Incidence Of Low Birth Weight Research Articles

Low birth weight incidence in newborn' neonate in Qom, Iran: Risk factors and complications

Background: Low birth weight (LBW) is related with high morbidity of neonatal consequences and death. This study aimed to determine the incidence of LBW, its risk factors, and complications in born neonates in Qom, Iran 2017. Methods: This retrospective chart review was conducted with 602 newborns participants who were one of Qom hospitals in Iran. Data were extracted from the patients' medical records and entered into data collection sheet and were analyzed by t-test, Chi-square, Fisher exact, and independent t-tests in SPSS v. 18 software. Results: The overall incidence of LBW in born neonates was 9.6%, and the mean of maternal age was 28.8 years. Based on results, twin's birth (Odds ratio [OR] = 1.47), receiving corticosteroid (OR = 4.55), and premature rupture of membrane (PROM) (OR = 1.08) were the most important related factors of LBW and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) (OR = 6.47.8), sepsis (OR = 5.36), and icterus (OR = 5.8) consequences of LBW. Nevertheless, poor feeding, hypoplasia, premature, tachypnea, meconium, intraventricular hemorrhage, hypotonic, and other neonatal complications do not show the significant relationship with LBW (P > 0.05). Conclusions: According to results, twin's births, receiving corticosteroid, and PROM are the important risk factors for LBW and RDS, sepsis and icterus were the most common complication of LBW. As a result, preventive programs for control of LBW and infant complications are essential.

Low birth weight incidence in newborn' neonate in Qom, Iran: Risk factors and complications

Background: Low birth weight (LBW) is related with high morbidity of neonatal consequences and death. This study aimed to determine the incidence of LBW, its risk factors, and complications in born neonates in Qom, Iran 2017. Methods: This retrospective chart review was conducted with 602 newborns participants who were one of Qom hospitals in Iran. Data were extracted from the patients' medical records and entered into data collection sheet and were analyzed by t-test, Chi-square, Fisher exact, and independent t-tests in SPSS v. 18 software. Results: The overall incidence of LBW in born neonates was 9.6%, and the mean of maternal age was 28.8 years. Based on results, twin's birth (Odds ratio [OR] = 1.47), receiving corticosteroid (OR = 4.55), and premature rupture of membrane (PROM) (OR = 1.08) were the most important related factors of LBW and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) (OR = 6.47.8), sepsis (OR = 5.36), and icterus (OR = 5.8) consequences of LBW. Nevertheless, poor feeding, hypoplasia, premature, tachypnea, meconium, intraventricular hemorrhage, hypotonic, and other neonatal complications do not show the significant relationship with LBW (P > 0.05). Conclusions: According to results, twin's births, receiving corticosteroid, and PROM are the important risk factors for LBW and RDS, sepsis and icterus were the most common complication of LBW. As a result, preventive programs for control of LBW and infant complications are essential.

Meta-Analysis: The Effect of Malaria Infection on the Incidence of Low Birth Weight

Meta-Analysis: The Effect of Malaria Infection on the Incidence of Low Birth Weight

PENGARUH PERTAMBAHAN BERAT BADAN IBU SELAMA HAMIL DENGAN BERAT BADAN LAHIR BAYI

Maternal nutritional status before and during pregnancy affects the growth baby. When the normal maternal nutritional status is likely to have a healthy baby, aterm with normal weight. According Riskesdas (2010) percentage of weight infants born in North Sumatra of 8.2% by weight 4000 g. This research to identify the relationship of maternal weight gain during pregnancy with birth weight. The study used a correlational analytic design. Study sample were 63 respondents. Sampling technique using total sampling. The study was conducted at the Maternity Clinic Sumiariani Sub District of Medan Johor. Data analysis used Chi Square with significance level (?) of 0.05. Results of statistical tests is based on the analysis of values obtained P = 0.00 means that there is a significant relationship between maternal weight gain during pregnancy to birth weight. And OR = 27 means mothers with appropriate weight gain during pregnancy have 27 times the chance of having a baby with normal weight compared with mothers who had weight gain during pregnancy is not appropriate. Conclusion: From these results it can be proven that the mother's weight gain during pregnancy affects the baby weight that will be born. So that every pregnant woman should know about good nutrition during pregnancy. Suggestion: Expected to be used as input for health agencies in an effort to address issues in public health nutrition problems, especially pregnant women so as to reduce the incidence of low birth weight in the community

Effect of Intimate Partner Violence on Maternal and Birth Outcomes of Pregnancy among Antenatal Clinic Attendees in Delhi: A Prospective Observational Study.

Context:Violence against women is a major public health problem and a violation of their human rights. Intimate partner violence (IPV) during pregnancy has been linked to various adverse maternal health outcomes and birth outcomes.Aims:The aim of this study is to assess the magnitude of maternal complications and adverse birth outcomes in relation to IPV.Settings and Design:Prospective observational study was conducted from April 2015 to May 2018 in the antenatal clinic of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Delhi.Subjects and Methods:Sample of 1500 pregnant women (≤20 weeks gestation) were recruited and followed up at regular intervals, up to the birth outcome.Statistical Analysis Used:Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 25. Value of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results:Prevalence of IPV at baseline was 29.7%. Significantly higher proportion of IPV victims (47.2%) had poor weight gain during the pregnancy. Subjects reporting violence at any of the study contacts had a higher incidence of preterm delivery (12.7%), and a significantly higher incidence of low birth weight in the newborns (32.1% vs 22.3%) (P < 0.05).Conclusions:The findings reveal that IPV during pregnancy is common and significantly associated with adverse maternal and birth outcomes. The findings stress need for research and development of a screening tool to identify violence early in pregnancy and thus prevent its consequences.

Determinants of Low Birth Weight in Cilacap District

Background: Low birth weight (LBW) is closely related to the increased risk of child morbidity and mortality, disruption of developmental growth and in the long-run has an increased risk of chronic disease in their adulthood. This study aims to analyze the effect of nutritional status at the beginning of pregnancy, maternal education and family expenditure on the incidence of low birth weight (LBW) in Cilacap District. Subjects and Method: This study is an obser­vational analytic study with a cross sectional approach. The study was conducted in three health centers in Cilacap District, Central Java, in 2016. A sample of 144 children aged less than 1 year was selected by cluster sampling. The depen­dent variable was birth weight. The independent variables were maternal MUAC, maternal educa­tion, and family income. The data are collected with medical records. The data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: Maternal MUAC ≥23.5 cm (OR = 0.22; 95% CI = 0.57 to 0.89; p = 0.033) reduced the risk of LBW and it was statistically significant. Maternal education (OR = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.12 to 2.13; p = 0.356) and high family income (OR = 0.47; 95% CI = 0.09 to 2.47; p = 0.376) reduced the risk of LBW but it is statistically insignificant. Conclusion: Maternal MUAC ≥23.5 cm, high maternal education, and high family income reduced the risk of LBW. Keywords: low birth weight, maternal mid-upper arm circumference Correspondence: Majestika Septikasari. School of Health Sciences Al-Irsyad Al-Islamiyyah Cilacap, Central Java, Indonesia. Email: majestika86@gmail.com. Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2020), 5(2): 141-146 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2020.05.02.03

Factors Associated with Anemia among Pregnant Women in Trimester III

Background: The estimated anemia pre­va­len­ces among pregnant women are Asia 48.2%, Af­ri­ka 57.1%, Amerika 24.1% and Eropa 25.1%. 40% of maternal deaths in developing countries is asso­­ciated with anemia during pregnancy. Ad­ver­se impacts of anemia in pregnancy toward fetus in developing countries is higher, whereas in industrial countries, perinatal prognosis is not asso­ciated with anemia in pregnancy. Anemia in TM III gives effects to the incidence of Low Birth Weight and preterm labour. The study aims to find out factors associated with anemia inci­den­ces among pregnant women in TM III in Commu­nity Health Center (Puskesmas) Pesantren I, the city of Kediri. Subjects and Method: It was a cross sectional study conducted in Puskesmas Pesantren I the city of Kediri. There were 30 pregnant wo­men of TM III. The dependent vari­able was anemia. The independent variables were age, education, occu­pation, parity, and the com­­pliance in consuming iron tablet. The data were collected by question­naire. The data were analyzed by Chi square. Results: Low education (OR= 9.33; 95% CI= 1.51 to 5.76; p= 0.010), work at home (OR= 8.66; 95% CI= 3.46 to 21.65; p<0.001), multi­parous (OR= 13.20; 95% CI=2.11 to 8.25; p=0.003), and did not adhere to iron tablet consumption (OR= 5.50; 95% CI­=­1.­14 to 2.64; p=0.028) increased the risk of anemia. Age 20-35 years old (OR= 0.35; 95% CI=0.15 to 0.80; p=0.012) reduced the risk of anemia. Conclusion: Low education, work at home, multi­parous, and did not adhere to iron tablet consumption increase the risk of anemia. Age 20-35 years old reduces the risk of anemia. Keywords: anemia, iron tablet Correspondence: Katmini. Masters Program in Public Health, IIK Strada. Jl. Manila 37 Sumberece Tosaren Pesantren, Kediri, East Java, Indonesia. Email: katminitini@gmail.com. Mobile: +628233466-2921. Journal of Maternal and Child Health (2020), 05(03): 313-320 https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2020.05.03.10

Correlation between Protein Intake, Parity and Miscarriage History Anemic Pregnant Women in Sukoharjo Regency, Indonesia with Low Birth Weight Incidence:A Case Control Study

Correlation between Protein Intake, Parity and Miscarriage History Anemic Pregnant Women in Sukoharjo Regency, Indonesia with Low Birth Weight Incidence:A Case Control Study

Study on the distribution and related factors of birth weight of live births in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China from 2016 to 2018

Objective: To investigate the distribution and related factors of birth weight of live births and full-term infants in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region of China. Methods: Based on Guangxi women and children information system from 2016 to 2018, a large real-time database about maternal and live-birth information was established. It covered 1 712 midwifery institutions in Guangxi. A total of 2 394 240 cases of live births were collected and 2 243 129 cases of which were full-term infants. The multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the related factors of low birth weight. Results: The birth weight of 2 394 240 live births, (3 123.49±461.08) g, in Guangxi was approximately normal distribution with a peak distribution to the left. The incidence of low birth weight was 8.05%, and the incidence of macrosomia was 2.07%. The incidence of low birth weight was 10.92% for the puerpera with body mass index (BMI, kg/m(2)) <18.5, 16.82% for the puerpera with height <145 cm, 8.92% for the puerpera with age <20 years old, 7.67% for the puerpera with age ≥35 years old, and 54.65% for the puerpera with premature birth. The birth weight of 2 243 129 full-term infants, (3 176.01±400.78) g, was approximately normal distribution with a peak distribution to the right. The incidence of low birth weight was 2.97%, and the incidence of macrosomia was 2.19%. The incidence of low birth weight was 4.73% for puerpera with BMI<18.5, 8.17% for puerpera with height<145 cm, 4.83% for puerpera with age <20 years old, and 3.05% for puerpera with age ≥35 years old. The risks of low birth weight [OR (95%CI) value] of pregnant women aged <20, 25-29 and 30-34 years old were 1.31 (1.28-1.35), 0.88 (0.86-0.90) and 0.89 (0.87-0.91) times of those aged ≥35 years old. The risks of low birth weight [OR (95%CI) value] of pregnancy BMI <18.5 and 18.5-23.9 kg/m(2) group were 1.98 (1.94-2.03) and 1.20 (1.18-1.23) times of those pregnancy BMI ≥24 kg/m(2). The risks of low birth weight [OR (95%CI) value] of pregnant women's height (cm)<145, 145-154, 155-159 and 160-164 cm were 4.67 (4.39-4.97), 2.36 (2.29-2.44), 1.58 (1.53-1.63) and 1.22 (1.18-1.26) times of those heights ≥165 cm group. The risks of low birth weight [OR (95%CI) value] of pregnant women's gestational age <28, 28-31 and 32-36 years old were 136.65 (124.33-150.20), 1 704.37 (1 509.02-1 925.02) and 33.45 (32.98-33.94) times of those gestational age ≥37 years old. Conclusion: The incidence of low birth weight of live births was higher in Guangxi from 2016 to 2018. There is a higher risk of low birth weight for younger, older, low height, low BMI and preterm women in Guangxi from 2016 to 2018.

Policy of Lampung Province Regional Budget Policy on Improving Performance of Health Fields: Lower Nutrition And Low Birth Weight Loss

Toddler children are a nutrition-prone group. so that if the nutritional intake is not as needed. Malnutrition in all its forms brings large direct and indirect costs to individuals. family and all countries. The purpose of this study is the relationship between the structure of the Lampung Province budget and the incidence of malnutrition and low birth weight during the last ten years.&#x0D; This study method uses a method of analyzing literature and documents, by comparing the regional budget with the incidence of malnutrition and LBW and accompanied by a graph of linear equations.&#x0D; The effect of the financing provided by the Lampung Regional Government in the form of the annual budget and regional income in Lampung Province over the past 9 years against the incidence of malnutrition and LBW has an impact on the decline in incidence. Decrease in malnutrition 7 toddlers per 1,000,000 toddlers and LBW decreased by 4 per 100,000 from the incident with the addition of 1 million rupiah.

Analisis faktor risiko bayi Berat Badan Lahir Rendah (BBLR) di Unit Pelayanan Terpadu (UPT) Kesehatan Masyarakat (Kesmas) Gianyar I tahun 2016-2017

Background: One of the major causes of newborn mortality is Low Birth Weight (LBW). Each year estimated 15% to 20% of world births or more than 20 million babies are LBW. In UPT Kesmas Gianyar I, there is an increasing trend of LBW incidence from 2014 to June 2017. So, this study aims to determine several risk factors associated with LBW at UPT Kesmas Gianyar I during 2016-2017 period.Methods: A case-control analytic study was conducted among case group of LBW mothers and control group of mothers with normal weight babies in 2017. Selection technique of case group done by total sampling method, while control group by simple random sampling. Data were analysed using SPSS version 21 for Windows and showing in odds ratio, percentage, and p-value.Results: A total of 106 respondens were enrolled in this study whereas each group consists of 53 patients. There was no significant relationship between mother’s age, number of parity, anemia status, nutritional status, and distance of pregnancy with low birth weight incidence (P&gt;0.05). However, multiple pregnancy has shown a significant relationship with LBW (OR: 14.9; 95%CI 3.2-68.5; P=0.0001) as well as gestational age (OR: 3.1; 95% CI 1.02-9.50; P=0.038). Conclusion: Mothers with multiple pregnancies have a 14.9 times risk of having a baby LBW as well as a premature gestational age also have a 3.1 times higher risk of delivering LBW infants.

Maternal anemia and low birth weight in a community development block of Purba Bardhaman, West Bengal: a retrospective cohort analysis

Background: Being both highly prevalent public health problems in India, anemia in pregnancy (AIP) is hypothesized as a potential risk factor for low birth weight (LBW) baby as pregnancy outcome. In this context, this study was conducted among pregnant mothers registered in last 2 years under Bhatar block of Purba Bardhaman district, West Bengal. Objectives of this study were to assess the relationship of LBW babies with maternal anemia in antenatal period and also with background characteristics and pregnancy related factors.Methods: A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted among postnatal mothers who were registered during their pregnancy in sub-centers of this block during a reference period from April’15th - March’17th. The study subjects were identified from the records of each sub-centre and further categorized into two groups: Exposed (anemic) - Hb &lt;11 gm% in any antenatal visits and Non-exposed(non-anemic) - Hb ≥11 gm% in all antenatal visits. Sample size of 988 for each group was calculated. From each sub-centre’s antenatal record 26 subjects for each group were selected by simple random sampling. Data collected with predesigned pretested schedule and data analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS 20. Logistic regression was performed to establish association.Results: Overall incidence of LBW was 8.1%; in anemic, non-anemic group incidence were 10.5%, 5.7% respectively. AIP had relative risk 1.85 (1.36-2.54) over LBW. On multivariable logistic regression, LBW was significantly associated with AIP (2.11, 1.51-2.95), multi-parity (0.63, 0.44-0.9), inadequate ANC visits (2.7, 1.75-4.15) and female gender (1.64, 1.19-2.27).Conclusions: Anemia in pregnancy significantly increases risks of LBW which also strongly associated with female new-born, primi-parity, and incomplete ANC visits.

Low Birth Weight Is Linked to Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Results From the Population-Based Gutenberg Health Study (GHS).

This study analyzed whether low birth weight is linked to prevalence and incidence of age-related maculopathy (AMD) in adulthood. The Gutenberg Health Study (GHS) is a population-based, observational cohort study in Germany. GHS participants at an age from 35 to 74 years were included. An ophthalmologic examination with fundus photography was carried out. Fundus photographs were graded according to the Rotterdam Grading Scheme for AMD at baseline and at the 5-year follow-up examination. Participants were divided into three different birth weight groups (low: <2500 g; normal: 2500-4000 g; and high: >4000 g). Poisson regression analysis with adjustment for several confounders was used to assess associations between birth weight and AMD prevalence (overall, early, late AMD) and 5-year cumulative incidence. Overall, 6492 participants were included (3538 female, aged 50.7 ± 10.4 years). Prevalence of total AMD was highest in the low birth weight group (11.2%; 40/358) compared to the normal birth weight group (6.5%; 346/5328) and the high birth weight group (8.4%; 68/806). Low birth weight was associated with overall AMD prevalence (prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.54, P = 0.006), and in particular with early AMD prevalence (PR = 1.52; P = 0.01). No association was observed between low birth weight and cumulative 5-year incidence of AMD. Our analyses indicate that low birth weight may lead to higher prevalence of retinal diseases in later life, as we observed for AMD. Our results are limited due to missing data and loss to follow-up, but may be a first hint that AMD has one of its origins in early life.

Maternal BMI and nutritional status in early pregnancy and its impact on neonatal outcomes at birth in Bangladesh

BackgroundTo assess the maternal characteristics and nutritional status according to body mass index (BMI) at 6–14 weeks of gestation and to examine the relationship between maternal nutritional status in early pregnancy and its impact on neonatal birth weight.MethodsThe investigation was conducted from April 2011 to June 2012 in Dhaka, Bangladesh. A total of 498 primigravida pregnant women participated in the study; women with known diabetes or previous gestational diabetes (GDM) were excluded. Maternal demographic details, pregnancy history and anthropometric measurements were obtained from the mother at the recruitment (6–14 weeks), 2nd visit between 24 and 28 week of gestation and 3rd visit at delivery. Cord venous blood samples of newborns (n = 138) were collected immediately after delivery for blood glucose, insulin, lipid profile, leptin and micronutrients including serum folate, ferritin, homocysteine, vitamin D, and vitamin B12.ResultsThe prevalence at 6–14 weeks of pregnancy of anemia (Hb, < 11 g/dl), vitamin D deficiency (< 30 nmol/l), vitamin B12 deficiency (< 200 pg/ml), high homocysteine level (> 15 μmol/l), folate deficiency (< 3 ng/ml) and iron deficiency (ferritin < 13 ng/ml) were 19.5, 46.4, 15.1, 1.2, 0.4, and 12.7% respectively. GDM was found in 18.4% women. The prevalence of GDM was higher in overweight women (28.1%) than underweight (16.7%) and normal weight women (16.0%: p < 0.05). The incidence of low birth weight (LBW) and preterm delivery were 11.6 and 5.8% respectively and was not related to maternal BMI at 6–14 weeks of pregnancy. Maternal height was positively (p = 0.02), and homocysteine was negatively associated with neonatal birth weight (p = 0.02). In addition, the newborn’s cord serum folate was positively (p = 0.03) and cord triglyceride was negatively (p = 0.03) associated with neonatal birth weight.ConclusionMultiple maternal micronutrient deficiencies were present in early pregnancy. Maternal BMI in early pregnancy was not related to preterm deliveries or LBW. LBW was associated with lower folate, elevated cord triglyceride concentrations of the neonates and mother’s height and increase in maternal homocysteine levels. The data has important implications for pregnancy care in Bangladesh and other similar communities.

Spatial distribution of low birth weight and association with chemical fertilizer application in rural areas of Shanxi province

Objective: To explore the spatial distribution of low birth weight (LBW) and the potential environmental risk factors and provide the evidence for the prevention and intervention of LBW. Methods: Data were from a surveillance system for newly born population and adverse pregnancy outcome between 2007 and 2012 in Pingding county, Shanxi province. The data from 313 villages were analyzed. Spatial hierarchical Bayesian model was used to adjust the risk of LBW at village level, Moran's I and Getis-Ord Gi* were used to analyze the difference in distribution of LBW risk area. Spatial negative binomial model was used to evaluate the association between the risk of LBW and chemical fertilizer application. Results: A total of 18 749 new births were recorded between 2007 and 2012, including 911 LBW cases, the total incidence of LBW was 4.86%. The result of the spatial hierarchical Bayesian model showed that high-risk area of LBW was in the southeast of Pingding and low-risk area was in the middle west of Pingding. The result of Moran's I showed that there was a clustering pattern of LBW risk, and Getis-Ord Gi* found a high risk (hot spot) area in the south area. Moreover, the findings of association analysis showed that the risk of LBW increased with the increased chemical fertilizer application at village level. Conclusions: There were area specific differences in the risk of LBW, and dose-response relationship between chemical fertilizer application and the risk of LBW. Our findings suggest that maternal exposure to chemical fertilizer during pregnancy might be a potential risk factor for LBW in rural area.

Maternal folic acid supplementation and infant birthweight in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review.

The relationship between maternal folic acid supplementation in pregnancy and infant birthweight has not been well described in low‐ and middle‐income countries. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of the current evidence of the association between folic acid supplementation in pregnancy on three primary outcomes: the incidence of low birthweight, small for gestational age, and mean birthweight. Seventeen studies were identified, which satisfied the inclusion criteria, covering a total of 275,421 women from 13 cohort studies and four randomized controlled trials. For the primary outcome of mean birthweight (n = 9), the pooled mean difference between folic acid and control groups was 0.37 kg (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.24 to 0.50), and this effect was larger in the randomized controlled trials (0.56, 95% CI: 0.15 to 0.97, n = 3). The pooled odds ratio was 0.59 for low birthweight (95% CI: 0.47 to 0.74, n = 10) among folic acid supplementation versus control. The pooled odds ratio for the association with small for gestational age was 0.63 (95% CI: 0.39 to 1.01, n = 5). Maternal folic acid supplementation in low‐ and middle‐income countries was associated with an increased mean birthweight of infants and decreases in the incidence of low birthweight and small for gestational age.

THE RELATIONSHIP PREECLAMPSIA AND THE INCIDENCE OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT BABIES IN RSUD GAMBIRAN, KEDIRI CITY

Low birth weight is still a nutritional problem which has serious consequences for the quality of human resources in Indonesia. Low birth weight is a major cause of increased mortality, morbidity and disability in neonates, infants and children. Pre eclampsia are the causes of low birth weight. When high blood pressure presents the uteroplacental circulation decreases which results in the drainage of nutrients, oxygen, and the release of metabolic results being disrupted , allowing the low birth weight baby. Previous research explained that maternal and diastolic blood pressure associated with the baby's weight . This study aims to determine the relationship of preeclampsia with the incidence of low birth weight babies (LBW) in Gambiran Hospital, Kediri. This type of research uses observational analytic with a retrospective study approach and uses the Spearman rank test . The population in this study were all medical records of low birth weight babies (LBW ) in January - December 2018 who were born at Gambiran Hospital, Kediri City. The sampling technique used is simple random sampling . The sample size used 118 respondents who have met the inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. The results obtained from the Spearman rank correlation test with a p value of 0.031 &lt; 0.05, the value of the 1,000 Correlation Coefficient and has the direction of positive (+) correlation. As a conclusion, there was a significant relationship between preeclampsia and the incidence of LBW in Gambiran Hospital , Kediri City , the relationship between two variables was impactful, and the direction of relations between two positive variables . Based on this research, it is expected that health workers will increase their efforts to prevent low birth weight (LBW ) in newborns by early detection on risk factors of low birth weight babies (LBW ) .

Expansion of Health Insurance Coverage for Prenatal Care and Its Association with Low Birth Weight and Premature Birth

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the cost of medical care for pregnancy and childbirth and the birth outcome. Methods Using the Korean National Health Insurance Corporation cohort data, we compared the birth outcome of 2,198 subjects before policy (2005-2008) and after policy (2009-2012) costs related to pregnancy and childbirth. Results After the rate of application of the maternity care fee increased by 2.3%, the cesarean section rate increased by 15%. The incidence of low birth weight was significantly lower in women under 35 years of age, as well as in women over 35 years of age who had delivered a child through cesarean section. Conclusion After the policy implementation, the rates of low birth weight and premature childbirth decreased at all ages, for second or subsequent births. Considering the purpose of the pregnancy and childbirth care support policy, implemented to reduce the burden of medical expenses and to create a favorable environment for childbirth, it is necessary to expand coverage by converting nonpayment items, and to develop diverse and comprehensive policies that consider pregnant women’s characteristics. Key Words: Health policy, Program evaluation, Prenatal care, Low birth weight, Premature birth

ANALISIS JALUR HUBUNGAN DURASI TIDUR DAN ASUPAN PROTEIN PADA IBU HAMIL ANEMIA DENGAN KEJADIAN BERAT BAYI LAHIR RENDAH

Anemia is highly prevalent among Indonesian community, especially in pregnant women. Sleep duration and poor sleep patterns when someone is pregnant mayincrease therisk factors that affect the outcome of pregnancy. Protein requirements for pregnant women will increase as increasing gestational age. Lack of protein intake maycause low birth weight.The purpose of this study was to analyze the correlationof sleeping duration and protein intake in anemic pregnant women with the incidence of low birth weight babies.The study used a case control design. The subject of the study was anemic pregnant women in Sukoharjo who have been gaving birth from 2016 to 2018. Subjects wereselected using purposive sampling. Case was those who delivered normal baby’s weight and case was those who delivered low bird weight baby. 74 subjcts were in control group and 37 subjects were in case group.Sleeping duration was measured during sleep at night per hour and the quality of sleeping using PSQI from. Path analysiswasused to evaluate the association.The results showed that the association of sleeping duration of anemic pregnant women with incidence of LBW was not significant (p=0,285); protein intake withincidence of LBW was significant (p=0,019), and sleep quality anemic pregnant women with incidence of LBW was not significant (p=0,379). There is no significant direct and indirect associations (through sleep quality) of sleeping duration among anemic pregnant women withincidence of LBW, there is a significant associationof protein intake in anemic pregnant women with incidence of LBW, and there is no significant indirect association (through sleep quality) of protein intake in anemic pregnant women with incidence of LBW babies.

Calf circumference to detect low birth weight babies: a comparative study

Background: In developing countries 15 per cent of infants weigh less than 2,500 grams at birth .It is not possible to provide expensive weighing scales to the community members and families due to logistic (carrying a heavy scale) and operational (inability of Trained Birth Attenders to read) problems. Therefore it is essential to find out an alternative method for the estimation of birth weight. Almost 60 per cent of newborns in developing countries are not weighed. Which can lead to an underestimation of the incidence of low birth weight. That’s why we done present study to know the simple indicators to detect low birth weight babies. Aim of this study to compare calf circumference with other Low birth weight indicators as a reliable predictor of low birth weight babies.Methods: It is a cross-sectional study done during period 2018 January to 2018 October done at Niloufer Hospital Hyderabad. Statistical analysis is done using SPSS (version 17) statistical software. For comparison Pearson's Correlation coefficients used.Results: The best correlation was observed with both calf circumference (r=0.818) and head circumference (r=0.744) for identifying babies with birth weight &lt;2 kg. For babies with birth weight &lt;2.5 kg, calf circumference had the highest order of correlation (r = 0.986) followed closely by head circumference (r=0.886).Conclusion: In the absence of a weighing machine, simple measurements like calf circumference is the best indicator in identifying low birth weight babies (&lt;2.5kg) at birth.