Incidence Of Dry Eye Research Articles

ASSESSMENT OF ADD-ON-EFFECT OF ANJANA BY HARIDRADI GHRIT IN THE MANAGEMENT OF DRY EYE SYNDROME

In todays life, due to change in environment , food habits and life style it gives rise to different eye diseases. Now a days we see there is exess use of computers and over exposure to visual display terminals, which lead to birth hazard named Dry eye syndrome. In modern science there is not effective treatment for Dry Eye Syndrome. Recently there is increase in number of patients coming in OPD having complaints of foreign body sensation, feeling of dryness, burning sensation, itching, photophobia, tired eye, redness,discomfort etc commonly. In modern science the group of above mentioned symptoms is named as Dry eye syndrome.It is disorder of tear film due to tear deficiency or excessive tear evaporation which leads to damage to outer occlar surface. Incidence of dry eye is 14.3% in Clinical practice (pub med medical line index). In modern pharmacology the available regimen for the dry eye is using lubricating. But this gives only temporary relief. While in Ayurveda these symptoms are seen in vitilated vata pitta doshas in eye and will be taken into consideration of title Netrashushkta. In Ayurveda some preparations are there, which can be used as local external application in eye. Ghrit is one of the drug among them which is chakshusya, easily available and more economical to patients. Taking into consideration snehan property of ghrit and vata- pittaghna properties of Haridra and Daruharidra I thought use it in Dry eye syndrome. Hence, I take this topic for research work under the title - To Study The Effect Of ‘Haridradi Ghrit Anjana’ In The Management Of ‘Dry Eye Syndrome’.

Effectiveness of lubratex and vitamin A on ocular surface disorders in ICU patients: A randomized clinical trial.

High prevalence of ocular surface disorders includes eye dryness and corneal ulcer among intensive care unit patients remains an issue. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of Lubratex ointment and vitamin A eye ointment in preventing ocular surface disorders in intensive care unit patients. A single-center randomized clinical trial was conducted in critically ill patients of vitamin A eye ointment and Lubratex ointment in preventing ocular surface disorders. Forty-one eligible patients were randomly assigned to administered vitamin A eye ointment in one eye and Lubratex ointment in the other eye. After five days, using fluorescein and Schirmer's tests, an ophthalmologist examined patients and specified those with ocular surface disorders. The results showed a significant decrease in the incidence of dry eye (p ≤ 0.001) and corneal ulcer (p = 0.002) with the use of Lubratex ointment. Although Lubratex ointment was more effective than vitamin A ointment in preventing ocular surface disorders, further research is needed to confirm the findings of the present study.

Effectiveness Of Polyethylene Cover Versus Polyethylene Cover With Artificial Tear Drop To Prevent Dry Eye In Critically Ill Patients: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial.

PurposeTo compare the effectiveness of polyethylene cover versus polyethylene cover with artificial tear drop to prevent dry eye in critically ill patients.MethodsIn this clinical trial, 208 patients were randomly assigned into two groups of polyethylene cover, and polyethylene cover with artificial tear drop. In each of the two groups, one eye was randomly selected as a control eye and the other was considered as an intervention eye. In the polyethylene cover group, the eye was covered with polyethylene. In the polyethylene cover and artificial tear drop group, an artificial tear drop was applied every 8 hrs to the eye, and then it was covered with polyethylene. The control eye received the routine intensive care unit eye care (washing the inside of the eye and the eyelids with distilled water). In both groups, the eyes were examined for eye dryness by an ophthalmologist for 5 days.ResultsThe incidence of dry eye after the use of both polyethylene cover and polyethylene cover with artificial tear drop methods was lower than that of a conventional method. Both methods of polyethylene covering and polyethylene covering with artificial tear drop were effective, but clinically, the method of polyethylene cover with artificial tear drop was more effective.ConclusionBoth methods of polyethylene covering and polyethylene covering with artificial tear drop were more effective than a conventional method, but the method of polyethylene cover with artificial tear drop was clinically more effective. Therefore, it is recommended for use in critically ill patients.

Investigation and analysis of dry eye before and after surgery of ocular fundus disease

Objective To investigate the incidence and related influencing factors of dry eyes before and after ocular fundus disease surgery. Methods A prospective clinical study. Total of 188 eyes of 188 cases with fundus disease were selected randomly. The operative eyes were set as the observation group and the contralateral unoperated eyes as the control group. The incidence and influencing factors of dry eye were observed. Results The preoperative incidence of dry eyes was 25.5%, and the postoperative incidence of new onset dry eyes was 18.5%. Age and maintenance of prone position were correlated with the preoperative incidence of dry eyes (P=0.035, 0.000). Age and surgical methods such as vitrectomy combined with scleral buckling, simple scleral buckling were associated with postoperative dry eye (P=0.038, 0.001). After surgery end of prone position was associated with postoperative recovery of dry eyes (P=0.012). Conclusion Preoperatively maintained prone position due to silicone oil injection, fundus surgery methods, especially vitrectomy combined with scleral buckling and simple scleral buckling, and age are risk factors for dry eyes. Key words: Disease, fundus, ocular; Surgery; Dry eye

Incidence of Dry eye after clear corneal phacoemulsification

Incidence of Dry eye after clear corneal phacoemulsification

Clinical Evaluation of Dry Eye Syndrome in Patients with Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy and Laser Therapy Indication

Background: Studies have shown a higher incidence of dry eye among patients with diabetes compared to patients without diabetes. However, information regarding dry eye in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and laser therapy indication is not sufficient. Objective: To estimate the clinical manifestation of dry eye syndrome in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and laser therapy indication. Method: A cross-sectional study was performed during a local evaluation campaign of diabetic patients with vision disabilities at the Instituto Cearense de Oftalmologia in Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. Patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and laser therapy indication were included in the study. An anamnesis directly to dry eye complaints was performed, and eligible participants completed the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire. The slit lamp examination was performed with fluorescein staining; the tear break-up time (TBUT) was measured, and conjunctiva and corneal was evaluated using Rose Bengal (RB) staining. Finally, the Schirmer I test was performed. Results: Twenty-five patients were included in the study with a diagnostic time of Diabetes Mellitus ranged from 1 to 35 years, with an average of 17.2 ± 8.7 years. In our sample, 14 patients (56%) reported glycemic control with insulin, while 11 patients (44%) had oral hypoglycemic agents. The most prevalent complaint was blurred vision (96% of patients) followed by low visual acuity (92%). A less prevalent complaint was pain (44%). The mean OSDI score was 49.4 ± 24.2. TBUT was less than 10 seconds in 21 patients (84%), and RB staining grade was more than 3 in 13 patients (52%). The results of the Schirmer I test ranged from 2 to 35 mm, with a mean of 13.57 ± 9.78 mm. It was smaller than 10 mm in 15 patients (60%). Conclusion: The frequency of manifestation of dry eye syndrome was very common in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and laser therapy indication. Ocular surface care should be provided for those patients with significant ocular morbidity.

Comparative study of tear lipid composition in two human populations with different exposure to particulate matter in La Plata, Argentina.

To identify the changes in the lipid profile of the tear film in two human populations exposed to different levels of particulate material, and its relationship with dry eye, by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) detection. A panel study involving 78 volunteers, who live and work in two locations in Argentina with different pollution levels: urban zone (n = 44) and industrial zone (n = 34). We measured the mean levels of particulate matter (PM) exposure. The tear samples were analyze by gas GC-MS detection and the dry eye was diagnose using Schirmer test, fluorescein breakup time, vital staining with fluorescein and lissamine green, and lid parallel conjunctival folds (LIPCOF). Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-Square, Bartlett's, Mann-Whitney tests, and Multiple Correspondence Analysis. PM10 level was significantly higher in industrial zone than in urban area (p < 0.05). Subjects exposed to higher levels of PM10 in outdoor air presented more presence of fatty acids (FA) of long chain, a higher proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA), and lower unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), showing a differentiated profile, which may be associated with a PM level. The incidence of dry eye was greater in the industrial zone (p < 0.001), showing in both populations for this pathology higher FA ω-6 levels, which are responsible for the inflammation process. The lipid profile in populations exposed to higher levels of PM10, like the industrial zone, shows a differentiated profile of FA and more incidence of dry eye with higher FA ω-6 levels, which are responsible for the inflammation process.

Approach to Dry Eye in Video Display Terminal Workers (Basic Science).

The use of video display terminals (VDT) and staring at screens of technologic devices, including desktops, laptops, tablets, and smartphones have become ubiquitous in a wide range of age groups because of the rapid advance of network culture-mediated communications. The incidence of dry eye is particularly high in workers that work with VDT. To facilitate an understanding of the mechanisms of VDT-associated dry eye, as well as to develop novel treatment approaches, a VDT worker dry eye model was created. The procedure involved placing rats on a swing in combination with exposure to an evaporative environment. This animal model reveals that the blink frequency was reduced to one-third of the nonswing riding levels, which is similar to the results that have been reported by VDT users. Pathologic analysis of the lacrimal gland in this dry eye model showed that the decrease in tear secretion was accompanied by a decrease in the acinar cell number, and an enlargement of acinar cells was accompanied by filling with an increased volume of secretory vesicles and a loss of intracellular cell structure, suggesting the involvement of lacrimal hypofunction. An interventional study using this dry eye model showed that oral supplementation of some natural ingredients is a possible therapy for relieving symptoms of VDT-associated dry eye. Further investigations for the establishment of VDT use-associated dry eye models that may be used to evaluate ocular discomfort that mimic the condition in humans are needed to understand and modify this type of dry eye.

Pay attention to the diagnosis and treatment of dry eye in children

Dry eye has become the most common ocular surface disease in China's clinical ophthalmology. However, dry eye in children has not achieved enough attention. It lacks related information of basic data and diagnostic criteria, and there is no standard for the clinical diagnosis and treatment. As dry eye in children has its own characteristics, its diagnosis and treatment are not exactly the same as adults. In recent years, due to the popularization and widespread usage of electronic products, coupled with some systemic factors, the incidence of dry eye in children has risen rapidly. To this end, it is urgent to improve the level of clinical diagnosis and treatment of dry eye in children in China, to establish the relevant basic data, to strengthen the basic research, and to promote the prevention and treatment of dry eye in children. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2018, 54: 406-408).

Focusing on the management of chronic dry eye disease

Dry eye has become the most common ophthalmic disease besides ametropia. As a chronic ophthalmic disease, dry eye, which in serious cases might even lead to blindness, not only affects the life quality of the patient, but also poses adverse impact on social productivity and work efficiency, and moreover influences the development of society and economy. The incidence of dry eye has been rising in recent years because of the widespread use of video terminals, which poses greater challenges for us. Therefore, we put forward the concept of chronic disease management for dry eye in the hope of drawing extensive attention and planning ahead of time, so as to meet the needs of dry eye patients in China. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2018, 54: 81-83).

Determination of Risk Factors and Treatment of Dry Eye Disease in Type 1 Diabetes Before Corneal Complications at Sindh Institute of Ophthalmology And Visual Sciences.

Objective:The objective of this study was to assess and determine the risk factors and treatment of dry eye disease in type 1 diabetes before any ocular surface or corneal complication occurs. This study was conducted at Sindh Institute of Ophthalmology And Visual Sciences, Hyderabad, Pakistan.Methodology:Subjects and methods for observational study were undertaken at the Department of Ophthalmology Sindh Institute Of Ophthalmology And Visual Sciences, Hyderabad, Pakistan. Hundred confirmed cases of type 1 diabetes were included in the study by non probability convenience sampling. Tear film breakup time and schrimer test were carried out to determine dry eye disease. Data was collected by self-prepared questionnaire and entered and analyzed by using Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS, version 20.0). The frequencies and percentage were recorded and any associations with predisposing factors were statistically analyzed by t test.Results:Out of hundred patients, 71 (71%) were found to have dry eyes (P<0.001). The mean age of the subject in this study was 50.97 years (range 30-70 years). Old age was related to high risk of dry eye disease (P<0.001). There was no big difference in the incidence of dry eyes in males and females. Long duration was found to be related with increased occurrence of dry eyes (P<0.001). We found higher values for abnormal tear film break up time than schirmer test values leading to increased occurrence of evaporative dry eyes.Conclusion:There is marked increase in frequency/ risk of developing dry eye disease in type 1 diabetes patients. Therefore, it is recommended to have periodic ophthalmic examination for type 1 diabetic patients.

The Prospective Health Assessment of Cataract Patients' Ocular Surface (PHACO) study: the effect of dry eye.

PurposeTo determine the incidence and severity of dry eye as determined by the International Task Force (ITF) scale in patients being screened for cataract surgery.Patients and methodsThis was a prospective, multi-center, observational study of 136 patients, at least 55 years of age, who were scheduled to undergo cataract surgery. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of dry eye as evaluated by grade on the ITF scale and secondary outcome measures include tear break-up time (TBUT), ocular surface disease index score, corneal staining with fluorescein, conjunctival staining with lissamine green, and a patient questionnaire to evaluate symptoms of dry eye.ResultsMean patient age was 70.7 years. A total of 73.5% of patients were Caucasian and 50% were female. Almost 60% had never complained of a foreign body sensation; only 13% complained of a foreign body sensation half or most of the time. The majority of patients (62.9%) had a TBUT ≤5 seconds, 77% of eyes had positive corneal staining and 50% of the eyes had positive central corneal staining. Eighteen percent had Schirmer’s score with anesthesia ≤5 mm.ConclusionThe incidence of dry eye in patients scheduled to undergo cataract surgery in a real-world setting is higher than anticipated.

Incidence of dry eye, refractive error changes and recurrence rate in the management of pterygium by conjunctival auto grafting with or without mitomycin – C in a tertiary eye care center

Objectives: To compare dry eye changes, refractive error changes and recurrence rate of pterygium between the two techniques of conjunctival autografting and conjunctival autografting with intra operative application of mitomycin-c. Materials and Methods: It was a hospital based prospective, randomized, interventional comparative study of 40 eyes of 38 patients among whom 20 eyes underwent pterygium excision with conjunctival autografting (group A) and rest 20 eyes underwent pterygium excision with conjunctival autografting and intra operative application of mitomycin-c (group B). The preoperative and postoperative one month Schirmer I test, tear film break up time (TBUT), best corrected visual acuity, spherical error and astigmatism were noted. They were followed up for six months and observed for recurrence of the pterygium. Statistical analyses were used to compare the two groups. Results: 38 patients (40 eyes) diagnosed with primary pterygium were evaluated. 20 eyes with pterygium were treated with conjunctival autografting and 20 eyes with conjunctival autografting combined with intra operative application of mitomycin-c (0.02% for two minutes). At postoperative one month, there were one positive Schirmer I test in group A and two positive in group B which were not significant on comparison (p=1.000). There were three positive TBUT test in group A and one positive TBUT test in group B which was not significant (p=0.598). For changes in astigmatism, 10 cases improved, seven cases showed no changes and 3 cases worsened in group A. In group B, 12 cases improved, seven cases showed no changes and one case worsened. On comparing the two groups it was statistically not significant (p=0.541). For spherical error changes, six cases improved, 11 cases showed no change and three cases worsened in group A. In group B, 5 cases improved, 10 cases showed no change and 5 cases worsened which was not significant (p=0.725). For BCVA(Best corrected visual acuity) change, 11 case

Incidence of Dry Eyes Amongst The Computer Users

Objective: The Study was aimed at finding the incidence and prevention of computers vision syndrome(CVS) particularly “dry eye” in regular computer users. Study design: Observational, cross-sectional study Place and duration of study: It was conducted at Combined Military hospital Lahore, from Dec 2014 to Nov 2015. Methodology: A questionnaire proforma was prepared and distributed to the willing candidates. It was based on symptoms of eye, sensitivity of eyes to various environmental conditions, history of medications contributing to eye, working hours on computers etc. The visual effects of various display characteristics such as lighting, glare, display quality, refresh rates, and radiation are also briefly discussed. Results: Out of 290 regular computer users, 88 (30.3%) were found to have problem. Conclusion Although the computers vision syndrome is associated with a variety of ocular symptoms related to computer use including eyestrain, tired eyes, irritation, redness, blurred/double vision, headache and shoulder pain, this article was primarily focused on dry eye the major contributor to computer vision syndrome symptoms. Management requires a multidirectional approach combining ocular therapy with adjustment of the workstation. Conclusion: Proper lighting, anti-glare filters, ergonomic positioning of computer monitor and regular work breaks may help improve visual comfort. Lubricating drops and special computer glasses help relieve ocular surface-related symptoms. A lot more work needs to be done to specifically define the processes that cause in computer vision syndrome and to develop and improve effective treatments that successfully address these causes.

Incidence of dry eye in patients of acne vulgaris on isotretinoin

A study was conducted by the department of dermatology in collaboration with department of ophthalmology, to determine the incidence of dry eye in patients prescribed isotretinoin for acne vulgaris. Thirty patients with acne were enrolled in this prospective study. Isotretinoin was administered at a dose of 0.5–1 mg/kg/day with food for 16 weeks. In all patients, torch light examination, visual acuity, slit lamp examination and Schirmer test, were evaluated, along with careful history taking about ocular symptoms. All these eye examinations were repeated before and during treatment, with isotretinoin by the same examiner at 0, 4, 8, 16 weeks. Results. No significant results were noted in visual acuity. On the other hand, the differences between Schirmer values that were evaluated before and during treatment were statistically significant (<0.05) developing in 8 patients. Subjective symptoms such as dryness and itching, occurred in 33% of the patients. Conclusion. Dry eye developed in almost 1/3rd patients who were prescribed isotretinoin.

Epidemiology study on incidence of dry eye in over 50-year residents with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Binhu district, Wuxi

Background The complications of diabetic mellitus (DM) in ophthalmology are thought to be retinopathy and cataract mainly before.However,DM-associated ocular surface disease is increasingly concerned recently.The related epidemiological study can offer evidence for the prevention and treatment of DM-associated dry eyes.Objective This survey was to estimate the prevalence rate and risk factor of dry eyes in residents of type 2 DM aged ≥ 50 years in Binhu district,Wuxi.Methods The graduate-returning survey was used in selecting residents aged ≥ 50 years in Binhu district from September to December 2012 using a cross-sectional study.The questionnaire survey,examination of slit lamp microscope,dry eye-related examination and fundoscopy were performed in 631 individuals,and the risk factors of DM-associated dry eyes were evaluated.The data were compared and analyzed with SPSS software version 13.0.Written informed consent was obtained prior to any medical examination from each subject.Results DM was diagnosed in 703 subjects in this district,and 631 finished examinations,with the response rate 89.76％,including 260 males and 371 females.Dry eye was diagnosed in 49.45％ (312/631),with the male 105 cases (40.38％) and female 207 cases (55.80％).The proportion of dry eyes in 50-59,60-69,70-79 and over 80 years old groups was 32.05％,43.91％,19.23％ and 4.81％,respectively,with the highest constituent ratio in the 60-69 years old group.The incidence of dry eyes was significantly increased in the female subjects than those of male subjects in 50-59 and 60-69 years old groups (55.88％ versus 39.34％,x2 =4.61,P=0.03 ;58.78％ versus 37.04％,x2 =12.10,P=0.00).The relevant factors of DM-associated dry eyes were showed to be gender (x2 =14.52,P =0.00),smoking history (x2 =40.08,P =0.00),alcohol drinking history (x2 =130.20,P =0.00),allergic history (x2 =4.68,P =0.03),long-term usage of eyedrops (x2 =13.59,P =0.00),continual watching (x2=10.53,P=0.01) and high level education (x2=7.74,P=0.01).Dryness,foreign body sensation and burning sensation were primary symptoms,and the abnormality rates of breakup time of tear film (BUT),corneal fluorescence dyeing,Schirmer Ⅰ test were significantly higher in the DM-associated dry eye group than those in the non-dry eye group (x2 =199.66,48.88,40.80,all at P=0.00).The eye number of meibomian gland dysfunction and abnormal height of lacrimal river was evidently increased in the DM-associated dry eye group compared with non-dry eye group (x2 =39.09,11.45,both at P＜0.05).Conclusions Dry eye is a multi-factorial surface disease.The incidence of dry eye is higher in DM patients than that in non-DM patients.It is necessary to promote the diabetic population-bases prevention and treatment for dry eye in the community. Key words: Diabetes mellitus/complication; Dry eye; Prevalence; Epidemiology; Risk factors; Crosssectional study

Dynamic Changes of Tear Fluid After Cosmetic Transcutaneous Lower Blepharoplasty Measured by Optical Coherence Tomography

To investigate the dynamic changes of tear fluid after cosmetic transcutaneous lower blepharoplasty. Prospective, observational case series study. A total of 60 eyes of 30 patients with transcutaneous lower blepharoplasty were involved in the study. All subjects completed the Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire and underwent tear film break-up time measurements and the Schirmer test before surgery and 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months after surgery. Tear meniscus parameters measured by optical coherence tomography were recorded. Lower lid margin reflex distance was also measured. At each time point after surgery, these parameters were compared with the baseline parameters. The incidence of dry eye and chemosis after surgery was assessed. The Ocular Surface Disease Index score increased significantly 1 week after surgery (P < .01). The Schirmer test values were significantly decreased 1 week postoperatively (P < .01), and they returned to baseline by 3 months. There was no significant change in tear film break-up time before and after surgery. The tear meniscus height, depth, and cross section area values were significantly increased at 1 week postoperatively, decreased at 1 month (P < .01), and returned to baseline at 3 months (P > .05). The cornea-lower eyelid angle significantly decreased at 1 week postoperatively (P < .01), increased at 1 month (P < .01), and returned to baseline by 3 months (P > .05). The lower lid margin reflex distance was increased 1 week after surgery (P < .01), and gradually recovered but had not returned to the baseline 3 months after surgery (P < .01). The increased tear meniscus height had a positive correlation with lower lid margin reflex distance. The incidence of dry eye and chemosis at 1 week postoperatively was 16.7% and 15%, respectively. Cosmetic transcutaneous lower blepharoplasty affects ocular surface and tear fluid, which leads to dryness, tearful eyes, and chemosis. However, this influence is temporary after surgery, and the symptoms resolve within 3 months. A positive correlation between tear meniscus height and lower lid margin reflex distance was observed. Assessment of the tear meniscus with optical coherence tomography provided a quick, noninvasive, and quantitative method to investigate the dynamic changes of the tear fluid after blepharoplasty.

Comparative Evaluation of Dry Eye Following Cataract Surgery: A Study from North India

Background: After cataract surgery many patients complain of foreign body sensation, irritation, redness, blurring of vision which are considered as unwanted effects of the surgery. Aim: To compare dry eye disease following SICS and Phacoemulsification . Material and methods: The present study is a prospective, randomized study conducted on sixty nine patients, from July 2009 to June 2011, attending Outpatient Department of Department of Ophthalmology in a municipal hospital of Delhi. Complete ocular surface examination was done which included questionnaire using OSDI score and slit lamp bio microscope examination, tear film break up time, corneal fluorescein staining, tear meniscus height, Schirmer test - I and Impression cytology. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 16. Results: All the dry eye tests conducted on the eyes undergoing cataract surgery showed deterioration following surgery. Both SICS and Phaco surgery caused significant decrease in TMH, TBUT and ST-I values at 1 week, 1 month and 3 months. Fluorescein staining, OSDI score and impression cytology also showed deterioration in the follow up period. Conclusion: Both SICS and Phaco surgery can cause or aggravate dry eye and affect the dry eye test values in the post operative period upto 3 months. I. Main Text Dry eye disease is an ocular surface disorder which produces discomfort and reduced vision due to tear film instability. Dry eye per se is not a disease entity, but a symptom complex occurring as sequelae to deficiency or abnormalities of tear film, exposing the corneal and conjunctival epitheli um to evaporation. Dry eye has become one of the most important factors influencing quality of Life (QOL) in elderly patients. Incidence of dry eye in the US has been estimated to be around 2.7 per year. Incidence of dry eye in India amongst eye out patient department patients has been estimated to be around 0.46%with a male: female ratio of 1:1.22 1

Clinical analysis of dry eye before and after cataract surgery

Objective To investigate the incidence of dry eye in patients before and after cataract surgery.Methods 216 eyes of 189 cases with cataract received phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation.The clinical examinations,including the ocular surface finding under the slit lamp microscope,tear film break time,Schirmer Ⅰ test,were performed in all cases at 3 days before cataract operation,1 week,1 month and 3 months after cataract operation.Results Different degrees of symptom and sign of dry eye occurred in some patients after operation,which appears at 1 week after surgery and were most obvious at 1 month and were improvement in different degrees at 3 months.Conclusion Dry eye can be induced after cataract surgery,which should be treated timely. Key words: Cataract; Operation; Dry eye

Incidence and pattern of dry eye after cataract surgery.

PurposeTo evaluate the incidence and severity pattern of dry eye after phacoemulsification.SettingKing Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.DesignProspective descriptive study.MethodsSamples were collected from ninety-two uncomplicated cataract patients who were 18 years old or older. Dry eye incidence and pattern were analyzed at days 0, 7, 30 and 90 after phacoemulsification using (1) Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, (2) tear break up time (TBUT), (3) Oxford ocular surface staining system, and (4) Schirmer I test without anesthesia.ResultsSeven days after phacoemulsification, the incidence of dry eye was 9.8% (95% confidence interval; 3.6–16.0%). The severity of dry eye peaked seven days post-phacoemulsification and was measured by OSDI questionnaire and all three clinical tests. Within thirty days and 3 months post-surgery, both the symptoms and signs showed rapid and gradual improvements, respectively. However, dry eye post-phacoemulsification was not significantly associated with sex and systemic hypertension (P = 0.26, 0.17 and 0.73, respectively).ConclusionsThe incidence of dry eye after phacoemulsification was 9.8%. Symptoms and signs of dry eye occurred as early as seven days post-phacoemulsification and the severity pattern improved over time. We recommend that ophthalmologists should evaluate patients both before and after phacoemulsification to prevent further damage to the ocular surface and able to manage the patient promptly and effectively so the patient will not have a poor quality of life and vision due to dry eye syndrome.