Canola Meal Inclusion Research Articles

PSI-30 Effects of high canola meal diet with acidifiers supplementation on cecal microbiota of nursery pigs

Abstract Inclusion of canola meal (CM) in swine diets is typically limited stemming from the presence of glucosinolates (Gls), which can reduce growth performance and cause thyroid dysfunction in nursery pigs. While certain members of hindgut bacterial communities are capable of degrading dietary Gls, which would mitigate their detrimental effects, they have yet to be identified. Moreover, lowering the pH in the hindgut of the pig can break down Gls into less toxic compounds, potentially reducing harm. Thus, this study aimed to characterize major bacterial species populating the hindgut of nursery pigs fed a high CM diet supplemented with acidifier and encapsulated butyrate. A total of 315 nursery pigs weaned at 21 d old, average body weight (BW) 6.0 ± 1.2 kg, were assigned to one of five dietary treatments with 9 replicate pens (7 pigs/pen) in a randomized complete block design. The dietary treatments included PC: a corn-soybean meal-based diet with 20% CM, NC: a corn-soybean meal-based diet with 40% CM, NC+A: NC diet supplemented with an acidifier at 1,500 ppm, NC+B: NC diet supplemented with encapsulated butyrate at 500 ppm, and NC+A+B: NC diet supplemented with both an acidifier and encapsulated butyrate. All diets were formulated to meet or exceed the nutrient requirements of NRC (2012). At the end of the feeding trial (6 wk), one pig from each pen was euthanized to collect fresh cecal digesta. Samples were analyzed using the 16S rRNA gene through PCR-amplification of the V1-V3 regions from microbial genomic DNA, followed by Illumina MiSeq 2X300 sequencing. A comparative analysis of the highly represented taxonomic groups and operational taxonomic units (OTU) using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis sum-rank test and Wilcoxon pairwise test identified candidate bacterial groups or species enriched across different diets. Bacillota was the predominant phylum across all diets, ranging from 83.2% to 86.3%. At the genus level, Lachnospiracea incertae sedis was less abundant in the NC diets with acidifier (Acidifier effect, P < 0.05), whereas Dialister was less in the NC diets with encapsulated butyrate (Butyrate effect, P < 0.05). The OTU Ssd-00001 (Lactobacillus amylovorus, 99.6%) tended to be greater in the cecal microbiota of pigs fed the NC diets with acidifier (Acidifier effect, P = 0.09). Interestingly, OTU Ssd-00188 (Agathobacter rectalis, 99.2%) tended to be higher in PC diet than in NC diet (P = 0.06), while its abundance was less in the cecal microbiota of pigs fed the NC diets with acidifier (Acidifier effect, P = 0.09). In conclusion, these results provide valuable insights into the microbiome of pigs fed high CM diets. Understanding the interplay between microbial communities and high CM diet with acidifier supplementation is crucial for optimizing swine diets and mitigating challenges associated with the antinutritional effects of dietary Gls from CM.

494 Long-term effects of canola meal inclusion in gestation and lactation diets on sow and piglet performance over two reproductive cycles

Abstract The experiment was conducted to determine the long-term effects of dietary canola meal (CM) inclusion as the main protein source in gestation and lactation diets on sow and litter performance. Sows (n = 68) from two baches were randomly allotted 1 of 2 diets on d 80 of pregnancy. The two diets were a corn-barley and soybean meal control diet (CTRL) and a corn-barley and CM treatment diet (CCM). All diets were formulated to be similar in standardized ileal digestible amino acid and net energy contents. Sow body weight (BW) and backfat (BF) thickness were determined on d 1, 35, 80, and 111 of pregnancy, on d 1 and 21 post-farrowing. Piglets were weighed on d 0 and at weaning (d 21). Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 for a randomized complete block design with repeated measures. Over the two reproductive cycles, dietary treatments did not influence sow BW and BF thickness on d 80 and 111 of pregnancy, as well as d 1 and 21 post-farrowing (P > 0.10). However, sows fed the CCM diet had less (P < 0.05) BW and BF thickness on d 1 and 35 of pregnancy in the second reproductive cycle than sows fed the CTRL diet. The CCM diet decreased gestation gain from d 80 to d 111 of pregnancy compared with the CTRL diet over the two reproductive cycles (P < 0.05). No dietary effect on litter size or litter performance was found during the experimental period (P > 0.10). However, reproductive cycle had significant effects (P < 0.05) on BW gain and BF thickness from d 80 to 111 of pregnancy as well as BW and BF thickness on d 1 of lactation. In addition, litter weight at birth and after cross-fostering were significantly improved during the second reproductive cycle compared with the first cycle (P < 0.05). An interaction between dietary treatment and reproductive cycle on BW gain and BW on d 1 of lactation was observed (P < 0.05). In conclusion, feeding gestation and lactation diets containing CM as the main protein source to sows over two reproductive cycles supported similar sow reproductive and litter performance as the control.

PSIX-1 Evaluation of canola meal inclusion in adult dog diets and the impact on digestibility, stool quality, and palatability

PSIX-1 Evaluation of canola meal inclusion in adult dog diets and the impact on digestibility, stool quality, and palatability

PSI-3 Effects of Strategic Blending of Food Industry By-Products with Canola Meal on in Vitro and in Situ Fermentation and Nutrient Degradation

Abstract Canola meal (CM) has become an increasingly available high protein feed source for beef cattle in North America, thanks to the expansion of the canola crushing industry in Western Canada and the United States. The inclusion of CM in diets has been reported to improve nutrient utilization and the performance of growing beef cattle. However, the energy value of CM was not as high as barley grain finishing diets, resulting in poorer performance of finishing feedlot steers. Pea starch and pea molasses are available as food industry by-products of industrial pea protein extraction. However, the utilization of these food industry by-products as a component of livestock feed has not been well evaluated. The strategic blending of food industry by-products, such as pea starch and pea molasses, with canola meal (CM) is a novel approach to improving the energy density of CM as animal feed. Nutrient synchrony, where the energy and protein availability in the rumen is synchronized to maximize the ruminal microbial fermentation, has been proposed to improve animal performance. The objectives of our study were to evaluate the in vitro and in situ fermentation and nutrient degradability of novel blended CM. Pea starch and pea molasses were added at 5% (CM5) and 10% (CM10) levels in CM (DM basis), with regular CM serving as control (CON). The in vitro study consisted of two runs of 24 h incubations with three replicates per treatment. The in situ study utilized three cannulated beef heifers and used the same number of replicates of samples and time periods as for the in vitro study. Results indicated a numerical improvement in DM degradation for CM5 and CM10 than CON both in vitro and in situ incubations. Total gas production (mmol) was numerically greater, while the proportion of methane (mmol and g/DM) was less for CM5 than CON. Results indicated that in vitro fermentation of CM5 was enhanced, while greater propionate production from CM5 likely reduced methane production. Further evaluation of these food industry by-products for beef cattle growth performance studies could provide valuable information about rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and energy value of these novel blended CM.

281 Modeling How the Inclusion of Fibrous By-Products to the Feed Improves the Net Protein Contribution of Pork Meat

Abstract Animal meat provides high-quality protein to the human food industry, but often uses feed ingredients that could also be used to feed humans. The objective of this study was to model how the inclusion of by-products in pig diets would improve the net protein contribution (NPC) of pig meat within an individual precision feeding (IPF) program. The InraPorc model was used to simulate the animal response to pigs fed two different feeding treatments. In both cases, there was feed A (rich-), and B (poor in all nutrients). Feeds were mixed daily to each pig to meet individual requirements. Treatment 1 (BY0) was free of by-products, consisting of traditional ingredients (corn, wheat, and soybean meal). Treatment 2 (BY20) included canola meal and oat hulls in addition to conventional ingredients. These inclusions accounted for nearly 10% of changes in feed A and nearly 20% in feed B. The consumed HeP in pig-fed was estimated from the beginning of the growing-finishing phase to slaughter. Total pig HeP included the carcass meat, fancy meats such as heart, liver, kidney, and tongue, and 25% blood. HeP conversion efficiency was calculated based on the HeP profiles for initial (23 kg) and final body weight (120 kg) in both treatments. Digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) was calculated based on a 3-year-old-child protein requirements, the same score being attributed to adolescents or adults. The HeP conversion efficiency was 0.28 and 0.32 for BY0 and BY20 respectively, and the protein quality ratio (PQR, calculated as DIAAS of the meat vs. DIAAS of the feed) was equal to 2 for both diets, indicating that protein quality in pig meat is greater than in animal feed. Finally, the NPC of both treatments, calculated by multiplying the HeP conversion efficiency with the PQR, was below 1. Therefore, neither treatment contributed positively to the net protein contribution of pork meat to the human protein supply. However, the NPC of BY0 and BY20 were 0.58 and 0.64, respectively. Thus suggesting that adding by-products, such as oat hulls, to feed formulas reduces feed-to-food competition.

Dietary crude protein reductions in wheat-based diets with two energy densities compromised performance of broiler chickens from 15 to 36 days post-hatch

This study was designed to investigate the impacts of 2 energy densities (13.0 and 12.5 MJ/kg ME) in wheat-based diets with 3 tiers of CP concentrations (210, 190, and 170 g/kg) on the performance of broiler chickens. The parameters assessed included growth performance (15-36 d posthatch), carcass traits, nutrient utilization, starch-protein digestive dynamics, apparent ileal amino acid digestibility coefficients, and the free amino acid and ammonia (NH3) concentrations in systemic plasma. Also, the feasibility of substituting soybean meal with canola meal in 190 g/kg CP diets was investigated. The dietary CP reduction from 210 to 170 g/kg significantly compromised weight gain by 12.4% (1,890 vs. 2158 g/bird) and FCR by 5.33% (1.501 vs. 1.425). The 0.5 MJ energy density reduction compromised FCR by 3.25% (1.525 vs. 1.477; P=0.013) in birds offered 170 g/kg CP diets. Reducing dietary CP and energy densities interactively influenced (P=0.027) apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen corrected metabolizable energy (AMEn) (P=0.022) such that reducing dietary CP increased these parameters but reducing dietary energy densities decreased AME and AMEn. The 150 g/kg canola meal inclusion with the elimination of soybean meal displayed some promise. Dietary CP reductions (and increased nonbound amino acid inclusions) linearly associated with increased plasma ammonia (NH3) concentrations (r=-0.607; P=0.010) and plasma NH3 was linearly related to depressed weight gains (r=-0.565; P=0.018). The association of dietary non-protein-bound amino acid (NPBAA) inclusions and elevated plasma NH3 concentrations have profound implications for the successful development of reduced-CP, wheat-based broiler diets.

The effect of multi-carbohydrase preparations on non-starch polysaccharides degradation and growth performance of broiler chickens fed diets containing high inclusion level of canola meal

Although canola meal (CM) contains a significant amount of dietary fiber, including high concentrations of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), it is still a valuable source of protein for poultry diets. Supplementation of CM-containing poultry diets with multi-carbohydrase enzymes is an effective approach to improve the nutrition value of CM. The enzymatic degradation of NSP will contribute to the production of NSP hydrolysis products, which may improve gut health and growth performance. A series of in vitro incubation studies was carried out to determine if various carbohydrase preparations can target NSP of CM. The most effective enzyme combination was studied further in a growth performance and NSP utilization trial (1–20 d of age) with Ross 308 broiler chickens. Broilers were assigned to 3 dietary treatments each consisting of 8 cages of 5 birds and were fed a control corn/CM-based starter and grower diets (Control) or diets supplemented with an enzyme blend at two levels: 0.3 and 1.5 g/kg. Starter (1–10d) and grower (11–20d) diets contained 270 and 290 g/kg of CM, respectively. In the in vitro studies, the highest NSP depolymerization was observed for a combination of two pectinase-like enzymes fortified with xylanase. No further improvement with other enzyme preparations was observed. In comparison to the Control diets, birds fed the diet supplemented with 1.5 g/kg of multi-carbohydrase cocktail showed higher (P < 0.05) body weight gain during the grower phase and the entire trial. The carbohydrase enzyme combination significantly increased the coefficient of apparent total tract NSP digestibility. Our research suggests that the administration of a carbohydrase cocktail in diets with high inclusion of CM can improve growth performance and NSP utilization in broiler chickens.

PSIV-A-10 Effects of Canola Meal Inclusion in Gestation and Lactation Diets with or without Probiotic on sow Performance, Milk Composition and Piglet Performance

Abstract The experiment was conducted to determine the effects of high dietary canola meal (CM) inclusion in gestation and lactation diets with or without probiotic supplementation on sow and litter performance and milk composition. Seventy-five sows were randomly allotted 1 of 3 diets to give 25 replicates per treatment. Diets consisted of a corn and soybean meal (SBM) control (CTRL) or the CTRL diet with SBM replaced by 300g/kg CM and fed with (CM+) or without (CM-) probiotic ActisafÒ Sc 47 supplementation. Sows BW and backfat thickness were determined on d 80 and 111 of gestation, d 1 post-farrowing, and at weaning on d 21. Milk samples were collected on d 1 and d 21 post-farrowing to determine milk composition. Piglets were weighed on d 0 and at weaning. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 for a randomized complete block design. Dietary treatment had no effect on sow performance, milk crude protein and lactose oligosaccharide composition, piglet ADG and weaning weight, and piglet survivability (P &amp;gt; 0.10). Sows fed CM- diet tended to fewer (P = 0.07) weaned piglets compared to sows fed CTRL diet, but no difference was found between sows fed the CM+ and CTRL diets (P &amp;gt; 0.10). At weaning, milk fat content for sows fed with CM+ diet was higher (P &amp;lt; 0.05) and tended to be higher (P = 0.09) compared with those fed the CTRL and the CM- diet, respectively. In conclusion, including 300g/kg CM in gestation and lactation sow diets supported similar sow and piglet performance as those the control diet, without affecting piglet survivability at weaning. Also, probiotic supplementation in CM diet increased sow milk fat content at weaning.

Influence of Brassica spp. rapeseed and canola meal, and supplementation of bioactive compound (AITC) on growth performance, intestinal-permeability, oocyst shedding, lesion score, histomorphology, and gene expression of broilers challenged with E. maxima

This study was performed to investigate the effect of feeding Brassica spp. including full-fat rapeseed, canola meal, and allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) to broiler chicken challenged with E. maxima. A total of 576 one-day old male broiler chicks were completely randomized to 8 treatments with 6 replicated cages and 12 birds per cage. The treatment diets consisted of nonchallenge control (NC, corn-SBM based diet), challenge control (CC), 10% rapeseed (10RS), 30% rapeseed (30RS), 20% canola (20CLM), 40% canola (40CLM), 500 ppm AITC (500AITC), and 1,000 ppm AITC (1000AITC). At d 14, all birds were challenged, except NC group, with a subclinical dose of E. maxima. Intestinal permeability was conducted on 5 d post-infection (dpi) and for oocyst shedding 5 to 6 dpi feces were pooled and collected. On 6 dpi, growth performance, lesion score, histomorphology, and gene expression were measured. The growth performance result showed that 10RS and 30RS groups had lower BW, BWG, FI, and higher FCR (P < 0.0001). During the challenge and overall periods, NC group had highest BW, BWG, and FI, and lowest FCR. The inclusion of canola meal showed lower performance during prechallenge period but was able to catch up BWG during challenge period. The AITC levels showed similar growth performance to CC group. Intestinal permeability for 20CLM, 40CLM, 500AITC and 1000AITC was similar to NC group, whereas CC, 10RS, and 30RS had higher permeability compared to NC (P < 0.0001). Oocyst shedding was significantly lower for 40CLM and NC, whereas all other treatments had higher oocyst shedding (P < 0.0001). All the challenged treatment groups had higher lesion score and microscore than NC (P < 0.0001). Histomorphology data showed that jejunum villus height (VH) for 1000AITC was similar to NC group, whereas CC group had the lowest VH (P = 0.01). The 30RS group had lower VH: crypt depth (CD) ratio in the jejunum and ileum. The gene expression at 6 dpi for claudin1, occludin, IL2, IL6, GLUT5, EAAT, BoAT, and LAT1 was significantly changed among the treatments. The results suggest that 30RS retards growth performance and deteriorate gut health during coccidiosis and should not be fed to chicken during the starter phase. Canola meal showed decline in growth prechallenge but maintained growth and intestinal health during the challenge period at 40% inclusion. AITC at 1,000 ppm showed similar growth as control group, but with improved gut health during the challenge period. Canola meal could be a good alternative to SBM especially during coccidiosis, whereas AITC needs to be tested vigorously in animal feeding regime.

Diet supplementation with canola meal improves milk production, reduces enteric methane emissions, and shifts nitrogen excretion from urine to feces in dairy cows

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of isonitrogenous substitution of solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM) with solvent-extracted canola meal (CM) on enteric CH4 production, ruminal fermentation characteristics (including protozoa), digestion (in situ and apparent total-tract digestibility), N excretion, and milk production of dairy cows. For this purpose, 16 lactating Holstein cows, of which 12 were ruminally cannulated, were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square (35-d periods; 14-d adaptation). The cows averaged (mean ± SD) 116 ± 23 d in milk, 692 ± 60 kg of body weight, and 47.5 ± 4.9 kg/d of milk production. The experimental treatments were control diet (no CM; 0%CM) and diets supplemented [dry matter (DM) basis] with 7.9% CM (8%CM), 15.8% CM (16%CM), or 23.7% CM (24%CM) on a DM basis. The forage:concentrate ratio was 52:48 (DM basis) and was similar among the experimental diets. Canola meal was included in the diet at the expense of SBM and soybean hulls, whereas the percentages of the other diet ingredients were the same. Intake of DM increased linearly, whereas apparent total-tract digestibility of DM, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and gross energy (GE) declined linearly as CM inclusion in the diet increased. Total volatile fatty acids concentration and butyrate molar proportion decreased linearly, whereas molar proportion of propionate increased linearly, and that of acetate was unaffected by CM inclusion in the diet. Ruminal ammonia concentration was not affected by inclusion of CM in the diet. Energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield increased linearly (up to 2.2 kg/d) with increasing CM percentage in the diet, whereas milk production efficiency averaged 1.63 kg of ECM/kg of DM intake and was unaffected by CM inclusion in the diet. Daily CH4 production decreased linearly with increasing CM percentage in the diet (489, 475, 463, and 461 g/d for 0%CM, 8%CM, 16%CM and 24%CM diets, respectively). As a consequence, CH4 emission intensity (g of CH4/kg of ECM) also declined linearly by up to 10% as the amount of CM increased in the diet. Methane production also decreased linearly when expressed relative to GE intake (5.7, 5.2, 5.1, and 4.9% for 0%CM, 8%CM, 16%CM and 24%CM diet, respectively). Quantity of manure N excretion was not affected by replacing SBM with CM; however, N excretion shifted from urine to feces as dietary percentage of CM increased, suggesting reduced potential for N volatilization. Results from this study show that replacing SBM with CM as a protein source in dairy cow diets reduced enteric CH4 emissions (g/d, % of GE intake, and adjusted for milk production) and increased milk production. The study indicates that CM can successfully, partially or fully, replace SBM in lactating dairy cow diets, with positive effects on animal productivity and the environment (i.e., less enteric CH4 emission and urinary N excreted). We conclude that compared with SBM, inclusion of CM meal in dairy cow diets can play a key role in reducing the environmental footprint of milk production.

Growth performance and gut health of Escherichia coli-challenged weaned pigs fed canola meal-containing diet.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of including canola meal (CM) in diets for weaning pigs challenged with a F18 strain of Escherichia coli on growth performance and gut health. A total of 36 individually housed weaned pigs (initial body weight [BW] = 6.22 kg) were randomly allotted to one of the three diets (12 pigs/diet). The three diets were corn–soybean meal (SBM)-based basal diet (control diet) and the basal diet with 0.3% zinc oxide, 0.2% chlortetracycline, and 0.2% tiamulin (antibiotic diet) or with 20% CM diet. The diets were fed in two phases: Phase 1: days 0 to 7 and Phase 2: days 7 to 20. All pigs were given an oral dose of 2 × 109 CFU of F18 strain of E. coli on day 7. Fecal score was assessed daily throughout the trial. Dietary antibiotics increased (P < 0.05) overall average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) compared by 48% and 47%, respectively. Dietary CM increased (P < 0.05) overall ADG and ADFI by 22% and 23%, respectively; but the ADG and ADFI values for CM-containing diet did not reach those for the antibiotics-containing diet. Dietary antibiotics reduced (P < 0.05) fecal score; however, dietary CM unaffected fecal score. Dietary antibiotics decreased (P < 0.05) liver weight per unit live BW by 16% at day 20, whereas dietary CM did not affect liver weight per unit live BW (29.2 vs. 28.6). Also, dietary antibiotics increased (P < 0.05) serum triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine levels for day 14, whereas dietary CM did not affect the serum level of these hormones. Dietary antibiotics reduced (P < 0.05) the number white blood cells and neutrophils by 38% and 43% at day 20, respectively, whereas dietary CM tended to reduce (P = 0.09) the number white blood cells by 19% at day 20. The number white blood cells for CM diet tended to be greater (P < 0.10) than that for antibiotics diet. The dietary antibiotics decreased (P < 0.05) the concentration of individual volatile fatty acids and hence of total volatile fatty acid in cecum by 61% at day 20, whereas dietary CM decreased (P < 0.05) cecal butyric acid concentration by 61% and tended to reduce (P < 0.10) total volatile fatty acid concentration by 30% at day 20. In conclusion, the dietary inclusion of 20% CM improved ADG and tended to reduce white blood cell counts. Thus, inclusion of CM in antibiotics-free corn-SBM-based diets for weaned pigs that are challenged with F18 strain of E. coli can result in their improved performance partly through a reduction of the inflammatory response.

Effects of canola meal inclusion rate in starter mixtures for Holstein heifer calves on dry matter intake, average daily gain, ruminal fermentation, plasma metabolites, and total-tract digestibility

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the canola meal (CM) inclusion rate in pelleted starter mixtures for Holstein heifer calves on dry matter intake, average daily gain, ruminal fermentation, plasma metabolites, and total-tract digestibility. Fifty Holstein heifer calves were blocked by birth date and body weight and, within block, randomly assigned to 1 of 5 pelleted starter treatments with 0, 15, 30, 45, or 60% of the crude protein supplied by CM instead of soybean meal (SBM). Pellets were formulated to be similar in crude protein (24.3%), starch (26.6%), and neutral detergent fiber (17.8%) and were provided to calves starting on d 8 of age, with starter intake measured daily. From 8.0 ± 0.0 (mean ± standard deviation) d of age through d 35.3 ± 2.4, calves were fed milk replacer at 15% of body weight, offered in 3 equal feedings at 0600, 1500, and 2100 h. After that, a gradual 21-d step-down weaning process was imposed, where no further milk replacer was provided starting on d 57.0 ± 0.0. Data for milk replacer and starter intake were calculated to determine weekly averages. On d 62.2 ± 0.8 of age, blood was collected every 4 h and analyzed for glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate, insulin, and urea concentrations. From d 66.2 ± 0.8 of age and extending for 3 d, fecal samples were collected every 12 h with a 3-h daily offset, to estimate fecal nutrient output and to determine apparent total-tract digestibility. Additionally, ruminal fluid (d 70.2 ± 0.8 of age) was sampled at 1300 h through an esophageal tube connected to a vacuum pump. The pH of ruminal fluid was measured, and ruminal fluid was analyzed to determine short-chain fatty acid and ammonia concentrations. Data were analyzed with fixed effect of treatment and random effect of block. Polynomial contrasts were calculated to assess linear, quadratic, and cubic effects with repeated measures statement for variables analyzed over time. Starter intake, average daily gain, body weight, and feed efficiency did not differ among treatments. Crude protein and ether extract digestibility were affected in a cubic manner, where CP was greatest for CM0, CM30, and CM45, and ether extract digestibility was least for CM15 and CM60. The molar proportion of acetate responded cubically, but the proportions of propionate and butyrate did not differ among treatments. Ruminal ammonia and plasma urea concentrations were not affected by CM inclusion rate. In conclusion, CM can replace up to 60% of the CP provided from SBM without affecting starter intake and growth of calves.

Performance and ileal amino acid digestibility in broilers fed diets containing solid-state fermented and enzyme-supplemented canola meals

Two experiments were conducted to determine the performance and ileal amino acid digestibility in growing male broilers fed diets containing solid-state fermented canola meal (SSFCM) and enzyme-supplemented canola meal (CM). In experiment 1 (performance trial), a total of 300-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were allotted to six dietary treatments with five replicate pens of 10 birds each. Diet 1 was based on corn-soybean meal (SBM) as reference, diets 2 and 3 contained 300 g/kg CM and 300 g/kg SSFCM, respectively. Diet 4 contained 300 g/kg CM + phytase (PHY). Diet 5 contained 300 g/kg CM + xylanase (XYL). Diet 6 contained 300 g/kg CM + PHY + XYL. PHY at 500 FTU/kg and XYL at 1000 U/kg were added to the respective diets. During the experimental period (1–21 d), birds fed SBM and SSFCM diets recorded improved FI (p < 0.05). Broilers fed CM diet with enzyme supplementation had improved FCR compared to SSFCM diet. In experiment 2 (digestibility trial), a total of 240-twenty-one-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were assigned to six dietary treatments with five replicate cages of eight birds each. Diet 1 was based on SBM, diets 2 and 3 contained 400 g/kg CM and 400 g/kg SSFCM, respectively. Diet 4 contained 400 g/kg CM + PHY. Diet 5 contained 400 g/kg CM + XYL. Diet 6 contained 400 g/kg CM + PHY + XYL. The inclusion of SSFCM and enzyme-supplemented CM in diets did not improve the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids. The AID of calcium (Ca) was highest (p < 0.05) in SBM, CM and SSFCM. The AID of phosphorus (P) was increased (p < 0.05) in SBM and CM + PHY. Ca retention was higher (p < 0.05) in SSFCM and CM + PHY + XYL. Feeding SBM, SSFCM, CM + PHY and CM + PHY + XYL diets enhanced P retention. Further studies are required to establish the practical and nutritional implication of SSFCM on performance and ileal amino acid digestibility in broilers.

Effect of including canola meal in diets of slaughter ostriches (Struthio camelus var. domesticus)

Canola meal (CM) is a locally produced protein source that may be less expensive than soybean meal (SBM). This study evaluated the effects of replacing 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% SBM with CM in diets for slaughter ostriches. The CM was added at the expense of SBM and other concentrates, with minor changes in other ingredients. Birds (n = 15 per treatment) were reared from 77 to 337 days old on the trial diets, which were supplied ad libitum for starter, grower, and finisher phases. Bodyweights and feed intake were measured during these phases. No differences (P &gt;0.05) were found between treatments for live weight at the end of each phase, dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) over all the growth phases. Although no differences were observed in live weight at the end of each phase, the birds reared on the diet with 50% CM were heaviest at slaughter, and birds reared with 100% CM were lightest (P &lt;0.05). Differences (P &lt;0.05) between diets were observed for the weight at slaughter, weights of the liver and thyroid glands and the pH of the cold carcass. However, no differences (P &gt;0.05) were observed between diets for fat pad weight, dressing percentage, and weights of thighs and Muscularis gastrocnemius. The results indicate that CM could replace SBM in the diets of slaughter ostriches without affecting production traits and slaughter yields.Keywords: alternative protein, average daily gain, canola, dry matter intake, feed conversion ratio, growth, ostrich nutrition, production

Canola meal in nursery pig diets: growth performance and gut health.

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of including canola meal (CM) in nursery pig diets on growth performance, immune response, fecal microbial composition, and gut integrity. A total of 200 nursery pigs (initial body weight = 7.00 kg) were obtained in two batches of 100 pigs each. Pigs in each batch were housed in 25 pens (four pigs per pen) and fed five diets in a randomized complete block design. The five diets were corn–soybean meal (SBM)-based basal diets with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, or 40% of CM. The diets were fed in three phases: phase 1: day 0 to 7, phase 2: day 7 to 21, and phase 3: day 21 to 42. Diets in each phase were formulated to similar net energy, Ca, and digestible P and amino acid contents. Feed intake and body weight were measured by phase. Immune response and gut integrity parameters were measured at the end of phases 1 and 2. Fecal microbial composition for diets with 0% or 20% CM was determined at the end of phase 2. Overall average daily gain (ADG) responded quadratically (P < 0.05) to increasing dietary level of CM such that ADG was increased by 17% due to an increase in the dietary level of CM from 0% to 20% and was reduced by 16% due to an increase in the dietary level of CM from 20% to 40%. Pigs fed diets with 0% or 40% CM did not differ in overall ADG. Dietary CM tended to quadratically decrease (P = 0.09) serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) level at the end of phase 2 such that serum IgA level tended to reduce with an increase in dietary CM from 0% to 20% and to increase with an increase in dietary CM from 20% to 40%. Dietary CM at 20% decreased (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes phylum and tended to increase (P = 0.07) the relative abundance of Firmicutes phylum. Dietary CM linearly increased (P < 0.05) the lactulose to mannitol ratio in the urine by 47% and 49% at the end of phases 1 and 2, respectively, and tended to linearly decrease (P < 0.10) ileal transepithelial electrical resistance at the end of phase 1 by 64%. In conclusion, CM fed in the current study could be included in corn–SBM-based diets for nursery pigs 20% to improve the growth performance and gut microbial composition and reduce immune response. Also, the CM used in the current study could be included in corn–SBM-based diets for nursery pigs at 30% or 40% without compromising growth performance. Dietary CM increased gut permeability, implying that dietary CM at 20% improves the growth performance of weaned pigs through mechanisms other than reducing gut permeability.

Canola meal and tomato pomace as novel substrates for production of thermostable Bacillus subtilis T4b xylanase with unique properties

In this study, the Bacillus subtilis T4b xylanase was characterized in terms of optimal catalytic activity and production culture medium based on agro-industrial by-products using response surface methodology (RSM). The xylan concentration, pH, and temperature were statistically optimized to achieve the highest xylanase activity. The most suitable combination of variables for higher xylanase activity (412 U/mL) was 7.07%, 6.26, and 48.96 °C for substrate concentration, pH, and temperature, respectively. The stability of partially purified xylanase was highlighted at a pH range of 5.0–10.0 and a temperature of 40 °C for 48 h. A significant improvement in xylanase activity was found by adding NaCl (up to 50 mM) and 5% ethanol to the substrate. A molecular mass of 35.0 kDa was demonstrated for partially purified xylanase on SDS-polyacrylamide gel. An economical culture medium based on novel substrates including canola meal and tomato pomace screened among different agro-industrial by-products to replace the high-cost ingredients in the defined enzyme production medium. To maximize the enzyme’s yield in the newly developed culture medium, statistical optimization of final selected ingredient concentrations was done using RSM. An optimized medium resulted in more than threefold higher xylanase production. It could be concluded that the B. subtilis T4b xylanase is an interesting option to develop the bioconversion of valuable by-products such as tomato pomace to high value-added products via suitable enzymatic hydrolysis.

Nutritional evaluation of canola meal as fish meal replacement for juvenile spotted rose snapper (Lutjanus guttatus): Effects on growth performance, hematological parameters, body composition, and nutrient digestibility

This study examined the nutritional value of solvent-extracted canola meal (CM) as a replacement for fish meal (FM) in practical diets for spotted rose snapper (Lutjanus guttatus). Four isonitrogenous (490 g/kg crude protein), isoenergetic (19.03 kJ/g) diets containing 0 g/kg (CM0), 150 g/kg (CM150), 300 g/kg (CM300), or 450 g/kg (CM450) of CM protein instead of FM protein were used. All CM diets were supplemented with phytase and protease enzymes; dl-methionine was supplemented to the CM450 diet. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of 15 fish (average body weight 36.2 ± 0.03 g) per tank to apparent satiation three times a day for 70 days. A one-way ANOVA showed that the specific growth rate (SGR) was significantly lower when CM inclusion was 26.67 % or higher, replacing 450 g/kg of fish meal protein or more. There was a significant negative relationship between growth response and the level of FM protein replacement. Survival and dry feed intake (DFI) were unaffected by fish meal replacement. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) was highest at the lowest CM inclusion level. Hematological parameters, including hematocrit, protein, hemoglobin, triglycerides, and cholesterol, did not vary between treatments. Juvenile fish fed the 450 g/kg CM diet showed the lowest protein content. The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter and energy were significantly reduced by CM addition.Our results show that CM can be a suitable alternative protein source for spotted rose snapper juveniles heavier than 37 g. Under the experimental conditions tested in this study, up to 300 g/kg FM protein can be replaced by CM protein with no significant adverse effects on growth, feed utilization, hematological parameters, or body composition in this species.

Replacement of Soybean Meal with Heat-Treated Canola Meal in Finishing Diets of Meatmaster Lambs: Physiological and Meat Quality Responses.

Simple SummaryThe use of soybeans as a dietary protein source in ruminant diets is environmentally, economically and socially unsustainable. It is for this reason that canola meal (CM) has emerged as a more sustainable alternative protein source to soybean meal (SBM). However, expeller CM is quickly broken down in the rumen resulting in inefficient utilization by rumen microbes, while a small rumen bypass protein fraction means that few of the essential amino acids in CM reach the small intestine. Consequently, the utility of CM protein as an alternative to soybean protein for high-producing ruminants is lower, requiring pre-feeding treatments such as heating to enhance its feed value. This study investigated whether heat treatment could improve the feed value of CM protein sufficiently to partially (50%) or completely substitute SBM in finishing diets of Meatmaster lambs. The results showed that while CM can completely replace SBM in diets of lambs without compromising growth performance and meat quality, heat treatment of CM did not offer any additional benefits.The study investigated whether heat treatment (190 °C for 90 min) could improve the quality of expeller canola meal (CM) protein in finishing diets of Meatmaster lambs. Five isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated by partially (50%) or completely replacing SBM as the major protein source with untreated or heat-treated CM in a commercial lamb finishing diet. Diets were randomly allocated to 40 lambs (24.73 ± 1.311 kg; 4.5 months old) for 77 days. No dietary differences were observed for growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality. Diets had no effect (p > 0.05) on blood parameters, except for hemoglobin and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Lambs that were fed the control diet had higher hemoglobin concentration compared with lambs on CM-containing diets. The highest AST value was observed when SBM was completely replaced with untreated CM (159.88 IU/L), while complete replacement with heat-treated CM resulted in the lowest AST value (103.25 IU/L). All lambs had a body condition score of 3 at slaughter. It was concluded that heat treatment did not improve the protein value of CM. However, CM inclusion promoted similar growth performance and meat quality parameters in lambs as SBM. Untreated CM can be used to completely substitute SBM in finishing diets of Meatmaster lambs.

Effect of heat-treated canola meal and glycerol inclusion on performance and gastrointestinal development of Holstein calves

The objectives of this study were to assess the effect of using heat-treated canola meal (CM) and glycerol inclusion in starter mixtures on starter intake, growth, and gastrointestinal tract development in Holstein bull calves. In the first study, a protocol for the heat treatment of CM was evaluated by comparing commercial CM that was exposed to 0, 100, 110, or 120°C of heat treatment for 10 min. Following heat treatment, in situ crude protein (CP) ruminal degradability and estimated intestinal CP digestibility were assessed. It was observed that the degradable fractions of dry matter and CP in CM decreased linearly with increasing temperature of heat treatment. The estimated intestinal CP digestibility was greatest when CM was heated to 110°C. In the second study, 28 bull calves were used in a randomized complete block design. Calves were fed pelleted starters containing CM or CM that was heat-treated to 110°C for 10 min. Diets also contained 0 or 5% glycerol on a dry matter basis. The study lasted 51 d, ending on the first day of weaning. Starter intake, average daily gain (ADG), ruminal short-chain fatty acid concentrations, morphology of the rumen and small intestine, gene expression (MCT1, GPR41, GPR43, UTB, AQP3, PEPT1, PEPT2, ATB0+, and EAAC1) in the ruminal, jejunal, and ileal epithelium, and brush border enzyme activities in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were investigated. Few interactions between heat-treated CM and glycerol inclusion were observed. Feeding heat-treated CM did not affect starter intake. However, feeding heat-treated CM to calves tended to reduce ADG and decreased the weight of ruminal and jejunal tissue. Heat treatment did not affect gene expression or brush border enzyme activities in the small intestine. Glycerol inclusion tended to increase cumulative starter intake and increased cumulative body weight gain. Use of glycerol reduced ruminal pH and increased the concentration of ruminal short-chain fatty acids. Additionally, glycerol inclusion increased abomasal, duodenal, jejunal, and cecal digesta weights and tended to increase the weight of the jejunal tissue. Glycerol supplementation tended to downregulate the expression of MCT1 in the ruminal epithelium, and upregulated the expression of MCT1 in the epithelium of proximal jejunum. In conclusion, heat treatment of CM may negatively affect calf growth and gastrointestinal tract development. Glycerol inclusion may increase starter intake, ADG, ruminal fermentation, and intestinal development in calves when CM is used as a main source of protein in pelleted starter mixture.

Evaluation of Diets with Inclusion of Hydrothermal, Phytase, and Organic Acid Pretreated Canola Meal on Nutrient Digestibility in Swine

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of hydrothermal, phytase, and organic acid pretreated canola meal (CM) on nutrient digestibility in swine. A basal diet barley, wheat, and CM based, was formulated. Four diets containing 30% hydrothermal pretreated CM with 50% moisture and 40&amp;deg;C, phytase (1000 FTU/kg activity), and either citric acid (CA), malic acid (MA), or lactic acid (LA), and a control containing pretreated CM without phytase or organic acid were fed to 12 ileal-cannulated finisher pigs (initial average BW 105.3 &amp;plusmn; 2.7 kg) in a completely randomized design over two periods of 9 days per period. Nutrient composition and phytate content of the diets, ileal digesta, and feces were analyzed and apparent ileal and total tract digestibilities were determined. The inclusion of hydrothermal, phytase, and CA or MA pretreated CM in the diet decreased phytate P (by up to 38.6%) (p &amp;lt; 0.05), consequently increasing available P (by up to 55.6%). Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) was improved for P by 19.9 ‒ 35.1% units and apparent total tract digestibility of DM by 10.3 ‒ 14.8% units, of protein by 6.6 ‒ 12.1% units, and of gross energy by 12 ‒ 17% units across the treatments (p &amp;lt; 0.05), while AID of CP for MA treatment was up by 4.7% units (p &amp;lt; 0.05) relative to the control, indicating improved diet utilization, thus reduced excretion to the environment.