Incidence Of Stomach Cancer Research Articles

Cancer scenario in North-East India & need for an appropriate research agenda.

Background & objectives:The North-Eastern (NE) region has the highest incidence of cancer in India, and is also burdened by higher prevalence of risk factors and inadequate cancer treatment facilities. The aim of this study was to describe the cancer profile of the NE region, focussing on the cancer sites that have high incidence and to identify research priorities.Methods:Incidence data from population-based cancer registries (PBCRs) in the North-East region (8 States) were utilized and relevant literature was reviewed to identify risk factors.Results:Aizawl district in Mizoram had the highest incidence of cancer in men [age-adjusted rate (AAR) of 269.4 per 100,000]. Among women, Papumpare district of Arunachal Pradesh had the highest incidence (AAR of 219.8) in India. East Khasi Hills district in Meghalaya had the highest incidence of oesophageal cancer (AAR of 75.4 in men and 33.6 in women). Aizawl district in Mizoram had the highest incidence of stomach (AAR–44.2 in men) and Papumpare district had highest incidence of stomach (AAR 27.1 in women), liver (AAR– 35.2 in men and 14.4 in women) and cervical cancers (AAR– 27.7). Lung cancer (AAR– 38.8 in men and 37.9 in women) and gall bladder cancer incidence (AAR– 7.9 in men and 16.2 in women) were highest in Aizawl and Assam (Kamrup urban) PBCRs, respectively. Nagaland had the highest incidence of nasopharyngeal cancer (AAR of 14.4 in men and 6.5 in women), a relatively rare cancer in other regions of India. Four States (Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Sikkim and Tripura) in NE had only one cancer treating facility.Interpretation & conclusions:Further research on specific aetiological factors in the region and multi-disciplinary research for development of tools, techniques and guidelines for cancer control are the need of the hour.

Incidentally Detected Gastric Cancer in Pancreaticoduodenectomy Specimen

The incidence of synchronous pancreatic carcinoma with another carcinoma varies between 1.2% and 20%. Synchronous incidence of pancreatic cancer and stomach cancer is quite low. In our study, a 63-year-old male patient was admitted to our clinic with complaints of fatigue, weight loss and jaundice. In contrast-enhanced abdominal tomography, a lesion with malignant radiological features was observed in the head of the pancreas. Signet-ring cell gastric cancer was found incidentally in the antrum of the stomach in the pathology specimen. Thereupon, a complementary total gastrectomy operation was performed on the patient. Coexistence of gastric and pancreatic cancer is a clinically serious condition. However, surgery can be curative in completely resectable tumors.

Takashi Sugimura: In Memoriam (1926–2020)–A Personal Perspective

![][1] Takashi Sugimura was a pioneer in cancer research and a figure recognized internationally for his seminal contributions to the understanding of mutagenicity and chemical carcinogenesis. Rather than focusing on the many accolades, honors, and influential positions that he held,

Abstract PO-025: The Durham Initiative for Stomach Health (DISH): A pilot community-based Helicobacter pylori education and screening study

Abstract Background: Approximately 15% of all cancers are due to infection. The bacteria Helicobacter pylori is the single leading carcinogenic infectious agent and the main cause of stomach cancer. Prevalence of H. pylori, and, correspondingly, stomach cancer incidence and mortality, is significantly greater among African Americans than whites in the United States. In the present study, we conducted a pilot community- engaged H. pylori education and screening study in partnership with a predominantly African American church in Durham, North Carolina. Methods: Initially, we consulted with community advisory boards and convened stakeholder meetings with local community members and primary care physicians. We then developed this pilot study through an iterative collaboration with church partners. Our main outcomes were feasibility and acceptability as measured by participation in a one-day H. pylori screening initiative, and participation in follow-up for those who tested positive. We also sought to determine prevalence and determinants of active H. pylori infection in this population. Results: Community engagement informed the event logistics, messaging, educational materials provided, and follow-up plans. A total of 92 individuals participated in the primary study event, 25% of whom had a current H. pylori infection. Of those, 87% returned for the follow-up events, among whom 70% had successfully cleared their infection. Conclusions: Through community engagement, community-based H. pylori screening and stomach cancer prevention is feasible and acceptable. This is a necessary step in order to move stomach cancer prevention forward to population-based precision H. pylori screening and eradication. Citation Format: Sydnee Crankshaw, Julia Butt, Jennifer Gierisch, Nadine Barrett, Sabrena Mervin-Blake, Kevin Oeffinger, Steven Patierno, Valarie Worthy, Ronald Godbee, Meira Epplein. The Durham Initiative for Stomach Health (DISH): A pilot community-based Helicobacter pylori education and screening study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Virtual Conference: Thirteenth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2020 Oct 2-4. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(12 Suppl):Abstract nr PO-025.

Coffee Consumption and Its Inverse Relationship with Gastric Cancer: An Ecological Study.

Coffee is the second most popular drink worldwide, and it has various components with antioxidant and antitumor properties. Due to its chemical composition, it could act as an antitumor substance in the gastrointestinal tract. The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between coffee consumption and the incidence/mortality of stomach cancer in the highest-consuming countries. An ecological study using Spearman’s correlation coefficient was performed. The WorldAtlas’s dataset of coffee consumption and the incidence/mortality rates database of the International Agency for Research were used as sources of information. A total of 25 countries were entered to the study. There was an inverse linear correlation between coffee consumption in kg per person per year and estimated age-adjusted incidence (r = −0.5984, p = 0.0016) and mortality (r = −0.5877, p = 0.0020) of stomach cancer. Coffee may potentially have beneficial effects on the incidence and mortality of stomach cancer, as supported by the data from each country analyzed.

Risk of cancer incidence and mortality associated with diabetes: A systematic review with trend analysis of 203 cohorts

AimWhether the relative risk of cancer incidence and mortality associated with diabetes has changed over time is unknown. Data synthesisOn August 12th, 2020, we electronically searched for observational studies reporting on the association between diabetes and cancer. We estimated temporal trends in the relative risk of cancer incidence or mortality associated with diabetes and calculated the ratio of relative risk (RRR) comparing different periods. As many as 193 eligible articles, reporting data on 203 cohorts (56,852,381 participants; 3,735,564 incident cancer cases; 185,404 cancer deaths) and covering the period 1951–2013, were included. The relative risk of all–site cancer incidence increased between 1980 and 2000 [RRR 1990 vs.1980: (1.24; 95% CI: 1.16, 1.34); 2000 vs.1990: (1.23; 1.15, 1.31)] and stabilised thereafter at a relative risk of 1.2; the relative risk of all–site cancer mortality was constant at about 1.2 from 1980 to 2010. Both magnitudes and trends in relative risk varied across cancer sites: the relative risk of colorectal, female breast, and endometrial cancer incidence and pancreatic cancer mortality was constant during the observed years; it increased for bladder, stomach, kidney, and pancreatic cancer incidence until 2000; and decreased for liver while increased for prostate, colon and gallbladder cancer incidence after 2000. ConclusionsAlongside the increasing prevalence of diabetes, the temporal patterns of the relative risk of cancer associated with diabetes may have contributed to the current burden of cancer in people with diabetes.

The Durham Initiative for Stomach Health (DISH): a pilot community-based Helicobacter pylori education and screening study

BackgroundApproximately 15% of all cancers are due to infection. The bacteria Helicobacter pylori is the single leading carcinogenic infectious agent and the main cause of stomach cancer. Prevalence of H. pylori, and, correspondingly, stomach cancer incidence and mortality, is significantly greater among African Americans than whites in the United States. In the present study, we conducted a pilot community-engaged H. pylori education and screening study in partnership with a predominantly African American church in Durham, North Carolina.MethodsInitially, we consulted with community advisory boards and convened stakeholder meetings with local community members and primary care physicians. We then developed this pilot study through an iterative collaboration with church partners. Our main outcomes were feasibility and acceptability as measured by participation in a one-day H. pylori screening initiative, and participation in follow-up for those who tested positive. We also sought to determine prevalence and determinants of active H. pylori infection in this population.ResultsCommunity engagement informed the event logistics, messaging, educational materials provided, and follow-up plans. A total of 92 individuals participated in the primary study event, 25% of whom had a current H. pylori infection. Of those, 87% returned for the follow-up events, among whom 70% had successfully cleared their infection.ConclusionsThrough community engagement, community-based H. pylori screening and stomach cancer prevention is feasible and acceptable. This is a necessary step in order to move stomach cancer prevention forward to population-based precision H. pylori screening and eradication.

Environmental and ecological factors of stomach cancer incidence and mortality: a systematic review study on ecological studies.

Stomach cancer (SC) is one of the most common and deadly types of cancer. It is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. The effect of environmental and ecological factors in SC have been assessed in some studies. Thus, we aimed to synthesize the environmental and ecological factors of SC incidence and mortality. In this systematic review study, the scientific databases, including Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed, were searched from inception to November 2019 for all primary articles written in English by using relevant Medical Subject Heading (Mesh) terms. Two independent authors conducted the screening process to decide on the eligibility and inclusion of the articles in the study. Thethird author acted as an arbiter to resolve any disagreements. A total of 157 potentially relevant articles were identified from the initial search 38 of which met the eligibility criteria; finally, 34 articles were included in the systematic review. The results revealed that soil arsenic exposure, coal and other opencast mining installations, living near incinerators and installations for the recovery or disposal of hazardous waste, installations for the production of cement, lime, plaster, and magnesium oxide, proximity to a metal industry sources, dietary iron, ingested asbestos, farming, arsenic in soil, altitude, organochlorines and environmental exposure to cadmium and lead have positive associations with SC incidence or death. Most of the ecological and environmental factors such as living near the mineral industries, the disposal of hazardous waste, metal industry sources and environmental exposure to cadmium and lead are positively related to SC mortality and incidence. However, solar UV-B, heat index and dietary zinc can be taken into account as protective factors against SC mortality and incidence.

Networking and Specificity-Changing DNA Methyltransferases in Helicobacter pylori.

Epigenetic DNA base methylation plays important roles in gene expression regulation. We here describe a gene expression regulation network consisting of many DNA methyltransferases each frequently changing its target sequence-specificity. Our object Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium responsible for most incidence of stomach cancer, carries a large and variable repertoire of sequence-specific DNA methyltransferases. By creating a dozen of single-gene knockout strains for the methyltransferases, we revealed that they form a network controlling methylome, transcriptome and adaptive phenotype sets. The methyltransferases interact with each other in a hierarchical way, sometimes regulated positively by one methyltransferase but negatively with another. Motility, oxidative stress tolerance and DNA damage repair are likewise regulated by multiple methyltransferases. Their regulation sometimes involves translation start and stop codons suggesting coupling of methylation, transcription and translation. The methyltransferases frequently change their sequence-specificity through gene conversion of their target recognition domain and switch their target sets to remodel the network. The emerging picture of a metamorphosing gene regulation network, or firework, consisting of epigenetic systems ever-changing their specificity in search for adaptation, provides a new paradigm in understanding global gene regulation and adaptive evolution.

The potential of bacterial cultures to degrade the mutagen 2-methyl-1,4-dinitro-pyrrole in a processed meat model

Processed meats are classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as category 1 because their consumption increase the incidence of colorectal and stomach cancers. Meat processing widely employs nitrite and sorbate as preservatives. When these preservatives are concomitantly used in non-compliant processes, they may react and produce the mutagen 2-methyl-1,4-dinitro-pyrrole (DNMP). This study aimed to evaluate the ability of different bacteria isolated from food matrices to biodegrade DNMP in in vitro reactions and in a processed meat model. A possible mechanism of biodegradation was also tested. In vitro experiments were performed in two steps. In the first one, only one strain out of 13 different species did not interact with DNMP. In the following step, an empirical conversion factor was calculated to assess the conversion of DNMP to 4-amino-2-methyl-1-nitro-pyrrole by the strains. The most efficient strains were Staphylococcus xylosus LYOCARNI SXH-01, Lactobacillus fermentum LB-UFSC 0017, and Lactobacillus casei LB-UFSC 0019, which yielded conversion factors of 0.62, 0.60, and 0.43, respectively. Thus, such strains were individually added to the processed meat model and completely degraded the DNMP. Moreover, S. xylosus degraded DNMP in less than 30 min. The enzymatic mechanism was evaluated using its cell-free extract. It showed that, in the aerobic system, reduction rates were 30.321 and 22.411 nmol/mg of protein/min using NADH and NADPH, respectively. A DNMP reductase was assigned to the extract and a potential presence of an oxygen insensitive nitroreductase type I B was considered. Thus, biotechnological processes may be an efficient strategy to eliminate the DNMP from meat products and to increase food safety.

Incidence of Stomach and Esophageal Cancers in Mongolia: Data from 2009 to 2018.

ABSTRACTIntroductionDigestive organ cancer is a major public health issue both in Asia and in Mongolia. The most prevalent cancer-related deaths in Mongolia are registered as caused by the stomach, esophagus, and liver. There is a lack of study which investigated the accurate incidence of digestive organ cancer nationwide.PurposeWe aimed to investigate the incidence of stomach and esophageal cancers in Mongolian population.Materials and methodsEpidemiologic data were collected between 2009 and 2018 through the oncology departments of hospitals and medical centers in all provinces, soums (the smallest unit of provinces), and major districts of the capital city. We used appropriate statistical methods in SPSS software.ResultsThe incidence of esophageal cancer in last 10 years (2009–2018) was 10.09 in 100,000 populations and the highest incidence was registered in Uvs (38.13), Bayan-Ulgii (24.15), and Zavkhan (18.18) provinces, respectively. The incidence of stomach cancer was 20.33 in 100,000 populations and the highest incidences were registered in Uvs (53.01), Khovd (46.02), and Darkhan-Uul (40.50) provinces, respectively.ConclusionThe incidences of these cancers have increased last 10 years in some provinces. Stomach and esophageal cancers incidence in Mongolia is considerably higher compared to the other Asian countries. The nationwide targeted prevention program is needed.How to cite this articleLonjid T, Sambuu T, Tumurbat N, et al. Incidence of Stomach and Esophageal Cancers in Mongolia: Data from 2009 to 2018. Euroasian J Hepato-Gastroenterol 2020;10(1):16–21.

Trends in the Incidence of Stomach Cancer in Golestan Province, a High-risk Area in Northern Iran, 2004-2016.

We aimed to present the temporal and geographical trends in the incidence of stomach cancer in the Golestan province, a high-risk area in Northern Iran. This study was conducted on stomach cancer cases registered in the Golestan Population-based Cancer Registry (GPCR) during 2004-2016. Age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs) per 100000 person-years were calculated. The Joinpoint regression analysis was used to calculate the average annual percent changes (AAPC). We also calculated the contribution of population aging, population size and risk to the overall changes in incidence rates. Overall, 2964 stomach cancer patients were registered. The ASR of stomach cancer was significantly higher in men (26.9) than women (12.2) (P<0.01). There was a significant decreasing trend in incidence of stomach cancer in men (AAPC=-1.80, 95% CI: -3.30 to-0.28; P=0.02). We found a higher ASR of stomach cancer in the rural (21.4) than urban (18.1) (P=0.04) population, as well as a significant decreasing trend in its rates (AAPC=-2.14, 95% CI: -3.10to-1.17; P<0.01). The number of new cases of stomach cancer increased by 22.33% (from 215 in 2004 to 263 in 2016), of which 18.1%, 25.1% and -20.9% were due to population size, population aging and risk, respectively. Our findings suggest a higher rate for stomach cancer in eastern areas. We found high incidence rates as well as temporal and geographical diversities in ASR of stomach cancer in Golestan, Iran. Our results showed an increase in the number of new cases, mainly due to population size and aging. Further studies are warranted to determine the risk factors of this cancer in this high-risk population.

Abstract D109: Helicobacter pylori infections in Navajo communities of Northern Arizona

Abstract Background: Helicobacter pylori (Hp) is a gastric pathogen associated with development of duodenal or stomach ulcers, stomach cancer, and mucosa associated lymphoid-tissue (MALT) lymphomas. While Hp prevalence is declining in many regions, it remains the leading infectious cause of cancer worldwide. In the United States prevalence varies by geographic location, ethnic background, socioeconomic status, and age. This pilot project seeks to understand the role of Hp infection in the development of stomach cancer among Native Americans of Northern Arizona, where stomach cancer incidence rates are approximately three times higher than the general Arizona population and it is the leading cause of cancer mortality. Methods: A cross-sectional survey based on a random sample of households selected using census block vectors for tribal lands overlaid onto satellite imagery. Potential household structures were marked and randomly sorted with recruitment goals set to be proportional to underlying population size. Houses were ‘ground-truthed’ for eligibility and residents approached for participation. A total of 72 households were recruited between June-August 2018 with 105 self-identified Navajo &amp;gt;18 years old living in three communities in northern Arizona participating. Participants were assessed on household and individual level factors associated with infection. A urea breath test (UBT) was performed to test for active infection. We used logistic regression, adjusted for household clustering, to calculate odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for associations between UBT results and individual and household factors. Results: Active Hp infection was found in 66 of the 101 participants with valid UBT, crude prevalence of 65.4%. Male participants were more likely to be positive (aOR=2.89, 95% CI, 1.03-8.09). Participants with an unregulated household water source had the highest odds for positive UBT (aOR=8.85, 95% CI, 1.50-53.38). There was no association with age or education and a modest association with history of gallbladder disease. Only 23.8% reported they had ever heard of Hp infections and 12.9% previously tested for the infection. Conclusion: Prevalence of Hp is high among individuals in these Navajo communities. Use of household water that was not regulated, was strongly associated with active Hp infection. Further work is needed to determine if there is geographic variation and what Hp substrains are involved for this population. Attention also needs to focus on developing strategies to reduce the infection and target earlier detection. Citation Format: Robin B Harris, Rachel Begay, Priscilla R Sanderson, Carmenlita Chief, Fernando Monroy, Heidi E Brown, Eyal Oren. Helicobacter pylori infections in Navajo communities of Northern Arizona [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2019 Sep 20-23; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020;29(6 Suppl_2):Abstract nr D109.

The overall structure of microbiota in patients with adenocarcinoma stomach and colon cancer

IntroductionAccumulating evidence suggests that the human bowel microbiota contributes to the etiology of colorectal cancer (CRC) and stomach cancer, not only via the pro-carcinogenic activities of specific pathogens but also via the influence of the wider microbial community, particularly its metabolome.The aim of the studyThe aim of this study was to analyzes the overall structure of microbiota in patients with adenocarcinoma of colorectal and the stomach and healthy controls.ResultsThe studies suggested that colorectal cancer and stomach cancer develops from the complex interactions between inherited susceptibility and environmental factors, there a strong association between adenomatous polyps and some pathogenic bacteria are the precursors of the vast majority of colorectal cancers and stomach. Thus, the data suggested the development of intestinal dysbiosis in patients with adenocarcinoma, which was characterized by inhibiting obligate protective microflora and activation opportunistic microorganisms on the base of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins metabolism disturbances and accumulation of toxic metabolic products that may be an important pathogenetic factor of tumor tissue activation, induction, proliferation, and metaplasia. Significant accumulation of biogenic amines (methylamine, serotonin, histamine) is a leading metabolic profile of microflora inpatient with adenocarcinoma and may have a predictive value for diagnosis, pathogenetic therapy, and determination of food nutrients role in the mechanisms of cancer formation, as well as identifying populations of cancer risk.ConclusionsThe composition of the tumor microbiome differed from that of adjacent non-neoplastic tissue. The subsite-specific alterations in the colorectal carcinoma and stomach cancer microbiota. There is a high incidence of colorectal cancer and stomach cancer associated with Streptococcus Bovis. These results suggested that the mucosa-associated microbiota is dynamically associated with colorectal carcinoma, which may provide evidence for microbiota-associated diagnostic, prognostic, preventive, and therapeutic strategies for colorectal carcinoma and stomach cancer.

Metformin use reduced the risk of stomach cancer in diabetic patients in Korea: an analysis of Korean NHIS-HEALS database.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) increases atherosclerotic cardiovascular complications and cancer risks. Stomach cancer is the most common cancer in Korea. Although the survival rate of stomach cancer has improved, the disease burden is still high. This retrospective study investigated the association between metformin use and stomach cancer incidence in a Korean population using the National Health Insurance Service-National Health Screening Cohort database. Participants aged 40-80 years old at the baseline period (2002-2003) were enrolled. The study population was categorized into three groups of metformin non-users with DM, metformin users with DM, and individuals without DM (No DM group). A total of 347,895 participants (14,922 metformin non-users, 9891 metformin users, and 323,082 individuals without DM) were included in the final analysis. The median follow-up duration was 12.70years. The estimated cumulative incidence of stomach cancer was highest in metformin non-users and lowest in the No DM group (men vs. women: 3.75 vs. 1.97% in metformin non-users, 2.91 vs. 1.53% in metformin users, and 2.54 vs. 0.95% in the No DM group). Compared with metformin non-users, the hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for stomach cancer incidence of metformin users and the No DM group were 0.710 (0.579-0.870) and 0.879 (0.767-1.006) in men and 0.700 (0.499-0.981) and 0.701 (0.544-0.903) in women, respectively, after full adjustment. Metformin users with DM in the Korean population were at lower risk of stomach cancer incidence after controlling for potential confounding factors.

The impact of armed conflict on cancer among civilian populations in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review.

BackgroundArmed conflicts are increasingly impacting countries with a high burden of cancer. The aim of this study is to systematically review the literature on the impact of armed conflict on cancer in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).MethodsIn November 2019, we searched five medical databases (Embase, Medline, Global Health, PsychINFO and the Web of Science) without date, language or study design restrictions. We included studies assessing the association between armed conflict and any cancer among civilian populations in LMICs. We systematically re-analysed the data from original studies and assessed quality using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Data were analysed descriptively by cancer site.ResultsOf 1,543 citations screened, we included 20 studies assessing 8 armed conflicts and 13 site-specific cancers (total study population: 70,172). Two-thirds of the studies were of low methodological quality (score <5) and their findings were often conflicting. However, among outcomes assessed by three or more studies, we found some evidence that armed conflict was associated with increases in the incidence and mortality of non-specific cancers, breast cancer and cervical cancer. Single studies reported a positive association between armed conflict and the incidence of stomach and testicular cancers, some as early as 3 years after the onset of conflict. Some studies reported a post-conflict impact on time to diagnosis.ConclusionOur findings support the need for more rigorous longitudinal and cohort studies of populations in and immediately post-conflict to inform the development of basic packages of cancer services, and post-conflict cancer control planning and development.

Risk of stomach cancer incidence in a cohort of Mayak PA workers occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation.

Stomach cancer is a widespread health condition associated with environmental and genetic factors. Contribution of ionizing radiation to stomach cancer etiology is not sufficiently studied. This study was aimed to assess an association of the stomach cancer incidence risk with doses from occupational radiation exposure in a cohort of workers hired at main Mayak production association facilities in 1948–1982 taking into account non-radiation factors including digestive disorders. The study cohort comprised 22,377 individuals and by 31.12.2013 343 stomach cancer diagnoses had been reported among the cohort members. Occupational stomach absorbed doses were provided by the Mayak Worker Dosimetry System– 2008 (MWDS–2008) for external gamma ray exposure and by the Mayak Worker Dosimetry System– 2013 (MWDS–2013) for internal exposure to plutonium. Excess relative risks (ERR) per Gy for stomach cancer were estimated using the Poisson’s regression. Analyses were run using the AMFIT module of the EPICURE software. The stomach cancer incidence risk in the study cohort was found to be significantly associated with the stomach absorbed dose of gamma rays: ERR/Gy = 0.19 (95% CI: 0.01, 0.44) with a 0 year lag, and ERR/Gy = 0.20 (95% CI: 0.01, 0.45) with a 5 year lag. To estimate the baseline risk, sex, attained age, smoking status and alcohol consumption, chronic diseases (peptic ulcer, gastritis and duodenitis) were taken into account. No modifications of the radiogenic risk by non-radiation factors were found in the study worker cohort. No association of the stomach cancer incidence risk with internal exposure to incorporated plutonium was observed.

A methodology for investigating the impact of medical countermeasures on the risk of exposure induced death

The space radiation environment is composed of ionizing particles that may pose health risks to crew members during Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and deep space missions. NASA has established astronaut career radiation limits for cancer of 3% Risk of Exposure Induced Death (REID) at the 95% confidence level. The REID is the increased lifetime risk of death from cancer due to radiation exposure in comparison to an unexposed background population and has been traditionally mitigated by passive shielding design concepts and limiting safe days in space. Additional reduction in radiation exposure risk may be achieved with Medical Countermeasures (MCM). Recent meta-analyses have demonstrated the efficacy of aspirin in the reduction of the background colorectal cancer incidence and mortality rates for specific cohorts. Additional studies of warfarin in patients greater than 50 years of age have indicated statistically significant decreases in stomach, bladder, brain, prostate, and lung cancer incidence as compared to control groups. While ultimate selection of suitable countermeasures will be the responsibility of flight surgeons, this paper presents a general methodology for incorporating MCM into the NASA Space Radiation Cancer Risk model and includes modifications of the background mortality rates (hazard rates) and the radiation risk coefficients to numerically quantify the benefits of MCM. As examples of the method, aspirin and warfarin will be employed as MCM in a sensitivity analysis to compute the REID for astronauts embarking on a one-year deep space mission scenario.

Inverse Association between Statin Use and Stomach Cancer Incidence in Individuals with Hypercholesterolemia, from the 2002-2015 NHIS-HEALS Data.

Purpose: To investigate the association between statin use and stomach cancer incidence in individuals with hypercholesterolemia. Materials and methods: To examine the cumulative effect of statins, we defined a statin user as one who used statins during 2002–2003 at baseline. Statin users were further classified into high and low users according to the medication possession rate. Statin non-users consisted of participants who had never used statins during the entire period of 2002–2015, despite having hypercholesterolemia (total cholesterol level ≥250 mg/dL at baseline). Ultimately, 17,737 statin users and 13,412 statin non-users were used in the analysis. We performed survival analyses, considering the diagnosis of stomach cancer as an event of interest. Results: Median follow-up duration was 12.9 years. The cumulative incidence rates of stomach cancer were lowest in high users (1.90% in men and 0.98% in women). Compared to non-users, hazard ratios (95% confidential intervals) for stomach cancer of low users and high users were 0.953 (0.755–1.203) and 0.526 (0.399–0.693) in men and 0.629 (0.457–0.865) and 0.370 (0.256–0.535) in women, respectively, after adjusting for possible confounders. Conclusions: We observed an inverse association between statin use and stomach cancer incidence in participants with hypercholesterolemia.

The Mechanisms of Sijunzi Decoction in the Treatment of Chronic Gastritis Revealed by Network Pharmacology.

Chronic gastritis is characterized by inflammation in the gastric mucosa with a vicious circle in inflammatory cells and inflammatory mediators. Stomach adenocarcinoma would occur in the metaplastic gastric mucosa of chronic gastritis. Sijunzi decoction is a famous classical formula for the treatment of chronic gastritis. Although previous studies revealed some functions of Sijunzi decoction in treating chronic gastritis, the underlying mechanisms have not been illustrated clearly. In this study, we used network pharmacology to investigate the mechanism of Sijunzi decoction in treating chronic gastritis. Firstly, online datasets TCMSP, SWISS, and DisGeNET were used to investigate the functional mechanism of Sijunzi decoction against chronic gastritis and 18 genes were identified as targets of Sijunzi decoction in chronic gastritis. These 18 genes can be categorized into immunologically related genes and cancer-related genes. GO analysis showed that the 18 target genes were mainly enriched in angiogenesis, nitric oxide biosynthetic process, ERK1 and ERK2 cascade, cellular response to drug, and MAPK cascade. So, Sijunzi decoction alleviated chronic gastritis by inhibiting the local inflammatory response. Furthermore, we also investigated the impact of Sijunzi decoction on the peripheral blood leukocytes with our own RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data of 11 chronic superficial gastritis patients. 102 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by comparing RNA-seq data of chronic superficial gastritis patients with healthy control groups. After performing a functional analysis on 102 DEGs and Sijunzi decoction potential targets and taking the intersection of these pathways, we found that platelet activation, angiogenesis, and pathways in cancer were candidate target pathways regulated by Sijunzi decoction. Thus, Sijunzi decoction also alleviates chronic gastritis by suppressing inflammatory response of peripheral blood leukocytes. Our results showed that Sijunzi decoction can ameliorate the local gastric inflammation and inflammations in peripheral blood leukocytes and might also reduce the incidence of stomach cancer in chronic gastritis.