Incheon Airport Research Articles

Sea&Air 환적화물 인천항 유치 요인의 중요도 분석 연구

CBEC(Cross Border E-Commerce) is a market that is expected to grow at a statistically high annual growth rate of about 28.4% and should be noted in Incheon Port, which is trying to grow into an e-commerce-specific port. In particular, in the case of international e-commerce volume from China, it is necessary to attract volume that can be converted into Sea&Air complex transportation around Incheon Port, which departs from major airports in China, transshipment from Incheon Airport, and exports to North America and Europe.Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the factors of transshipment port selection to revitalize the attraction of CBEC Sea & Air complex transport cargo. Accordingly, AHP analysis by academic and industrial expert surveys showed that cargo creation capacity (0.287), port infrastructure (0.257), service (0.230), and Sea&Air transshipment cost (0.227) were identified as high net importance (0.227), Sea&Air throughput (0.115), and e-commerce (0.106). In addition, in the evaluation of the attractiveness of three ports in the West Sea region, including Incheon Port, Incheon Port (3.084), Pyeongtaek Port (2.353), and Gunsan Port (1.840) were derived in the order, In particular, Incheon Port should promote CBEC Sea&Air based on its differentiated competitiveness compared to Pyeongtaek Port and Gunsan Port in terms of Sea&Air transshipment costs and cargo creation capabilities.

The difference between service robots and human staff in the extended TPB model in airports

ABSTRACT This study examined how to form behavioural intentions in regards to using the extended Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) model. This study more specifically proposed the effect of the overall service quality on attitude. In addition, it was hypothesized that attitude, subjective norm and perceived behavioural control have a positive influence on intention to use. Lastly, this study investigated the moderating role of the employee type, which included robots and humans, in the proposed model. The study collected data from 320 travellers who received services from only service robots and from 316 travellers who received services only from human staff at Incheon Airport in South Korea. The data analysis indicated that the overall service quality has a positive influence on attitude. In addition, it was discovered that intentions to use is positively affected by attitude, subjective norm and the perceived behavioural control. Finally, the type of employee moderated the relationship between the overall service quality and attitude.

The effect of airport efficiency on air traffic, using DEA and multilateral resistance terms gravity models

This study evaluates the bias-corrected airport efficiency by employing a slacks-based measurement-data envelopment analysis model with a bootstrapping technique. The impacts of airport efficiency on bilateral passenger traffic and freight volume are then assessed by developing a novel robust gravity model incorporating multilateral resistance (MR) terms and the Poisson pseudo maximum likelihood (PPML) method to address heteroscedasticity. We collected air route data using Incheon airport with a sample of 50 airports in 28 countries for 2006–2015. The results from all the applied models revealed a significant and positive effect of airport efficiency on passenger traffic and freight volume.

A study on the change in the significance of GDP as a determinant of air demand - Discussions on brand-new air transport items

This study analyzes the Incheon Airport (ICN) case to identify whether GDP affects air traffic volume. Our empirical study obtains the following major findings. From 2001 to 2010, a causal relationship that GDP growth causes an increase in passengers and cargo at ICN, but from 2011 to 2019, a causal relationship that GDP growth causes freight is not verified. On the other hand, from 2011 to 2019, an increase in GDP still led to an increase in passenger traffic at ICN. It suggests that increasing or decreasing GDP may not affect air freight traffic. Previous studies indicate that GDP has been the most important explanatory variable for predicting air traffic. Thus, when determining the capacity of the air cargo infrastructure, the assumption that the air cargo weight increases as GDP increases have been implicitly applied. However, the research findings raise the possibility of modifying such beliefs. This study also focuses on the recent changes in air transport items, verifying the effect of changes in transport items on air freight traffic. The increase in the emerging brand-new transport items, which are not that heavy and have a high proportion of e-commerce transactions, has raised the air transport share compared to sea transport, increasing the number of shipments and diversifying shipment types. On the other hand, a traditional cargo increase, such as communication devices and panel displays, negatively impacts the air transport share. In the future, air freight will grow in the number of B/L (bill of landing) rather than weight. Thus, this study proposes the number of shipments handled per unit hour as a new capacity indicator. How many AWBs (Air waybills) can be processed per hour rather than how many tons can be processed per year can determine the competitiveness of the air freight infrastructure.

Changes in Connectivity for Major Asian Airports - Europe and Post-Pandemic Improvement Suggestions

The aviation transport volume in the Asia-Pacific region continues to grow, with many airports aspiring to become aviation hubs. However, in 2020, the aviation industry faced significant disruptions due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In light of this, this study aims to explore the pre-pandemic and post-pandemic airport competitive advantages of major Asian airports. This study selected six major airports, focusing on the quality of transit services and the number of transit flights. Specifically, the study examines two perspectives: quantity (QVC) and quality (QCI), utilizing connectivity indices such as Hub Connectivity Performance Index (HCPI) and Hub Efficiency Index (HEI). Based on connectivity analysis results, Singapore Airport, Suvarnabhumi Airport, and Kuala Lumpur Airport hold a leading position in HEI due to their geographical advantages. These airports should continue to develop Southeast Asia - Europe routes. Hong Kong International Airport follows closely in connectivity, but its flight numbers were significantly affected by the pandemic and the anti-extradition bill protests factors. Efforts to expedite the recovery of the European market are recommended. Incheon Airport benefits from the rapid development of low-cost aviation in recent years, expanding routes and flight frequencies, resulting in a continuous increase in QVC. However, it needs to enhance transit efficiency to elevate its HEI. Taoyuan Airport lags behind the aforementioned airports in both QVC and HEI. To attract more transit passengers, it should increase flights in this market.

Analysis of Preference for UAM of Public Transportation Users Following UAM Adoption (Incheon Airport - Incheon Gil Medical Center Line)

Analysis of Preference for UAM of Public Transportation Users Following UAM Adoption (Incheon Airport - Incheon Gil Medical Center Line)

Exploring economic feasibility for airport shuttle service of urban air mobility (UAM)

UAM is a new concept of mobility that expands the two-dimensional transportation system to three dimensions using a personal air vehicle (PAV). This study explores the economic feasibility of the UAM airport shuttle service from two perspectives. First, this study estimates the fare of UAM services to attract customers. The UAM service should maintain a competitive price to convert existing transportation users into UAM users. This study used Incheon Airport (ICN) ground transportation data to estimate a competitive fare based on the multinomial logit model. The pricing range at which UAM services can obtain users from Seoul Station to ICN is estimated to be 96 to 108 USD, assuming the new service reduces traveling time by 30–40 min compared to taxi service. The comparison with professional institutions indicates that the 96–108 USD price range is feasible. However, according to a simulation based on the discounted cash flow (DCF) method, other approaches to increase economic feasibility are required. Second, this study reviewed operational policies to improve the economic feasibility of UAM shuttle services from two perspectives. The first is a service perspective that introduces new services or enhances the current service level. The internalization of CNS (communications, navigation, and surveillance) and UTM (unmanned traffic management) services can be a new business area, including premium routing. The second is introducing a dynamic pricing policy. Segmented pricing, time-based pricing, and changing market conditions strategies can practically strengthen the economic feasibility. Operating an airport Vertiport providing a dedicated path for UAM passengers can allow UAM operators to charge more on a premium passenger segment by shortening airport procedure time. Because it can avoid the uncertainty of road congestion, there is plenty of incentive to set higher fares during peak times with severe congestion. In addition, by creating a market environment in which multiple operators participate, the operators can share the burden of infrastructure construction and operation, which account for more than 80% of the total operating costs, increasing the economic feasibility of services.

Exploring passenger and flight characteristics' impacts on airport retail income: Evidence from Incheon International Airport

This study examines passenger and flight characteristics' impacts on airport retail income using transaction data from Incheon Airport (ICN) duty-free. Two indicators, per-flight expenditure and buyer proportion, were introduced to measure the impacts on retail revenue. This study employed the female passenger ratio per flight and the domestic passenger ratio as passenger characteristics. Flight type (LCC or not), transit passenger proportion, and flight delay were introduced as flight characteristics. Unfavorable departure gates and disadvantageous terminal locations were presented as location characteristics. Based on the multiple regression model, this study analyzed the effect of each factor on airport retail revenue. The research findings provide managerial implications to airport operators. It is financially advantageous to avoid allocating flights with many female passengers to favorable departure gates for accessing retail shops. A high frequency of purchases of Korean passengers does not lead to a significant sales amount because of the regulations. Transit passengers are low-yield customers for airlines and airport operators. Flight delay increases the per-flight expenditure and the buyer percentage to a certain level, while excessive delays can reduce the purchase amount. Also, this study identified that the impact of assigning flights to disadvantageous locations varies depending on the type of flight based on the expansion model using an interaction term. The location has a significant influence on passenger shopping behavior. Since FSC passengers have a solid impulsive buying tendency, airport operators should avoid giving FSCs to unfavorable gates. Although ICN kept operation policies to assign LCC flights to a terminal disadvantageous for shopping, this study presents that the commercial revenue contribution of LCCs is not weaker than FSCs when controlled a terminal location. Therefore, it is necessary to reconsider assigning LCCs to a terminal unfavorable for shopping without evaluating purchasing power.

사다리꼴 형상 그루빙의 공항 활주로 적용성 평가 연구

This study is to evaluate the applicability and performance of trapezoidal-shaped grooves on domestic airport runways. For this, the constructability, drainage performance, and friction resistance characteristics of trapezoidal-shaped grooves compared to square-shaped grooves were evaluated through test construction on pavement at Incheon Airport. As a result of the test construction, the trapezoidal-shaped grooves satisfies the required geometry standards and tolerance, and secured a macrotexture that was 25% improved compared to the square-shaped grooves. It was confirmed that trapezoid-shaped grooves secured drainage performance of more than 7-9%, and surface friction performance improved compared to existing grooves when the surface of the pavement was wet as the test speed increased in the dry state. In addition, after trapezoidal-shaped grooves was installed on the RWY 16R/34L of Incheon Airport, the friction coefficient was 0.84, which satisfies the design level of the new runway surface of 0.82 at the test speed.

Smart City Service Strategy in Incheon International Airport Economic Zone

Purpose - This policy paper aims to build comprehensive strategies for the Incheon International Airport (IIA) by integrating the concept of circular economy, as opposed to the concept of the linear value chain, to Incheon Airport Economic Zone (IAEZ). Design/Methodology/Approach - Combining with the theoretical background of the airport hubs and the concept of circular economy, development strategies built on two pillars of the ‘service convergence platform’ and the ‘smart city data platform’ are suggested for IIA’s open ecosystem. To do this, the study explores the literature survey and data on global hub airports, extracts the competitive advantages as hubs, and formulate strategies by integrating the concepts of the circular economy and hub airport. Findings - This paper facilitates the IIA’s development by combining the unique competencies of Korea’s ICT technology on big data with the circular economy concept, which creates innovative business models and new values for the stakeholders. To secure brand and global leadership as a hub airport, the “smart city platforming” of the economic zone of IIA is designed as an enabler of the circular economy to establish a virtuous cycle system. Research Implications - This conceptual combination of the circular economy and the airport zone can be applied to a wider global network by creating a global standard. IIA can sustain leadership and brand with innovative core competencies irreplaceable in competition.

Economic Value of Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts at Incheon Airport, South Korea

Meteorological information at an arrival airport is one of the primary variables used to determine refueling of discretionary fuel. This study evaluated the economic value of terminal aerodrome forecasts (TAF), which has not been previously quantitatively analyzed in Korea. The analysis data included 374,716 international flights that arrived at Incheon airport during 2017–2019. A cost–loss model was used for the analysis, which is a methodology to evaluate forecast value by considering the cost and loss that users can expect, considering the decision-making result based on forecast utilization. The value was divided in terms of improving fuel efficiency and reducing CO2 emissions. The results of the analysis indicate that the annual average TAF value for Incheon Airport was approximately 2.2 M–20.1 M USD under two hypothetical rules of refueling of discretionary fuel. This value is up to 26.2% higher than the total budget of 16.3 M USD set for the production of aviation meteorological forecasts by the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). Further, it is up to 10 times greater than the 2 M USD spent on aviation meteorological information fees collected by the KMA in 2018.

제주남단 항공회랑(AKARA-FUKUE Corridor)의 항공안전 개선에 관한 연구

ICAO recommended that airspace monitoring and periodic safety assessments in each Contracting State ensure the stability of the airspace, since reducing the aircraft lateral and vertical separation intervals would rather increase the risk of collision. The target level of safety of the AKARA-FUKUE Corridor at the southern end of Jeju was 247×10^-9. In simple comparison, this means that the risk of an aircraft collision in this area (international safety standards, 5.0×10^-9) is about 50 times higher. The scope of this study is to organize the concept of terms, analyze the air traffic volume, the current status of navigational safety facility usage fees, and investigations of an aircraft collision risk in Jeju southern air corridor. Analyzing government policies and overseas evaluations, revising some of the existing contents, presenting some of the additional contents of new routes, and changing the instrument procedure for Korean-Chinese routes, change of arrive/departure route between Incheon Airport and Shanghai Airport, reduce the risk of aircraft collisions. We hope to restore airspace sovereignty, contribute to policies for the government to take the lead in solving this problem, and expect stability and operational efficiency in air traffic.

인천국제공항 홍보영상에 대한 브랜드 포지셔닝 연구

인천국제공항 홍보영상에 대한 브랜드 포지셔닝 연구

Air passenger demand forecasting for the Incheon airport using time series models

Air passenger demand forecasting for the Incheon airport using time series models

Investigating Paradigm Shift from Price to Value in the Air Cargo Market

This study presents a paradigm shift in the air cargo market based on Korea and Incheon Airport’s empirical data. The air cargo market has traditionally handled expensive items and has been a supplier-oriented market. There has been little room for individual customers in this market. However, “value” gradually replaces “price” in this market. The value depending on consumer preferences significantly impact air cargo demand. Consequently, items transported by air cargo are changing, and airlines and other market participants are revising operation policy. Economic growth may be losing its dominant power as the main growth engine in the air cargo market. This study identifies the weakened link between air cargo increase and economic growth based on the Granger causality test. COVID-19 calls for a deeper understanding of the paradigm shift in the market for sustainable air transport because COVID-19 will further stimulate it. In this regard, the air cargo business, which maintains a stable trend even during COVID-19, is seen as a new opportunity for the aviation industry. Since sustainable air transport requires an accurate understanding of the paradigm shift in the air cargo market, this study enhances our knowledge of the paradigm shift and provides significant implications for sustainable air transport.

공연학적 관점으로 본 소셜로봇 연구 - 인천공항 로봇 “에어스타” 를 중심으로 -

공연학적 관점으로 본 소셜로봇 연구 - 인천공항 로봇 “에어스타” 를 중심으로 -

항공사 지상직원의 지식공유가 직무성과에 미치는 영향 : 인천국제공항에 근무하는 항공사 지상직원을 대상으로

항공사 지상직원의 지식공유가 직무성과에 미치는 영향 : 인천국제공항에 근무하는 항공사 지상직원을 대상으로

COVID-19 screening center models in South Korea

In a recent report, the British Broadcasting Company (BBC) introduced South Korea’s measures to manage COVID-19 as role model for the world. Screening centers serve as frontiers for preventing community transmission of infectious diseases. COVID-19 screening centers in Korea operate 24 h a day, always open for individuals with suspected COVID-19 symptoms. South Korea concentrated COVID-19 screening centers around cities with high population density. Advanced screening centers (models C, D, and E) proved more effective and efficient in the prevention of COVID-19 than the traditional screening centers (models A and B). Particularly, screening centers at Incheon Airport in South Korea prevent transmission through imported cases effectively. It will be important elsewhere, as in South Korea, to establish an infectious disease delivery system that can lead to 'Test-Treat-Track' using an adequate model of screening centers.

인천공항 로봇의 서비스 편의성이 고객 만족, 충성도와 추천 행동의도에 미치는 영향

공항 서비스 분야에서 로봇을 활용한 서비스가 등장하고 있지만, 아직까지 어떤 요인들이 고객을 만족시키거나, 충성도에 영향을 주는지와 관련된 연구는 진행되고 있지 못하다. 이러한 문제점을 극복하기 위해 본 연구에서는 서비스 편의성, 고객 만족, 충성도, 그리고 추천 행동의도와 관련한 실증 연구를 진행하였다. 그 과정에서 서비스 편의성의 요인으로 의사결정･접근･혜택 편익성을 활용하였다. 이를 위해 인천 국제 공항에서 로봇 서비스를 경험한 249명을 대상으로 온라인 설문 조사를 실시하였으며, Smart PLS(v.3)과 SPSS를 분석을 위해 사용하였다. 연구 결과 서비스 편의성은 고객 만족, 충성도와 추천 행동의도에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 고객 만족과 충성도는 추천 행동의도에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 만족은 추천 행동 의도를 예측하는 중요한 매개 역할을 하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이번 연구는 공항서비스 분야에서 서비스 편이성이 고객 만족, 충성도와 추천 행동의도에 미치는 영향력을 강조하고 있다. 본 연구는 서비스 편의성과 관련한 연구로서 공항 서비스 분야에 실질적으로 기여할 것이다.

항공화물 인프라 개발과 가치 사슬에 대한 연구

Airports have formed air cargo value chain by focusing on airlines and freighters to provide relevant services. However, the rise of air cargo shipping through belly space of passengers and the emergence of e-commerce freight bring up necessity of new airport infrastructure and process to satisfy the needs from direct suppliers and consumers in air cargo market. This study shows airport as an active facilitator by presenting specific airport infrastructures and processes that reflect the changes in the external environment of air cargo transportation at Incheon Airport and the global air cargo market trends. In addition, this suggests sustainable airport to expand air cargo value chain and increase involvement in the global value chain through the new air cargo infrastructure.