Incidence Of Low Birth Weight Research Articles

Risk of Selected Fetal Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes at Advanced Maternal Age: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Debre Markos Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia.

Introduction Pregnancy at an advanced maternal age is defined as pregnancy at 35 years or older. Today, women postpone pregnancy due to different socioeconomic and personal reasons. However, there was limited evidence on fetal adverse outcomes' association with pregnancy at an advanced maternal age in Ethiopia and particularly in the study area. This study was aimed at assessing the effect of pregnancy at an advanced age on selected neonatal adverse pregnancy outcomes in Debre Markos Referral Hospital, Ethiopia, 2019. Methods Institution-based retrospective cohort study was conducted on 303 exposed (35 years and older) and 604 nonexposed (20–34 years old) immediate postpartum women who delivered at Debre Markos Referral Hospital after 28 weeks of gestation. All exposed women who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were sampled, and systematic random sampling was employed for those in the nonexposed group. The data were collected from 1st of July to 30th of December, 2019, by face-to-face interview and extraction from maternal chart using a structured questionnaire and data extraction checklist, respectively. Binary logistic regression (bivariate and multivariable) model was fitted, and wealth index was analyzed by principal component analysis. Adjusted relative risk with respect to 95% confidence interval was employed for the strength and directions of association between advanced maternal age and selected adverse pregnancy outcomes, respectively. P-value of <0.05 was used to declare statistical significance. Results The incidence of adverse neonatal outcomes including stillbirth, preterm birth, and low birth weight in the advanced maternal age group was 13.2%, 19.8%, and 16.5%, respectively. The incidence of stillbirth, preterm birth, and low birth weight in the nonexposed group was 3.1%, 8.4%, and 12.4%, respectively. The advanced maternal age group had three times the risk of stillbirth compared with the nonexposed group (ARR = 3.14 95% CI (1.30–7.00)). The advanced maternal age group had 2.66 times the risk of delivering preterm fetus (ARR = 2.66 95% CI (1.81–3.77)) compared with the younger counterparts. Low birth weight was not significantly associated with pregnancy at an advanced maternal age. Conclusion Fetal adverse outcomes including stillbirth and preterm birth were significantly associated with pregnancy at an advanced maternal age.

Rolling back the gains: Maternal stress undermines pregnancy health after Flint's water switch.

Environmental disasters impact disadvantaged communities disproportionately both through the epidemiological challenge of exposure, but also by undermining the progress of public health efforts. This paper studies changes to smoking cessation, breastfeeding, and weight gain during pregnancy in the period following the switch in water supply in Flint, Michigan, in April 2014. As the switch resulted in immediate and significant deterioration in water quality, eventually leading to its contamination with lead, we estimate a 10.5 percentage point increase in smoking and a 2.1 percentage point decrease in breastfeeding. We show evidence that these changes in maternal behavior are linked to increased stress due to changing water quality. We estimate that the increase in smoking alone is responsible for most of the increase in incidence of low birthweight among infants in Flint, resulting in $700 additional costs per birth. Increased smoking during pregnancy and lower breastfeeding rates in Flint roll back years of public health efforts, resulting in lifetime higher rates of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer for mothers in the community.

Live birth and perinatal outcomes using cryopreserved oocytes: an analysis of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority database from 2000 to 2016 using three clinical models.

Are live birth (LB) and perinatal outcomes affected by the use of frozen own versus frozen donor oocytes? Treatment cycles using frozen own oocytes have a lower LB rate but a lower risk of low birth weight (LBW) as compared with frozen donor oocytes. A rising trend of oocyte cryopreservation has been noted internationally in the creation of donor oocyte banks and in freezing own oocytes for later use in settings of fertility preservation and social egg freezing. Published literature on birth outcomes with frozen oocytes has primarily utilised data from donor oocyte banks due to the relative paucity of outcome data from cycles using frozen own oocytes. This was a retrospective cohort study utilising the anonymised database of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority, which is the statutory regulator of fertility treatment in the UK. We analysed 988015 IVF cycles from the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) register from 2000 to 2016. Perinatal outcomes were assessed from singleton births only. Three clinical models were used to assess LB and perinatal outcomes: Model 1 compared frozen own oocytes (n = 632) with frozen donor oocytes (n = 922); Model 2 compared frozen donor oocytes (n = 922) with fresh donor oocytes (n = 24 706); Model 3 compared first cycle of fresh embryo transfer from frozen donor oocytes (n = 917) with first cycle of frozen embryo transfer created with own oocytes and no prior fresh transfer (n = 326). Preterm birth (PTB) was defined as LB before 37 weeks and LBW as birth weight <2500 g. Adjustment was performed for confounding variables such as maternal age, number of embryos transferred and decade of treatment. The LB rate (18.0% versus 30.7%; adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.61, 95% CI 0.43-0.85) and the incidence of LBW (5.3% versus 14.0%; aOR 0.29, 95% CI 0.13-0.90) was significantly lower with frozen own oocytes as compared with frozen donor oocytes with no significant difference in PTB (9.5% versus 15.7%; aOR 0.56, 95% CI 0.26-1.21). A lower LB rate was noted in frozen donor oocyte cycles (30.7% versus 34.7%; aOR 0.69, 95% CI 0.59-0.80) when compared with fresh donor oocyte cycles. First cycle frozen donor oocytes did not show any significant difference in LB rate (30.1% versus 19.3%; aOR 1.26, 95% CI 0.86-1.83) or PTB, but a higher incidence of LBW (17.7% versus 5.4%; aOR 3.77, 95% CI 1.51-9.43) as compared with first cycle frozen embryos using own oocytes. The indication for oocyte freezing, method of freezing used (whether slow-freezing or vitrification) and age at which eggs where frozen were unavailable. We report a subgroup analysis of women using their own frozen oocytes prior to 37 years. Cumulative LB rate could not be assessed due to the anonymous nature of the dataset. Women planning to freeze their own eggs for fertility preservation or social egg freezing need to be counselled that the results from frozen donor egg banks may not completely apply to them. However, they can be reassured that oocyte cryopreservation does not appear to have a deleterious effect on perinatal outcomes. No specific funding was sought for the study. The authors have no relevant conflicts of interest. N/A.

Innocent victims of passive smoking: An institutional experience.

Objectives: To determine the impact of exposure to second hand smoking on fetal birth weight and length. Study Design: Comparative Cross Sectional study. Setting: Physiology Department of Shaikh Zayed Postgraduate Medical Institute. Period: December 2015 to May 2016. Material &amp; Methods: Non-probability convenience sampling was used to collect data from 120 women and their neonates, who were further divided in four equal groups based on level of exposure to second hand smoking. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data regarding level of exposure of mothers, while weight and length of neonates were measured objectively. Results: Mean birth weight (kg) in group-1 was 3.31 ± 0.50, in group-2 was 3.00 ± 0.28, in group-3 was 2.92 ± 0.48 and in group-4 was 2.66 ± 0.41. The p-value calculated by one way ANOVA was 0.001 which shows that birth weight was significantly different in all the groups. Mean birth weight of neonates showed inverse relation with SHS exposure of the mothers. Mean length (cm) of neonates in group-1 was 49.30 ± 1.70, in group-2 was 48.77 ± 1.47, in group-3 was 49.40 ± 2.12 and in group-4 was 48.53 ± 1.65. It was seen that there was no significant difference in length of neonates belonging to different groups. Incidence of low birth weight among all the groups was 11.6%. Conclusion: Second hand smoking of mothers affects birth weight of neonates which in turn influence the intellectual abilities and developmental milestones of neonates. Awareness should be made in society in this regard to prevent the burden of the disease in silent victims of smoking.

Miscarriage on Endometriosis and Adenomyosis in Women by Assisted Reproductive Technology or with Spontaneous Conception: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background In the past several years, there has been an increasing concern on miscarriage caused by endometriosis or adenomyosis. However, the results reported by different studies remain controversial. The present study is aimed at assessing the impact of endometriosis and adenomyosis on miscarriage. Materials and Methods Searches were carried out in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane library for studies published from inception until February 29, 2020. The investigators included studies that evaluated miscarriage risk in pregnant women with endometriosis or adenomyosis by assisted reproductive technology (ART), or with spontaneous conception (SC). Miscarriage (<28 weeks) was the primary outcome. The secondary outcomes were antepartum hemorrhage (APH), postpartum hemorrhage (PPH), preterm birth, low birthweight, placenta praevia, placental abruption, ectopic pregnancy, stillbirth, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Endnote was used for the study collection, and the data analyses were carried out by two authors using Review Manager version 5.2. Results Thirty-nine studies, which is comprised of 697,984 women, were included in the present study. Miscarriage risk increased in women with endometriosis in SC (OR: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.44-2.28, I2 = 96%) compared with those without endometriosis, while women with endometriosis who underwent ART had a similar miscarriage risk, when compared to those with tubal infertility (OR: 1.03, 95% CI: 0.92-1.14, I2 = 0%). Compared with those without adenomyosis, women with adenomyosis had an augmented miscarriage risk in ART (OR: 2.81, 95% CI: 1.44-5.47, I2 = 64%). Compared with those without endometriosis, women with endometriosis had higher odds of APH, PPH, preterm birth, stillbirth, and placenta praevia. No difference was observed in the incidence of ectopic pregnancy, placental abruption, pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, low birthweight, and IUGR. Conclusion Women with endometriosis had an augmented miscarriage risk in SC and a similar miscarriage risk during ART. Adenomyosis was associated with miscarriage in pregnant women using ART.

Effect of Passive Smoking on Low Birth Weight (Lbw) Incidence in Indonesia: Analysis of Riskesdas Data In 2018

Effect of Passive Smoking on Low Birth Weight (Lbw) Incidence in Indonesia: Analysis of Riskesdas Data In 2018

Regional trends in birth weight in low- and middle-income countries 2013\u20132018

BackgroundBirth weight (BW) is a strong predictor of neonatal outcomes. The purpose of this study was to compare BWs between global regions (south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, Central America) prospectively and to determine if trends exist in BW over time using the population-based maternal and newborn registry (MNHR) of the Global Network for Women'sand Children's Health Research (Global Network).MethodsThe MNHR is a prospective observational population-based registryof six research sites participating in the Global Network (2013–2018), within five low- and middle-income countries (Kenya, Zambia, India, Pakistan, and Guatemala) in threeglobal regions (sub-Saharan Af rica, south Asia, Central America). The birth weights were obtained for all infants born during the study period. This was done either by abstracting from the infants' health facility records or from direct measurement by the registry staff for infants born at home. After controlling for demographic characteristics, mixed-effect regression models were utilized to examine regional differences in birth weights over time.ResultsThe overall BW meanswere higher for the African sites (Zambia and Kenya), 3186 g (SD 463 g) in 2013 and 3149 g (SD 449 g) in 2018, ascompared to Asian sites (Belagavi and Nagpur, India and Pakistan), 2717 g (SD450 g) in 2013 and 2713 g (SD 452 g) in 2018. The Central American site (Guatemala) had a mean BW intermediate between the African and south Asian sites, 2928 g (SD 452) in 2013, and 2874 g (SD 448) in 2018. The low birth weight (LBW) incidence was highest in the south Asian sites (India and Pakistan) and lowest in the African sites (Kenya and Zambia). The size of regional differences varied somewhat over time with slight decreases in the gap in birth weights between the African and Asian sites and slight increases in the gap between the African and Central American sites.ConclusionsOverall, BWmeans by global region did not change significantly over the 5-year study period. From 2013 to 2018, infants enrolled at the African sites demonstrated the highest BW means overall across the entire study period, particularly as compared to Asian sites. The incidence of LBW was highest in the Asian sites (India and Pakistan) compared to the African and Central American sites.Trial registration The study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov. ClinicalTrial.gov Trial Registration: NCT01073475.

IMPACT OF CURRENTLY ADOPTED NUTRITIONAL TRENDS ON SUDANESE HEALTH

Food items reflect the culture and tradition of any nation and respond to national and global demographic, social and economic changes. Sudanese as old African nation has rich and distinct nutritional heritage represent the traditional Sudanese diets which able to serve the nutritional requirement of linear growth of body and the brain for centuries. The present century has witnessed unprecedented globalization in term of mobilization of individuals and commodities with dramatic cultural changes. As direct result of such events, as elsewhere, western style of energy dense refined food items replaced the centuries’ long traditional nutrients and fibers dense diets. The aim of this article is to evaluate effects of shifting from traditional diets to the modern adopted food items on Sudanese health, as there are increasing discrepancy of neonatal physical parameters and rising incidence of obesity and non-communicable diseases. The study concluded that increasing urbanization and shifting from the traditional diets has grave consequences on human health in Sudan, with increasing incidence of low birth weight, obesity, diabetes, and hypertension as detail in the main text of this article.

Abstract 17061: Impact of Maternal Anxiety on In Vivo Placental Development in Fetuses With Congenital Heart Disease

Introduction: Studies have shown that maternal stress and anxiety during pregnancy have been associated with a higher incidence of preterm birth and low birth weight. However, the relationship between prenatal maternal mental distress and placental development in fetuses with congenital heart disease (CHD) is unknown. Hypothesis: We tested the hypothesis that elevated maternal anxiety is associated with altered placental morphology in fetuses with CHD. Methods: A total of 141 pregnant women were recruited prospectively (control: 91; two-ventricle/2V CHD: 29; single-ventricle/SV CHD: 21), in which 228 fetal MR scans were performed (gestational age: 31.8±4.5 weeks). Single shot fast spin echo T2-weighted images were acquired on a 1.5 Tesla GE MRI scanner. Placenta tissue was manually segmented, and slice-to-volume registration was used for motion correction and 3D reconstruction. Six placental features were calculated: volume, thickness, elongation, surface area, mean diameter, and umbilical cord centricity. We completed the Spielberger State (SSAI) and Trait (SSAI) Anxiety Inventory at each study visit. Linear mixed models were utilized to analyze the placental features predicted by maternal anxiety. Results: Placental volume, surface area, and mean diameter were decreased with elevated SSAI in 2V CHD fetuses, while volume and cord centricity were increased with higher SSAI in SV CHD fetuses. Lower cord centricity was associated with elevated STAI in 2V CHD fetuses, and elongation was positively associated with STAI in SV CHD fetuses. There were no associations between anxiety measures and placental features in control fetuses. Conclusions: We report for the first time that elevated prenatal maternal anxiety is associated with altered in vivo placental structures in pregnancies complicated by fetal CHD. Our data suggest that disturbances in placental structure vary based on the type of fetal CHD (SV vs. 2V) in the setting of elevated prenatal maternal anxiety.

ANALISIS FAKTOR RESIKO PAPARAN PESTISIDA PADA KEHAMILAN DENGAN KEJADIAN BERAT BADAN LAHIR RENDAH (BBLR) DI KOTA PADANGSIDIMPUAN TAHUN 2019

Low birth weight (LBW) is one of the main causes of infant mortality. The problem that arises is whether there is a relationship between risk factors for pesticide exposure during pregnancy and the incidence of LBW in agricultural areas. The purpose of this study was to determine the risk factors for pesticide exposure associated with LBW incidence. This research is a case control study. Subjects were divided into two groups: a case group of 25 farmers with a history of giving birth to LBW and a control group who were neighbors of case subjects without a history of giving birth to LBW, a total of 25 farmers. This research data collection using interviews and observations. Data analysis used univariate and bivariate analysis (chi square and fisher as alternatives). Research results: risk factors for exposure to pesticides that have been shown to be associated with the incidence of LBW in Padangsidimpuan, include: occupation of pregnant women related to pesticides (OR = 6,769) completeness of personal protective equipment (PPE) while doing activities in the fields (OR = 18,857) and storage pesticides (OR = 12,667). The recommended advice is to avoid work that is directly related to pesticides during pregnancy, if you have to participate in agricultural activities, pregnant women should use complete PPE.

Determining of Risk Factors of Low-Birthweight Babies in Padang, West Sumatra Using Logistic Regression Analysis

Infant mortality is one of the indicators used to measure the quality of life of a nation. The World Health Organization (WHO) stated that one of the main causes of infant mortality is the low birth weight (LBW). Efforts to reduce the incidence of LBW can be done by monitoring risk factors that influence the occurrence of LBW in the prenatal phase. This study aims to identify factors that significantly influence the incidence of LBW babies in Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia. The analysis was carried out by using Logistic Regression Analysis on the data of maternal births domiciled in Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia. It was concluded that variables that significantly affect the incidence of LBW are maternal weight, parity, distance from a previous birth, problems during pregnancy, and babies’ gender.

Effect of multi-pronged interventions in reducing low birth weight and maternal anaemia among pregnant women. A community-based interventions research in non-agrarian resource constrained setting of rural Pakistan

Abstract&#x0D; Objective: To investigate the effect on maternal and infant health of iron plus folate and multiple micronutrient supplements, along with deworming and health education session provided to pregnant women in rural, non-agrarian and food-insecure areas.&#x0D; Methods: The quasi-experimental study was conducted in Tharparker and Umerkot districts, Sindh, Pakistan, in 2013-14, and comprised pregnant women in their earlier weeks of pregnancy. The enrolment and follow-up phase entailed 3 visits to each subject. Areas covered by lady health workers were designated as intervention areas, and those with non-LHW population were labelled as non-intervention areas.&#x0D; Results: Of the 1204 subjects, 600(49.8%) were in the intervention group and 604(50.2%) were in the non-intervention group. By the end of the follow-up phase, significantly more women had increased number of meals in the intervention group compared to the non-intervention group (p&lt;0.001). There was a significantly higher increase in mean haemoglobin levels and body mass index of women in the intervention arm after 3 and 6 months of interventions (p&lt;0.05). Significantly higher mean birth weight was recorded in intervention areas compared to non-intervention areas (p&lt;0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: Community-based provision of multiple micronutrients to women along with deworming, health education and dietary counselling significantly reduced the prevalence of anaemia and reduced the incidence of low birth weight.&#x0D; Key Words: Maternal anaemia, Low birth weight, Multiple micronutrients, Nutrition. Continuous...

Effect of adolescent pregnancy on the incidence of low birthweight in Dr Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia

Objective: The aim of this study to analyze correlation of neonatal outcome in adolescent pregnancy in Soetomo Hospital within 2014-2017.Materials and Methods: This study was analytic observational cross-sectional study using medical record period 2014-2017 in Obstetric and Gynecology Department, Faculty of Medicine of Airlangga University by using total sampling.Results: The number of total sample among all adolescent pregnancy during 4 years was 184 patient (3,2%) of 5770 patient. The neonatal outcome among all of them were low birth weight, 184 cases (7,8%) of 2350 cases were LBW. 19 cases (5,7%) of 329 cases in percentile &lt;10. This data was analyzed by chi-square SPSS with p value 0,218 (p&gt;0,05), means there were no significant correlation.Conclusion: Adolescent pregnancy had no correlation with low birth weight in neonatal outcome.

Association of maternal ozone exposure with term low birth weight and susceptible window identification

BackgroundOzone pollution keeps deteriorating in the context of climate change. Maternal ozone exposure may be associated with low birth weight (LBW), but the results are still inconsistent. The identification of the critical exposure windows, a specific period of particular susceptibility during pregnancy, remains unresolved. We aimed to evaluate whether ozone exposure was associated with term LBW and further identify the susceptible exposure windows. MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted in Guangzhou, a megacity in the most populous and economically developed city clusters in China. We included 444,096 singleton live births between January 2015 and July 2017. From 11 fixed stations, we collected daily 1-h maximum and 8-h maximum moving average ozone level (O3-1 h and O3-8 h) and calculated exposures for each participant based on their district of residence during pregnancy. We used traditional Logistic regression to estimate the trimester-specific association between ozone exposure and term LBW, and further estimated monthly- and weekly association by distributed lag models (DLMs) with Logistic regression. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of term LBW were calculated for an interquartile range (IQR) increase in ozone exposure. Stratified analyses and heterogeneity tests were conducted by maternal age and infant sex. ResultsThe incidence of term LBW was 1.9%. During the study period, the mean O3-1 h and O3-8 h levels were 112.6 µg/m3 and 84.5 µg/m3, respectively. Increased O3-1 h (IQR: 90 µg/m3) and O3-8 h (73 µg/m3) exposure during the second trimester were associated with increased risk of term LBW. At a monthly level, the term LBW risk was associated with O3-1 h exposure during the 4th-6th month and O3-8 h exposure during the 6th month. By estimating the weekly-specific association, we observed that critical exposure windows were the 15th- 26th gestational weeks for O3-1 h, and the 20th-26th weeks for O3-8 h, respectively. Estimated ORs and 95% CIs ranged from 1.012 (1.000, 1.024) to 1.023 (1.007, 1.039). When examined by subgroups, the effects were present among women ≥ 35 years or < 25 years old and those with female babies. ConclusionsThis study provides compelling evidence that exposure to O3 was associated with increased risk of term LBW, and gestational weeks 15th- 26th was found to be particularly susceptible. These findings provide a research basis for further mechanism examination, public health interventions, and targeted environmental policy-making.

Incidence of low birth weight and proximity to mining in Lubumbashi and Kipushi, DR Congo

Background. Previous studies have shown high exposure to trace metals in people living close to mining/smelters in Katanga. We determined the incidence of low birth weights (LBW) in Lubumbashi and Kipushi, cities that host zones with different degrees of environmental pollution caused by copper and cobalt mining and smelting.Methods. We used routinely collected birth data in 8 out of 12 existing health zones during one year (1 July 2018 to 30 June 2019). We compared the proportions of neonates with LBW according to the presence of mining/smelting in the health zones. We also looked in more detail into the data of 9 selected maternities where we only considered first-born neonates.Results. Of 202,028 births in Lubumbashi during the observation period, 145,512 (72%) were recorded in the studied health zones, of which 11,448 were LBW neonates (excluding premature births), i.e. 7.87/100 births. The incidence of LBW was 1.80 times higher (p&lt;0.001) for the 3 health zones with mining (6,190/57,597 births; 10.75/100) than for the 5 health zones without mining (5,258/87,915 births; 5.98/100). In the 9 selected maternities, LBWs were recorded in 589/7,203 first-born neonates (8.18/100). The incidence was 2.75 times more frequent (p&lt;0.001) for the 2 maternities very close (i.e. within sight) to mining (235/1,400 births; 16.78/100) than for the 7 maternities far from mining (354/5,803; 6.10/100).Conclusions. Based on the previous findings of high exposure to trace metals in people living close to mining, it is plausible that mining-related metal pollution plays a role in the spatial association observed in Lubumbashi between proximity to mining and the incidence of low birth weights.

Stigma toward small babies and their mothers in Ghana: A study of the experiences of postpartum women living with HIV.

Infants born to HIV-infected mothers are more likely to be low birthweight (LBW) than other infants, a condition that is stigmatized in many settings worldwide, including sub-Saharan Africa. Few studies have characterized the social-cultural context and response to LBW stigma among mothers in sub-Saharan Africa or explored the views of women living with HIV (WLHIV) on the causes of LBW. We purposively sampled thirty postpartum WLHIV, who had given birth to either LBW or normal birthweight infants, from two tertiary hospitals in Accra, Ghana. Using semi-structured interviews, we explored women’s understanding of the etiology of LBW, and their experiences of caring for a LBW infant. Interviews were analyzed using interpretive phenomenology. Mothers assessed their babies' smallness based on the baby's size, not hospital-recorded birthweight. Several participants explained that severe depression and a loss of appetite, linked to stigma following an HIV diagnosis during pregnancy, contributed to infants being born LBW. Women with small babies also experienced stigma due to the newborns' "undesirable" physical features and other people's unfamiliarity with their size. Consequently, mothers experienced blame, reluctance showing the baby to others, and social gossip. As a result of this stigma, women reported self-isolation and depressive symptoms. These experiences were layered on the burden of healthcare and infant feeding costs for LBW infants. LBW stigma appeared to attenuate with increased infant weight gain. A few of the women also did not breastfeed because they thought their baby's small size indicated pediatric HIV infection. Among WLHIV in urban areas in Ghana, mother and LBW infants may experience LBW-related stigma. A multi-component intervention that includes reducing LBW incidence, treating antenatal depression, providing psychosocial support after a LBW birth, and increasing LBW infants’ weight gain are critically needed.

Life cycle assessment of municipal waste management options

To date, landfilling remains the most common waste management practice in Greece in spite of enforced regulations aiming at increasing recycling, pre-selection of waste and energy and material recovery. In this study, selected alternative scenarios aiming at minimizing the unused material fraction to be disposed of in landfills are analyzed, using the life cycle assessment methodology. The methodology was applied in the case of municipal solid waste (MSW) management in Athens and Thessaloniki, with a special focus on energy and material balance, including potential global and local scale airborne emissions. Results are given in the form of indices efficiency, effectiveness, environmental and public health impacts. Material flow accounting, gross energy requirement, emergy intensity, emission and release intensity and morbidity or mortality indicators have been used to support the comparative assessment. However, not all options are equally benign to the local environment and to the health of the local population, since both the former and the latter are still affected by non-negligible local emissions. With regard to public health impacts, adverse effects on respiratory health, congenital malformations, low birth weight and cancer incidence were estimated. A significant and not intuitive result is the fact that life cycle analysis produces different conclusions than a simple environmental impact assessment based only on estimated or measured emissions. Taking into account the overall life cycle of both the waste streams and of the technological systems and facilities envisaged alters the relative attractiveness of the solutions considered.

KELENGKAPAN ANTENATAL CARE (ANC) DENGAN KEJADIAN BBLR

Low Birth Weight Babies (LBW) are babies born less than 2,500 grams. The LBW birth rate at the Ciamis District Regional General Hospital is quite high. One of the efforts to reduce the incidence of LBW is to improve the antenatal care at least 4 times during pregnancy.&#x0D; &#x0D; This study uses a type of quantitative analytical research using the Cross Sectional approach. The population in the study were all mothers who gave birth at the Ciamis District Regional General Hospital. The study sample was 30 people.&#x0D; &#x0D; The results showed that the completeness of antenatal care (ANC) was mostly in complete category, namely 17 people (56.7%). LBW incidence was mostly in the category of LBW as many as 17 people (56.7%). There is a relationship between the completeness of antenatal care (ANC) and the incidence of low birth weight because the values of ?&gt; ? values (0.05&gt; 0.007) and incomplete antenatal care (ANC) have a chance of 10.083 (10) times greater than the incidence of low birth weight.&#x0D; The conclusion in this study is that there is a significant relationship between the completeness of antenatal care (ANC) and the incidence of LBW at the District General Hospital of Ciamis&#x0D; &#x0D; Suggestions are expected to improve ANC services by providing counseling to patients about the importance of ANC visits&#x0D; &#x0D; The conclusion in this study is that there is a significant relationship between the completeness of antenatal care (ANC) and the incidence of LBW at the District General

Infant and child health status ahead of implementation of an integrated intervention to improve nutrition and survival: a cross-sectional baseline assessment

BackgroundBurundi has one of the poorest child health outcomes in the world. With an acute malnutrition rate of 5% and a chronic malnutrition rate of 56%, under five death is 78 per 1000 live births and 47 children for every 1000 children will live until their first birthday. In response to this grim statistics, Village Health Works, a Burundian-American organisation has invested in an integrated clinical and community intervention model to improve child health outcomes. The aim of this study is to measure and report on child health indicator ahead of implementing this model.MethodsA cross sectional design was employed, adopting the Demographic Health Survey methodology. We reached out to a sample of 952 households comprising of 2675 birth, in our study area. Mortality data was analysed with R package for mortality computation and other outcomes using SPSS. Principal component analysis was used to classify households into wealth quintiles. Logistic regression was used to assess strength of associations and significance of association was considered at 95% confidence level.ResultsThe incidence of low birth weight (LBW) was 6.4% at the study area compared to 10% at the national level with the strongest predictor being malnourished women (OR 1.4 95%CI 1.2–7.2 p = 0.043). Fever incidence was higher in the study area (50.5%) in comparison to 39.5% nationally. Consumption of minimum acceptable diet was showed a significant protection against fever (OR 0.64 95%CI 0.41–0.94 p = 0.042). Global Acute Malnutrition rate was 7.6% and this significantly reduced with increasing age of child. Under-five mortality rate was 32.1 per 1000 live births and infant mortality was 25.7 per 1000 in the catchment with most deaths happening within the first 28 days of life (57.3%).ConclusionImproving child health status is complex, therefore, investing into an integrated intervention for both mother and child could yield best results. Given that most under-five deaths occurred in the neonatal period, implementing integrated clinical and community newborn care interventions are critical.

Maternal Factors Associated With Low Birth Weight Babies

Objective: To determine the obstetric, antenatal, natal and socio-economic factors affecting low birth weight (LBW) babies. Study design and setting: The cross-sectional study was conducted from February2019 till May2019 at Jinnah Medical College hospital Karachi. Methodology: The targeted population was 100 mothers who recently delivered their babies and were present in the hospital during postpartum period. Variables included obstetric history, maternal risk factors, socioeconomic status and education of parents. Weight of the neonates was noted by the doctors within 24 hours of birth. Data was analysed on SPSS version 21. Results: Variables having significant and positive influence on LBW were; age, activity and occupation of mother, age at first pregnancy, no. of pregnancies, maternal anemia. The 48% of low birth weight babies were present in mothers belonging to younger age group (18-20 years). The incidence of low birth weight increases with increased number of pregnancies, women with greater than 3 pregnancies had 18% of 1.6-2kg of weight of babies, 12% of 2.1-2.5kg of weight, 10% of 1.1- 1.5kg of weight. Mother’s with poor diet had 36% of 2.1-2.5kg of weight. Women with high activity during pregnancy having 53% of 1.6-2kg of weight babies. Regarding occupation 40% of housewife’s risks of 1.6-2kg weight of baby with p-value of &lt;0.05 as activity during pregnancy was high. Conclusion: Factors like younger age women, multi-parity, increased physical activity maternal diet, anemia due to nutritional deficiencywere contributed to low birth weight babies