Incidence Of Dry Eye Research Articles

The Mid-Term Effect of Preservative-Free Artificial Tears Containing Hyaluronic Acid on Dry Eye Incidence after Cataract Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

The aim of this study is to survey the effectiveness of preservative-free artificial tears containing hyaluronic acid (HA) on post-cataract surgery dry eye disease (DED) prevention. A retrospective cohort study was performed, and patients that received cataract surgeries were divided into either an HA group or non-HA group depending on the artificial tear they used. A total of 37 and 74 eyes were enrolled into the HA and non-HA groups, respectively, after the selection. The primary outcomes are postoperative superficial keratitis and multiple (>3) DED symptoms. The generalized linear model was utilized to calculate the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of primary outcomes between the two groups. There were 10 and 2 episodes of superficial keratitis in the non-HA group and HA group, respectively, and the HA group demonstrated a significantly lower incidence of superficial keratitis (p < 0.001). Moreover, 13 and 5 patients developed multiple DED symptoms in the non-HA and HA groups, and the HA group illustrated fewer multiple DED symptoms (p = 0.024). The lower preoperative tear break-up time (TBUT) was correlated with superficial keratitis in the HA group (p = 0.043), while old age, low preoperative TBUT and ocular surface staining were associated with superficial keratitis in the non-HA group (all p < 0.05). Lower preoperative TBUT was correlated with multiple DED symptoms in the HA group (p = 0.020), while female sex, low preoperative TBUT and any DED symptoms were associated with multiple DED symptoms in the non-HA group (all p < 0.05). In conclusion, the usage of preservative-free artificial tears containing HA is associated with lower postoperative DED events.

A Prospective Study of Dry Eye Syndrome among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Introduction: Diabetes is one of the leading health related catastrophes the world has ever witnessed. It affects millions of people all over the world. The reduced corneal sensitivity favors the occurrence of dry eye syndrome (DES) by reducing the blink rate, by decreasing the reflex-induced lacrimal secretion and increasing evaporative tear loss. It affects millions of people all over the world. Objective: Assessment of incidence of dry eyes in type 2 diabetic patients. Methods: A prospective study was carried out to assess the presence of dry eyes and to investigate the relationship of retinopathy with dry eyes. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria 50 diabetic patients who attended the out-patient department of the Department of Ophthalmology, Ad-din Akij Medical College, Khulna, Bangladesh from July to December 2023. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria 50 diabetic patients who attended the out-patient department of the Department of Ophthalmology, were selected. Results: Out of 50 Diabetic patients, 29 had dry eyes. Mild form of dry eyes was most common (20%). Majority of the patients were between the ages of 40-60 years. There was no significant association of age, sex and duration of diabetes with incidence of dry eyes. Mild form of dry eyes was most common (20%). There was no significant association of age, sex and duration of diabetes with incidence of dry eyes. Abnormal tear break up time was abnormal in 32%. Abnormal Fluorescein staining was seen in 20% study subjects. Moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy was significantly more common in diabetic patients with dry eyes. Conclusion: Examination of dry eyes should be an integral part of the assessment of diabetic eye disease so as to improve the patients comfort and to prevent or minimize further structural damage to the ocular surface.

Evaluation of Dry Eye Severity and Ocular Surface Inflammation in Patients with Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases

ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate dry eye severity and ocular surface inflammation in autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs). Methods Seventy-nine patients with ARDs were enrolled, including 26 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 33 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and 20 patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS). All patients underwent ocular surface evaluations, including ocular surface symptoms, signs, conjunctival impression cytology, and tear multicytokine detection. Systemic conditions, including disease duration, disease activity, and serological parameters, were also noted. Results SLE patients had the shortest disease duration, and nearly half of them had low disease activity, while RA patients and pSS patients had a relatively long disease duration, and approximately 90% of them had moderate or high disease activity. The incidence of dry eye and the levels of the proinflammatory tear cytokines in SLE were significantly lower than those in RA and pSS. However, ocular surface squamous metaplasia was more severe in SLE and pSS than in RA. Dry eye severity in all ARD patients was shown to be independent of disease activity, while Nelson’s grades were positively correlated with disease duration in RA patients. Disease-related serological parameters were associated with tear proinflammatory cytokines in all ARD patients. Conclusions Variable degrees of dry eye and immune-mediated ocular surface inflammation persist in different ARD patients. In addition to a well-known association between dry eye and pSS, dry eye is also commonly observed in SLE and RA patients. Therefore, there is a definite need for regular ophthalmologic evaluations and topical medications in all patients with ARDs.

Prevalence of dry eye and Meibomian gland dysfunction in Central and South America: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BackgroundDry eye is one of the most common ophthalmic conditions and can significantly impact quality of life. Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is a major cause of evaporative dry eye.We sought to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence and incidence of dry eye and MGD in Central and South America and to identify factors associated with disease burden.MethodsData sources Ovid MEDLINE and Embase.Study selectionA search conducted on August 16, 2021, identified studies published between January 1, 2010, and August 16, 2021, with no restrictions regarding participant age or language of publication. Case reports, case series, case–control studies, and interventional studies were excluded.Data extraction and synthesisThe review was based on a protocol registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021256934). Risk of bias was assessed in duplicate using a risk of bias tool designed for the purposes of descriptive epidemiological studies. Data were extracted by one investigator and verified by another for accuracy. Prevalence of dry eye and MGD were grouped based on study participant characteristics.Main outcomes and measuresPrevalence and incidence of dry eye and MGD in Central and South America. Summary estimates from meta-analysis with 95% confidence intervals (CI).ResultsFourteen studies (11,594 total participants) were included. The population prevalence of dry eye was 13% (95% CI, 12%-14%) in Brazil and 41% (95% CI, 39%-44%) in Mexico based on one study each. Meta-analyses suggested that dry eye prevalence was 70% among indoor workers (95% CI, 56%-80%; I2, 82%; 3 studies), 71% among students (95% CI, 65%-77%; I2, 92%; 3 studies), and 83% in general ophthalmology clinics (95% CI, 77%-88%; I2, 88%; 2 studies). MGD prevalence ranged from 23% among indoor workers (95% CI, 16%-31%; 1 study) to 68% in general ophthalmology clinics (95% CI, 62%-72%; 1 study). No studies reported incidence of dry eye or MGD.ConclusionsThis systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated considerable variation in the published prevalence of dry eye and MGD among the general population and subpopulations in Central and South America. Local and subpopulation estimates of dry eye disease burden may be valuable to assist needs assessments and implementation of measures to mitigate the condition.

FAKTOR – FAKTOR PENYEBAB MATA KERING PEMAKAI LENSA KONTAK LUNAK DI PALANGKARAYA

This study aims to determine the causes of dry eyes at the Palangkaraya, Central Kalimantan. The population in this study were all patients who came to buy contact lenses on the optical at Palangkaraya. The sampling system used in this study is a random sampling method that takes random samples. Samples were selected as many as 25 patients. Research method with descriptive qualitative. From the results of the discussion, it resulted that contact lenses had an effect on the incidence of dry eyes with the hygiene factor (40% didnot handwash), the factor of wearing contact lenses in an air-conditioned room(65% affected) and the factor of the duration of wearing contact lenses (60% wear contact lenses more than 10 hours).

Diagnosis of dry eye patients with ocular irritation

Dry eye is often an under diagnosed condition of the eye that can cause discomfort, burning sensation and blurred vision. These symptoms are related to the alterations in the layers of tear film, insufficient production or excessive evaporation of tear film. The primary aim of this study is to diagnose and to find out the incidence of dry eye in patients presenting with symptoms of ocular irritation. A total number of 225 patients of both sexes aged between 20 and 80 years with complaints of ocular irritation were included in this study. Detailed history taking, slit lamp examination of the anterior segment, tear film breakup time (TBUT), Schirmer’s test, Fluorescein stain score and Rose Bengal stain score was done for all patients. Data was presented only for the worst eye of each patient. Dry eye was found in 46.67% of patients. Among symptomatic patients, 24% had TBUT value &amp;#60; 10 sec. Fluorescein score was ≥ 1 in 6.6% of symptomatic patients. RB score ≥3 was found in 28.4%. Both Schirmer test and TBUT were positive in 22.7% of the symptomatic patients. Only 4.9% of symptomatic patients were positive for all 3 tests including staining. This study firmly concludes that the Schirmer’s test, TBUT and staining should be done routinely for patients with ocular irritation for the early diagnosis of dry eye.

Prevalence and Incidence of Dry Eye and Meibomian Gland Dysfunction in the United States

Dry eye is a common clinical manifestation, a leading cause of eye clinic visits, and a significant societal and personal economic burden in the United States. Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is a major cause of evaporative dry eye. To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to obtain updated estimates of the prevalence and incidence of dry eye and MGD in the United States. Ovid MEDLINE and Embase. A search conducted on August 16, 2021, identified studies published between January 1, 2010, and August 16, 2021, with no restrictions regarding participant age or language of publication. Case reports, case series, case-control studies, and interventional studies were excluded. The conduct of review followed a protocol registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021256934). PRISMA guidelines were followed for reporting. Joanna Briggs Institute and Newcastle Ottawa Scale tools were used to assess risk of bias. Data extraction was conducted by 1 reviewer and verified by another for accuracy. Prevalence of dry eye and MGD were combined in separate meta-analyses using random-effects models. Prevalence and incidence of dry eye and MGD in the United States. Summary estimates from meta-analysis of dry eye and MGD prevalence with 95% CI and 95% prediction intervals (95% PI). Thirteen studies were included in the systematic review. Dry eye prevalence was reported by 10 studies, dry eye incidence by 2 studies, and MGD prevalence by 3 studies. Meta-analysis estimated a dry eye prevalence of 8.1% (95% CI, 4.9%-13.1%; 95% PI, 0%-98.9%; 3 studies; 9 808 758 participants) and MGD prevalence of 21.2% (95% CI, 7.2%-48.3%; 95% PI, 0%-100%; 3 studies; 19 648 participants). Dry eye incidence was 3.5% in a population 18 years and older and 7.8% in a population aged 68 years and older. No studies reported MGD incidence. This systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated uncertainty about the prevalence and incidence of dry eye and MGD in the United States. Population-based epidemiological studies that use consistent and validated definitions of dry eye and MGD are needed for higher-certainty estimates of dry eye and MGD prevalence and incidence in the United States.

The Incidence and Risk Factors for Dry Eye After Pediatric Strabismus Surgery.

This study aimed to investigate the incidence and risk factors for dry eye after pediatric strabismus surgery. Children aged 5-12years who underwent strabismus surgery were included in this single-center, prospective, cohort study. The ocular surface assessments were conducted 1day before and 1, 4, and 8weeks after surgery. The main outcome measures were the incidence of dry eye after strabismus surgery and associated risk factors. A total of 84 eyes (48 children) that underwent strabismus surgery were included in the study. The mean age at surgery was 7.21years. The incidence of dry eye was 47.62% at 1week, 10.71% at 4weeks, 0% at 8weeks after surgery. The preoperative tear breakup time (BUT) was lower in the dry eye group than that in the non-dry eye group (P ≤ 0.01). The univariate analysis showed that preoperative BUT was significantly associated with the incidence of dry eye after pediatric strabismus surgery (odds ratio [OR] 0.647, confidence interval [CI] 0.503-0.833, P ≤ 0.01). Dry eye commonly occurs after pediatric strabismus surgery. Tear film instability is more common than deficient aqueous tear production in patients with dry eye after surgery. Children with a low preoperative BUT are more likely to develop dry eye after strabismus surgery.

Analysis of ocular surface and tear film abnormalities post cataract surgery- small incision cataract surgery V/S phacoemulsification

Aim: To evaluate ocular surface and tear film abnormalities post cataract surgery- small incision cataract surgery (SICS) versus phacoemulsification. Material and methods: The present randomised control trial was conducted among 100 patients attending OPD diagnosed with cataract who underwent surgery; age group of more than 40 years were included in the study and randomly divided into 2 groups i.e. Group 1 (who underwent manual SICS) and Group 2 (who underwent Phacoemulsification). Postoperatively, the diagnosis of dry eyes was done by conducting tests viz. Ocular surface disease index questionnaire (OSDI), Schirmer’s test-1, Tear Break up time (TBUT) and impression cytology (IC). Results: Post cataract surgery, mean Schirmer’s value reduced more in group 1 as compared to group 2 at 1 week, 1 month and 3 month with statistically significant difference (p&lt;0.05). Significant deterioration in OSDI was found in both group 1 as well as group 2 after 1 week, 1 month and 3 months of surgery with statistically significant difference (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Incidence of dry eye was found to be higher in group that underwent small incision cataract surgery or SICS than phacoemulsification due to tear film instability.

Chinese expert consensus on dry eye: lifestyle-related dry eye (2022)

Epidemiological studies have confirmed that the incidence of dry eye is closely related to lifestyles. The Expert Consensus on Dry Eye in China: Definition and Classification (2020) incorporated lifestyle-related factors into the classification of causes and risk factors for dry eye. In order to improve the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of this type of dry eye, the experts from the Chinese Branch of the Asian Dry eye Society and other scientific organizations have formed a consensus on the definition, classification, incidence, epidemiology, pathological mechanism, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of lifestyle-related dry eye. This consensus can be used as a reference for clinical work.

Effects of Recombinant Human Epidermal Growth Factor Eye Drops Combined with Phacoemulsification on Short- and Long-Term Visual Acuity Recovery and Related Dry Eye Complications in Patients with Senile Cataract.

Objective To investigate the effects of recombinant human epidermal growth factor eye drops combined with phacoemulsification on short- and long-term visual acuity recovery and related dry eye complications in patients with senile cataract. Methods Sixty patients with senile cataract cured from January 2019 to January 2021 were enrolled in our hospital. The patients in the control group were arbitrarily assigned into the control and the research group. The former group received phacoemulsification, and the latter group received recombinant human epidermal growth factor (RhEGF) eye drops combined with phacoemulsification. The curative effect, the incidence of xerophthalmia, short-term and long-term vision improvement, changes of corneal endothelial cells, serum factors, and life quality scores were compared. Results The effective rate of the research group was 90.00%, and the effective rate of the control group was 66.67%; the curative effect of the research group was higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). The incidence of dry eye in the research group was lower than that in the control group (P < 0.05). The short-term and long-term visual acuity improvement effect of the research group was better than that of the control group (P < 0.05). After treatment, the density of corneal endothelial cells in the research group was higher than that in the control group, while the proportion of hexagonal cells and the coefficient of variation of corneal endothelial cells in the research group were lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). After treatment, IL-6 and TNF-α in the research group were lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the physical function, psychological function, social function, and healthy self-cognition scores of the research group were all lower (P < 0.05). Conclusion Cataract is the leading cause of blindness in the world. With the continuous improvement of cataract phacoemulsification technology, the incidence of some serious complications has gradually lessened. Xerophthalmia is one of the most obvious and predictable complications after cataract surgery and may affect the recovery of postoperative visual acuity. Recombinant human epidermal growth factor eye drops can effectively enhance the visual acuity of patients, promote the curative effect, and strengthen the life quality.

To Study the Dry Eye Prevalence Following Phacoemulsification Surgery

Background: To study dry eye following phacoemulsification surgery&#x0D; Methods: This prospective observational study was performed after selecting 100 consecutive patients over 45 years of age with senile cataract, without preexisting dry eye and other ocular disorders.&#x0D; Results: All the tests performed preoperatively and postoperatively showed incidence of dry eye to be 10.00%.&#x0D; Conclusion: We concluded that cataract surgery can cause dry eye. However, before surgery, preoperative assessment of all patients should be done properly. Patients must be informed about the possible occurrence of dry eye symptoms postoperativelyand should be managed accordingly.&#x0D; Keywords: Dry Eye, Phacoemulsification surgery, Tear Film Break Up Time

Ocular Surface Diseases in Patients With Diabetes.

PurposeDiabetes is a major cause of ocular morbidity as multiple mechanisms play a role in inducing inflammatory changes in the eye. Diabetic retinopathy is the most common complication and is well-documented. However, in the era of modern medicine, attention is also being focused on ocular surface changes in diabetes. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the association between diabetes and ocular surface diseases.Materials and MethodsThis is a cross-sectional study examining 320 eyes of 160 patients with diabetes who were grouped according to their duration of diabetes. The symptoms were evaluated using the ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire. Their recent hemoglobin (Hb) A1c value was recorded. Their external or internal hordeolum, blepharitis, meibomian gland dysfunction, and corneal sensitivity were also evaluated. The tear film was examined using tests, such as Schirmer's test, tear film breakup time (TBUT), tear film meniscus height (TFMH), fluorescein stain, and rose bengal stain. The results were correlated with the duration and control of diabetes.ResultsThe mean age of the study population was 56.60 years comprising 56% (n=89) females and 44% (n=71) males. The mean OSDI scores were 7.9 ± 3.55 and 57 ± 19.22 in patients without dry eye and with severe dry eye, respectively. The study observed OSDI scores were consistently high with diabetes severity. About 67% (n=24) of patients with HbA1c of >8% had dry eyes. Dry eye was found in 68% (n=59) of patients with the duration of diabetes being >10 years. About 23.7% (n=38) had blepharitis, whereas only 4% (n=7) had external or internal hordeolum and 44% (n=86) had different grades of meibomian gland dysfunction. Corneal sensitivity was abnormal in only 12% (n=12) of patients. About 55% (n=86) of patients had varying degrees of dry eye. A statistically significant correlation was found between the severity of dry eye and TBUT, TFMH values, and grades of corneal staining (P < 0.0001).ConclusionThis study observed that the incidence of dry eyes was found to be higher when patients had uncontrolled diabetes and diabetes for a longer period. The OSDI scoring system is an important diagnostic tool while examining patients with dry eye. In an ophthalmology clinic, patients with diabetes should always be evaluated for any ocular surface changes when being screened for diabetic retinopathy, and proper guidelines should be implemented to detect changes in the ocular surface system as early as possible so that any long-term complications such as infectious or neurotrophic keratitis may be avoided at an early stage.

Questionnaire Analysis on Incidence and Risk Factors of Dry Eye in Children From a Myopia Outpatient Clinic.

ObjectiveTo analyze the incidence and risk factors of dry eye in children from a myopia outpatient clinic via a questionnaire and Keratograph 5M.MethodsA cross–sectional study was performed. sThere were 214 children (428 eyes) selected from the myopia outpatient clinic of the affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University from July 2021 to September 2021, including 105 boys (210 eyes) and 109 girls (218 eyes), with an average age of 10.1 ± 2.5 years. The incidence rate and influence factors for dry eye were calculated.ResultsThirty–four of 214 children were diagnosed with dry eye, accounting for 15.9% of the patients. The correlation between fussy eating and the tear meniscus height was statistically significant (Z = −2.158, p = 0.039), along with the correlation between short–distance use of eyes and the tear meniscus height (Z = −2.135, p = 0.033). The degree of meibomian gland deficiency was graded. The meibomian gland was graded as grade 1 in 242 eyes (68.9%), grade 2 in 104 eyes (29.6%), and grade 3 in 5 eyes (1.4%). There was a significant difference in the correlation between eye rubbing and the incidence of dry eye in children (Z = −2.747, p = 0.008). There was also a significant difference in the correlation between picky eating and the incidence of dry eye in children (Z = −2.347; p = 0.024). There was a statistically significant correlation between the time of looking at electronic products and the morphology of the meibomian gland (Z = −2.201, p = 0.028). The results showed that the effect of mild and moderate ametropia on the non–invasive tear breakup time in children was statistically significant (Z = −2.027; p = 0.043).ConclusionThere is a high incidence of dry eye in children in the myopia outpatient clinic. There is a significant correlation between picky eating, eye rubbing, and the incidence of dry eye. Looking at electronic products for a long time will also affect the morphology of the meibomian gland in children.

Research advances in contact lens-associated dry eye

Dry eye is the most common disease in ophthalmic clinics besides refractive error, which seriously affects the life quality of patients and has become an important public health problem in China. Dry eye as a kind of multifactorial disease can be induced or accelerated by contact lens wear, which is considered as one of the risk factors of dry eye. Studies have shown that the incidence of dry eye is higher in contact lens wearers than in normal people. In 2017, the Tear Film and Ocular Surface Society included contact lens-associated dry eye (CLADE) in the iatrogenic dry eye for the first time, and its importance is evident. However, ophthalmologists mostly used to focus on serious complications such as keratitis caused by contact lens wear, and CLADE has not been well valued and understood. This article reviews the latest studies on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of CLADE.

Incidence and Risk Factors of Dry Eye in Children and Adolescents With Diabetes Mellitus: A 3-Year Follow-Up Study.

Purpose: To investigate the incidence and risk factors of dry eye in children with diabetes mellitus (DM) over a period of 3 years.Methods: Children and adolescents with DM (age: 3–14 years) from the Shanghai Children and Adolescent Diabetes Eye (SCADE) study cohort who did not have dry eye in January 2018 were followed-up for 3 years and re-examined in January 2021, and the incidence rate and risk factors for dry eye were calculated.Results: Forty children and adolescents with DM came for follow-up in 2021. Nine of them were diagnosed with dry eye, resulting in a 3-year incidence rate of 22.5% and an annual mean incidence rate of 7.5% for dry eye. Univariate regression analysis confirmed that decreased corneal sensation (OR [Odds Ratio] = 25.60; 95%CI [Confidence Interval] = 1.31~501.69; P = 0.03) was the risk factor for dry eye incidence. Long course of DM (OR = 1.80; 95%CI = 0.96~3.38; P = 0.07), eye pain (OR = 12.27; 95%CI = 0.65~231.48; P = 0.09), and dry eye in parents (OR = 15.99; 95%CI = 0.76~337.75; P = 0.08) may interfere with the incidence of dry eye in them.Conclusions: The incidence of dry eye in children and adolescents with DM is high.

Prevalence and incidence of dry eye in the USA: a systematic review protocol

IntroductionDry eye is a multifactorial chronic condition characterised by tear film insufficiency and instability, and ocular symptoms including foreign body sensation, itching, irritation, soreness and visual disturbance. The prevalence and...

Expert consensus on dry eye in China: dry eye related to eye surgery (2021)

Dry eye is a common complication after eye surgery and one of the important factors affecting the quality of surgery. It has attracted great attention from ophthalmologists in recent years. In order to reduce the incidence of dry eye after eye surgery and improve the effect of surgical treatment, experts from the Chinese Branch of the Asian Dry Eye Society and other related academic organizations have conducted in-depth discussions on the dry eye related to eye surgery, in terms of its definition, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment and prevention, to form expert consensus opinions for reference in clinical work. This consensus further standardizes and promotes the prevention and treatment of dry eye in China, and thus improves the quality of eye surgery. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2021, 57: 564-572).

Association between prolonged use of smartphone and the incidence of dry eye among junior high school students

This study aims to investigate the association between prolonged use of smartphone and the incidence of dry eye among adolescents. A cross sectional study was performed among junior high school students in Makassar. Of 143 students within the age of 12–16 years old, 74 were those with over 3-h use of smartphone, while 69 spent less than or equal to 3 h. Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire was performed, followed by blink rate, Tear Break Up Time (TBUT), Tear Meniscus Height (TMH) examinations, and Schirmer test. Pearson's correlation, Independent-t and Chi Square tests were employed for data analysis. The result indicates that there was a significant association between the prolonged use of smartphone and dry eye incidence as specified by OSDI score (p < 0,01), abnormal blink rate (p < 0,01), TBUT (p < 0,05), TMH (p < 0,01), dan Schirmer test (p < 0,01). The more extent use of smartphone, the lower the scores of abnormal blink rate, TBUT, TMH, and Schirmer tests were obtained, and the higher OSDI score was gained. In conclusion, the prolonged use of smartphone promotes various eye disorders. Therefore, parental advisory upon the smartphone use among adolescents is necessary to prevent the detrimental effects.

Prevalence of dry eyes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus having meibomian gland dysfunction

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to know the prevalence of dry eyes in patients with Type 2 Diabetes mellitus having meibomian gland dysfunction. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in patients visiting tertiary care hospital. This study included a total of 200 patients presenting with ocular discomfort, with history of Type 2 Diabetes mellitus. The patients were assessed for Meibomian gland dysfunction by noting the symptoms under slit lamp examination. Dry eyes were suspected on the basis of history including ocular discomfort, redness, blurred vision, gritty eyes and other sensation that improved with blinking. The examination for the dry eye was done using schirmer’s test and tear break up time. Results: A total of 130 out of 200 enrolled patients had meibomian gland dysfunction. The most common symptom being dryness(55%), foreign body sensation(30%), redness(10%), gritty sensation(5%). Conclusion: The above study shows that the incidence of dry eyes is more in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus having Meibomian gland dysfunction. Meibomian glands are important contributors for maintenance of healthy ocular surface. Meibomian gland dysfunction can cause qualitative and quantitative alteration in meibum with negative impact on the ocular surface. Keywords: Dry eye, Meibomian gland dysfunction.