samples) and no overflow land (119 samples). The results from the research show, the off farm activity have great contribution to total income for agriculture household. The efforts of diversification by using home yard and take care of livestock had not yet gave high contribution yet. Key word: Income Source, Income Contribution, Tidal Swamp

Contribution of Non-Wood Forest Product to The Local Community Living Near Mangrove Forest in Kudat, Sabah

This study was conducted to identify the types of non-wood forest products from the mangrove forests that are used by people of the mangrove fringe, reviewing the contribution of non-wood forest product sales of mangrove forest on the edge of the mangrove population income sources and investigate the local use of mangrove’s non-wood forest products of socio-economic development of the mangrove fringe population. The method which was used is by distributing the questionnaires and carried out formal interviews with the respondents. The locations which were studied are Kampung Limau Limauan, Kampung Bukit Kelapa, Kampung Longgom Kecil and Kampung Indrasun Laut. The questionnaires comprises of three parts which the first, second and third parts are containing the information regarding on the demographic of the respondent, the inventory of the mangrove’s non-wood forest products which sells by the respondent and the contribution of the mangrove’s non-wood forest product to the development respondent’s socioeconomy respectively. The respondents as a whole are more than 53 people and only 13 people only involved in the recruitment of mangroves. Of the total, found only three respondents whoactually depend on the mangrove’s non-wood forest products, while 10 others were only made to take the job as a sideline of mangrove forests. The types of mangrove’s non-wood forest products stated are mangrove crab (Scylla sarrata), shell (Cerithidea obtuse), cat fish (Plotosus sp.), mullet fish (Valamugil seheli) and marine shell (Polymesuda expansa). However, only four out of six products are marketed which are marine shell, shell, and mangrove crab and cat fish while the other is for domestic purposes. Based on data collected on correlation of the relationship between the average incomes of non-wood forest product sales of mangrove forests with a total average monthly income of respondents, it shows a positive relationship with r=0.527. The value of contribution of the average income from the selling of mangrove’s non-wood forest product over the total average of monthly income is 28.7 %. The Local usage value of mangrove’s product is calculated based on the formula of Local usage value = ?Pi Qi – Ci. The value of the local use non-wood forest products from the mangrove forests which are marketed by RM 1924.40 per month while the total value of products marketed locally applied to each individual is at RM 148.03 a month. As a conclusion,mangrove forests do contribute to the development of residence’s socio-economy although the value is low.

Paternal adverse childhood experiences: Associations with infant DNA methylation.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), or cumulative childhood stress exposures, such as abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction, predict later health problems in both the exposed individuals and their offspring. One potential explanation suggests exposure to early adversity predicts epigenetic modification, especially DNA methylation (DNAm), linked to later health. Stress experienced preconception by mothers may associate with DNAm in the next generation. We hypothesized that fathers' exposure to ACEs also associates with their offspring DNAm, which, to our knowledge, has not been previously explored. An epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) of blood DNAm (n=45) from 3-month-old infants was regressed onto fathers' retrospective ACEs at multiple Cytosine-phosphate-Guanosine (CpG) sites to discover associations. This accounted for infants' sex, age, ethnicity, cell type proportion, and genetic variability. Higher ACE scores associated with methylation values at eight CpGs. Post-hoc analysis found no contribution of paternal education, income, marital status, and parental postpartum depression, but did with paternal smoking and BMI along with infant sleep latency. These same CpGs also contributed to the association between paternal ACEs and offspring attention problems at 3 years. Collectively, these findings suggested there were biological associations with paternal early life adversity and offspring DNAm in infancy, potentially affecting offspring later childhood outcomes.

SEVERAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT CATTLE ROWING PATTERNS AS WELL AS THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO HOUSEHOLD INCOME (CASE STUDY OF LIVESTOCK FARMERS IN TAEBENU SUBDISTRICT, KUPANG REGENCY, NTT)

This study aims to analyze several factors that affect cattle rowing patterns as well as their costs, receipts and contributions to the household income of livestock farmers in Taebenu Subdistrict, Kupang Regency, NTT. The research sample of 100 people was grouped into two groups: group I (50 row cattle farmers) and group II (50 non-row cattle farmers). Determination of the number of farmer samples follows slovin formula with random sampling method. Data on factors that influence the decisions of farmers' households are analyzed with binary logistics regression analysis. Meanwhile, the income of cattle farmers and non-rowdy cattle was analyzed by household income analysis. The results showed that the analysis of binary logistics regression using simultaneous tests showed that independent variables (X) namely X1, X2, X3, X4, X5, X6 significantly influenced dependent variables (Y). The average household income of cattle farmers rowdy pattern is Rp 13,327,080 with the contribution of income from the business of cattle rowing by 21.93%, while the average household income of non-rowdy cattle farmers (privately owned) Rp 12,820,488 with the contribution of income from non-row cattle businesses amounted to 22.93%. From the results of household income shows the household income of cattle farmers row pattern higher than the household income of non-row cattle farmers (privately owned).

The contribution of housewives in timber and non-timber harvesting activities during the Covid-19

The current pandemic situation has a major impact on the economic sector, especially household income. Housewives often contribute to the family economic system, one of the ways is by utilizing forest products. This research aims to describe the role of housewives on harvesting timber and pine resin products, and to determine the time spent and the contribution of income generated by these housewives. Data collection process was carried out directly using interview techniques to 27 selected samples by purposive sampling. Data from interview then processed and analyzed using quantitative descriptive analysis methods. The results showed that the role of housewives in harvesting wood forest products was used as raw material for charcoal production, with an average flow of work time of 43% and an income contribution by 42,5%. While in harvesting pine sap, housewives act as pine sap collectors with an average working time of 48% and an income contribution by 26%.

Kontribusi Usahatani Tembakau terhadap Pendapatan Rumah Tangga Petani di Desa Katekan Kecamatan Ngadirejo Kabupaten Temanggung

This research is motivated by the condition of Katekan Village, Ngadirejo District, Temanggung Regency, when the dry season always plant tobacco. Tobacco farming becomes the main livelihood for farmers in Katekan Village so it is necessary to know how much the contribution of tobacco farming to the household income of farmers. The purpose of this study was to determine the income and profitability of tobacco farming, to analyze the differences in income between tobacco farming and non-tobacco farming income, and to determine the value of the contribution of tobacco farming income to the total household income of farmers in Katekan Village. Survey method was used in this research. Sampling is done by simple random sampling method. The number of samples taken was 40 respondents. Respondent characteristic data were analyzed using descriptive analysis, while the calculation of tobacco farming income data was analyzed using farm analysis. Hypothesis testing is done by one sample t-test and paired sample t-test. The results showed that tobacco farming income per planting season was Rp. 16,035,123 or around Rp. 2.672.520 per month. Income outside of tobacco farming per season is IDR 7,217,509 or IDR 1,202,918 per month. The total household income of farmers per planting season is Rp. 23,252,632. Tobacco farming has a profitability value of 66.10% which means profitable. There is a difference between tobacco farming income and non-tobacco farming income. Tobacco farming contributes 69% of farmer's household income and non-tobacco farm income contributes 31%.

Growth performance of Santalum album its income potentiality: A study from Pyuthan District, Nepal

The Santalum album is becoming a popular income generating tree species in Nepal but its growth performance has not been assessed so far yet. Thus, this study was objectively conducted to assess mean annual increment, income from Santalum album and value chain analysis. The Private plantation of Pyuthan district was selected for the study site. The diameter and height of 450 plants were measured and their age was recorded. Total fifteen key informant interviews, forty five farmers’ interviews and one focused group discussion were conducted to collect primary data. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics .Mean annual increment, price of Santalum album and contribution of Santalum album in total income were analyzed. The result showed that the highest mean annual diameter increment was 51.94 cm and lowest mean annual increment was 28.25cm, the highest mean height increment was 6.39 m and the lowest mean annual height increment was4.47m and the highest mean volume increment was 0.678 m3but the lowest mean annual volume increment was 0.134 m3. The estimated maximum range of annual income from Santalum album was US$ 221-530 which was 10-15% contribution in farmers annual income while minimum range of this was US$ 194-265 and it contributes<10%.The difference of the price of Santalum album between the farmers and users in Kathmandu was2200 times more.

Kemiskinan dan Kesenjangan Ekonomi Rumahtangga Transmigran di Propinsi Sumatera Selatan

This research objective is to know about the income contribution, risk level of getting drop under poverty line, gap and the tolerance of household income from being poor under poverty line. The research are that is selected purposively in general pattern of transmigration program in wet land and dry land. Beside, it is also classified into the settlement age that is 1-4 years (training term) 5-7 years (transition term) and 8 years or more (independent). The sample is taken randomly in each rural. The method of analysis using the statistical and mathematical Mesurement to answer the research objective. The result of this research showed that in the beginning term is that the biggest contribution comes from the transmigrans who work in the off farm in every kind of land. The comparison of the transmigran's househould income contribution to the age of settlement is that the more the age of settlement is that the more the age of sttlement, the more proportion of farm effor of crop. Previously, there are some household that are categorized into the poor, whether there are not poor but it is possible for them to be poor again. Comparing to the age of settlement if is has more there will be the more the survived households and the less the poor household. The rapidity of increasing the transmigran's household income is different each other, there are some that is fast, low and satable to get out from the poverty. However, in average the transmigran's household in every kind of land tends to be relatively safe. Key word : Poverty, gap, transmigration, household

Coffee income and its determinants: A case of Deusa village, Nepal

Understanding economic contribution of coffee production and influencing socioeconomic and environmental factors for coffee income are vital for its promotion. The primary aim of this study was therefore to assess the contribution of coffee income to the household total cash income and identify influencing socioeconomic and environmental factors for coffee income in Deusa, Solukhumbu district of Nepal. A semi-structured questionnaire survey gather data from 55 coffee-growing households. We used Ordinary Least Square regressions (OLS) for identifying influencing factors for coffee income. Household annual gross income, from farm and off-farm income sources, estimated was around NPR 161 thousand, and the median value was 57.4 thousand. On average, coffee farming contributed almost 9% of the total household income in the study area. The OLS regression showed that sufficient labor availability (p<0.05), access to coffee-related trainings (p<0.05), and access to irrigation facilities (p<0.05) significantly increased coffee earnings. Likewise, environmental variables - elevation (negatively, p<0.05) and shade trees availability for coffee farming (positively, p<0.05) also influenced earnings from the coffee farming. We recommend provisions of trainings, improved irrigation facilities and tree saplings for shade management for sustainable coffee production in the study area.

Forest Income and Rural Livelihoods in West Bengal, India

To what extent forests contribute to rural livelihoods in developing countries? To find a plausible answer for this, this article explores whether inclusion of forest income to rural households’ total income accounts reduces poverty and income inequality, and also enables rural households to cope with shocks. To this end, we conducted household surveys in eight forest-dependent villages in the Indian state of West Bengal between August 2016 and August 2017. Using data from 407 sample households, we measured forest income of a household as the aggregate monetary value of resources extracted solely from forest ecosystem and compared this with other economic activities of the households. We calculated poverty indices and Gini coefficient with and without forest income, and we employed regression and Gini decomposition techniques to assess the safety net role and relative contribution of forest income to reducing rural poverty and inequality when compared to other sources of income. We found that the addition of forest income to household accounts significantly reduces measured poverty and inequality. Besides, the sample households, especially the poor, extract more from forests to cope with severe covariate shocks due to greater income certainty and thus adopt forest-dominated coping strategy in time of shocks and crises. The implication is that forest income needs to sustainably flow to the poor along with the development of better safety nets in forested rural areas in order to improve the forest-based rural livelihoods in developing countries like India. JEL Codes: Q23, Q56, Q57

ANALISIS PENDAPATAN DAN TINGKAT KESEJAHTERAAN RUMAH TANGGA PETANI UBI KAYU DI KECAMATAN TERBANGGI BESAR KABUPATEN LAMPUNG TENGAH

The objectives of this research were to find out the income of cassava farming and the contribution to household income, and household welfare level of cassava farmers. The location was determined purposively, considering that Terbanggi Besar Sub-District has been the center of cassava production in Central Lampung Regency. The number of respondents was 66 respondents and taken randomly. Data were collected in July 2019. The analytical method used farm analysis and BPS welfare indicators (2014). This research showed that average income of cassava farmimg was IDR685,276.62 per month and the contribution of cassava farming income to household income was 36.9%. Based on BPS indicators, cassava farmer households in Terbanggi Besar Sub-District were mostly categorized as not prosperous farmer families. Key words: cassava farmers, household income, welfare level.

PERAN PEMUDA DALAM PENINGKATAN PENDAPATAN KELUARGA (STUDI KASUS PEMBUDIDAYA RUMPUT LAUT Eucheuma Cottoni DI DESA ALLANG ASAUDE KABUPATEN SERAM BAGIAN BARAT)

Development in the marine and fisheries sector is supported by opportunities for resource utilization and management that are distributed in three Fishery Management Areas (WPP), namely the Banda Sea (WPP 714), Seram Sea and Tomini Bay (WPP 715), Arafura Sea and Timor Sea (WPP 718). The fishery sector in Maluku creates opportunities for commercial businesses in the industrial sector, both in cultivation, fishing and processing, including small and large businesses. A fishery commodity that has good prospects and benefits fishing communities is seaweed cultivation. The West Seram District Government in its development policy has placed the Eucheuma cottonii seaweed commodity as a leading commodity to be developed. Youth roles are needed in cultivation activities, so it can be said that youth tend to place economic interests above other interests in determining how and where they should play a role in development. Share factor analysis is used to measure the contribution of youth income to family income and total family income is calculated by adding up youth income and family income.

The Effectiveness of the Implementation of Food Independent Area Program in Ogan Ilir Regency


 
 
 Food Independent Area Program (KMP) was aimed for people in food insecure/needy area with the main purpose was to fulfill the family food needs and at the end, can increase the community income so that they can be more independent. The aims of this research were to find out how the implementation, participation and how much the contribution of the income from food independent area program to the family income. To answer how the implementation of food independent area program and participation of affinity group members to the food independent area program used descriptive analysis with likert scale. Meanwhile to find out the contribution of income from food independent area program to the family income used income anyalisis. This research concluded that the implementation of KMP program in South Pemulutan Sub-Dictrict Ogan Ilir Regency has only reached the fourth stage of the set five stages in food independent area, the average of community participation was 41,37 which mean the community pasticipation to the food independent area program at affinity village had high category or highly participating and an increase in the family income at food independent area of 31,36% or 5.799.000,00 Rupiah per year, from total income of 18.314.224,52 Rupiah per year.
 
 
 
 
 
 

ANALISIS FAKTOR PRIORITAS PENGEMBANGAN KOMODITAS PERKEBUNAN UNGGULAN DENGAN METODE AHP (ANALTYCAL HIERARCHY PROCESS

This study aims to determine the priority factors in the development of plantation commodities, including cocoa, coffee, coconut, and oil palm as substitutes in East Kolaka District-Southeast Sulawesi.The method used is the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) of expert choice software 11. The AHP method includes: (a) developing a hierarchy; (b) determining priorities, and (c) calculating the consistency ratio (CR). The consistency ratio test (CR) of Expert Choice 11software on priority factors in the development of leading plantation commodities was obtained from each resource person (informant) from: (a) the Department of Agriculture; (b) Plantation Service; (c) Trade, Industry, Small and Medium Enterprises Office; (d) traders; (e) Gapoktan; (f) banking, and (g) academics. The study shows acceptable or consistent results because of CR<0.100. AHP analysis indicates that the priority factors for developing superior plantation commodities in East Kolaka Regency include: (a) feasible for business development (LBPB) 26.7%; (b) contribution of community income (KPM) 18.0%; (c) Added value (NT) 13.3%; (d) local government policies (KPD) 11.0%; (e) land suitability (KL) 10.5%; (f) market orientation (OP) 10.7%; and (g) non-conformance with environmentally friendly standards (RL) 9.7%. Keywords: analytical hierarchy process (AHP), expert choice 11, superior plantation commodities

Economic dependence of forest fringe communities on threatened and near-threatened medicinal trees of Madhya Pradesh - the largest forest cover state of central India

People have a free access to the Non timber forest produce (NTFP) in the State of Madhya Pradesh, India barring only a few NTFP which are monopolized by the state for collection and trade. Because of such free access tenure, people and the policy makers have little appreciation for the provisional ecosystem services emanating from the state’s forests. Hence, a research study was conducted in Madhya Pradesh state of India during 2014-2015.This paper evaluates the dependence of the forest fringe communities on the already Threatened and Near-threatened Medicinal Tree resources (TNMTs) in the forests of the state for their health and livelihood requirements.This study was conducted in all the six eco-regions of the state after selecting the most forested divisions and purposely selected forest compartments and socio-economic surveys were conducted in the villages adjoining these forest compartments. The TNMTs of these compartments were fully enumerated in the selected compartments and their physical conditions were recorded. Focus group discussions and household surveys were conducted to study the dependence of forest fringe communities on TNMTs in the adjoining forests. The results show that contribution of direct forest income to the total annual household income was found to vary from 29.35% to 69.48% in forest divisions located in all the six eco-regions of the state. In all the six eco-regions, the percentage of households found to be dependent on forests for some or the other benefits ranged from 96% to 100%. Almost all the TNMTs encountered during this survey were found facing threat of local extinction due to poor regeneration and many other factors at most of the forest sites. The authors have suggested some corrective measures for sustainable management of forest resources for the benefit of forest fringe community in the article.