Types Of Incentives Research Articles

Providing freedom or financial remuneration? A cross-sectional study on the role of monetary and legal incentives on COVID-19 further booster vaccination intention in the Italian context.

Vaccine hesitancy became a more and more important issue during the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the emergence of new variants, many international health agencies have already begun administering booster doses of the vaccine in response to these threats. Studies have emphasized the effectiveness of different types of incentive-based strategies to increase vaccination behaviors. The purpose of the present study was to identify the correlation between different types of incentives (legal or financial) with people's intentions to get a COVID-19 booster vaccine. We conducted a cross-sectional study between 29 January 2022 and 03 February 2022. An online quantitative survey was carried out in Italy. One thousand and twenty-two Italian adults were recruited by a professional panel provider. Descriptive statistics were computed for the five variables concerning the incentives (monetary, tax, fee, health certification, travel) toward vaccination. A general linear model (GLM) was then computed to compare the scores of the five different variables within the subjects. The general linear model showed a significant within-subjects main effect. Post-hoc comparisons showed that among the financial incentive, the monetary reward is rated lower than all the others. Tax and fees both resulted lower than both the legal incentives. Finally, COVID-19 health certification and travel did not result significantly different from each other. This study offers an important contribution to public policy literature and to policymakers in their efforts to explain and steer booster vaccination acceptance while facing an ongoing pandemic.

658-P: Evaluating Financial Incentives as a Tool to Increase Medication Adherence—A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Background: Costs are a barrier to medication adherence in patients living with Type 2 Diabetes (PLWD). Financial incentives may lower costs and increase adherence. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, and Embase were searched for articles published before March 2022 assessing the impact of financial incentives on medication adherence in PLWD. Search terms included “medication adherence,” “T2D,” “financial incentive,” incentive types, and associated Medical Subject Headings. Two pooled analyses - the mean difference in proportion days covered (PDC) or mean possession ratio (MPR) and the mean difference in percent adherent (PDC/MPR ≥80%) - were conducted. Coehn's d Treatment Effect was calculated for each study using mean difference and standard errors. The overall treatment effect for each pooled analysis was calculated using Bayesian meta-analysis. Results: The review included 25 studies. Medication adherence always improved in 21 studies, three indicated they increased adherence only in some populations, and incentives had no effect in one study. Figure 1 illustrates the meta-analysis results for studies with appropriate outcome data. Both pooled analyses demonstrate a small but statistically significant increase in adherence due to financial incentives (d=0.02, p<0.01). Conclusion: Financial incentives have the potential to increase medication adherence to antidiabetic drugs. Disclosure D.Winberg: Employee; Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC. T.Tang: None. Z.Ramsey: None. A.N.Bazzano: None. J.Li: None. Y.Lin: None. E.Nauman: None. L.Shi: None. Funding Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U18DP006523)

Accelerating Certification of Oil Palm Smallholders through Institutionalization of Various Incentives

Sustainable palm oil certification has become a global demand, particularly in the market. However, the implementation of both Roundtable of Sustainable Palm Oli (RSPO) and Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil (ISPO) certification schemes is relatively slow. This study aims to analyze to what extent incentives can accelerate sustainable palm oil certification, from what sources those incentives can be arranged, and types of incentives are appropriate for palm oil smallholders. The research uses quantitative and qualitative methods based on literature reviews, in-depth interviews with key stakeholders, and a survey of 455 farmers in two Indonesian provinces (Riau and West Kalimantan). Based on quantitative analysis, the reasons behind more progressive certification achievements in Riau remain unrevealed while in West Kalimantan, Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) price, easiness to obtaining loans with low interest, and easiness of selling FFB have a significant influence on accelerating certification. Using a qualitative approach, smallholders show their expectation of having incentives. In Riau, incentives expected are higher FFB prices and a simpler procedure to get the Environmental Management Statement (SPPL) document. In West Kalimantan, higher FFB prices and availability of low interest loans are expected to become incentives. These incentives can be mobilized from intergovernmental fiscal transfer mechanisms such as revenue-sharing mechanisms, export levies, and environmental funds. Smallholders also expect clarity of incentives generated from ISPO certification, particularly in price and market access, which requires the government’s initiative to develop synergy with various stakeholders. To be practical, incentives were not only for smallholders but also for the government officials at the province, district, and village levels, as the position of the local government is very important in preparing, encouraging, and mobilizing farmers, as well as in strengthening institutions for improving palm oil governance. In the implementation of RSPO certification, the collaboration between the Indonesian government (through the Ministry of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises) and the RSPO becomes clear evidence of central government support. At the sub-national level, the Riau and West Kalimantan Provinces have developed the Regional Action Plans (RAD) for sustainable palm oil as a policy commitment to accelerate both RSPO and ISPO certification.

Inventory-Responsive Donor-Management Policy: A Tandem Queueing Network Model

Problem definition: In the blood-donor-management problem, the blood bank incentivizes donors to donate, given blood inventory levels. We propose a model to optimize such incentivization schemes under the context of random demand, blood perishability, observation period between donations, and variability in donor arrivals and dropouts. Methodology/results: We propose an optimization model that simultaneously accounts for the dynamics in the blood inventory and the donor’s donation process, as a coupled queueing network. We adopt the Pipeline Queue paradigm, which leads us to a tractable convex reformulation. The coupled setting requires new methodologies to be developed upon the existing Pipeline Queue framework. Numerical results demonstrate the advantages of the optimal policy by comparing it with the commonly adopted and studied threshold policy. Our optimal policy can effectively reduce both shortages and wastage. Managerial implications: Our model is the first to operationalize a dynamic donor-incentivization scheme, by determining the optimal number of donors of different donation responsiveness to receive each type of incentive. It can serve as a decision-support tool that incorporates practical features of blood supply-chain management not addressed thus far, to the best of our knowledge. Simulations on existing policies indicate the dangers of myopic approaches and justify the need for smoother and forward-looking donor-incentivization schedules that can hedge against future demand variation. Our model also has potential wider applications in supply chains with perishable inventory.Funding: This study was funded by the Singapore Management University through a research [Grant 20-C207-SMU-015] from the Ministry of Education Academic Research Fund Tier 1.Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/msom.2023.1228 .

Assessing the sustainable incentive on worker performances as a means of conquering new frontiers in Enugu state, Nigeria

Incentive is one of the motivational approach, which has an energizing force that induces or compels and maintain performance of every worker. Thus, it will be of important if the impact of standardized and sustainable incentives is implied to every worker in construction industry. The aim of the paper is to assess the sustainable incentive on worker performances by assessing the relative significance index score for different types of incentives; and identifying the average level of impact for the three groups of incentives for workers’ performances. The targeted population of this study were contractors, architects, quantity surveyors, engineers in Enugu state. Data collection was done through a questionnaire survey self-administered on 80 randomly selected construction professionals involved in a nearly completed or recently completed construction projects. This was analyzed using descriptive statistics and analyses of variance (ANOVA). Results of the study indicate a disparity of the ranking of the degree of occurrence and impact among the group. Based on the composite of incentive factors the study established its likelihood of various occurrence of both financial and non-financial incentives. The study recommended that those with highly impacted incentives should be put in place in which it will become a means of conquering the new frontier with a solid sustenance. Finally, the study also concluded that they should implement an efficient, standardized and effective of the three groups of the incentives on workers in order to gear toward fully sustainable commitment, solid participation and loyal performances.

Government Incentive and R&D Innovation: Based on the Research of Environmental Protection Listed Companies

We selected the public disclosure data of 158 listed companies in China’s environmental protection industry and analyzed the impact of two types of government incentives (government subsidies and tax incentives) on the R&D and innovation activities of companies. The study also analyzed the differences caused by the location and nature of ownership of the companies. The results showed that both government subsidies and tax incentives have a significant effect on R&D and innovation in the environmental protection industry. Furthermore, the impact of government incentives on enterprise innovation is heterogeneous. Compared with the western region, the impact of government subsidies and tax incentives is more significant for the eastern and middle regions. Similarly, compared with state-owned enterprises, the impact of government subsidies and tax incentives is more significant for non-state-owned enterprises.

Anxiety and depression related abnormalities in socio-affective learning

Affective distress (as observed in anxiety and depression) has been observed to be related to insufficient sensitivity to changing reinforcement during operant learning. Whether such findings are specific to anxiety or depression is unclear given a wider literature relating negative affect to abnormal learning and the possibility that relationships are not consistent across incentive types (i.e., punishment and reward) and outcomes (i.e., positive or negative). In two separate samples (n1 = 100; n2 = 88), participants completed an operant learning task with positive or negative, and neutral socio-affective feedback, designed to assess adaptive responses to changing environmental volatility. Individual parameter estimates were generated with hierarchical Bayesian modelling. Effects of manipulations were modelled by decomposing parameters into a linear combination of effects on the logit scale. While effects tended to support prior work, neither general affective distress nor anxiety or depression were consistently related to a decrease in the adaptive adjustment of learning-rates in response to changing environmental volatility (Sample 1: βα:volatility = −0.01, 95 % HDI = −0.14, 0.13; Sample 2: βα:volatility = −0.15, 95 % HDI = −0.37, 0.05). Interaction effects in Sample 1 suggested that while distress was associated with decrements in adaptive learning under punishment-minimisation, it was associated with improvements under reward-maximisation. While our results are broadly consistent with prior work, they suggest that the role of anxiety or depression in volatility learning, if present, is subtle and difficult to detect. Inconsistencies between our samples, along with issues of parameter identifiability complicated interpretation.

IMPACT OF INCENTIVES TO THE JOB PERFORMANCE OF EMPLOYEES ON SELECTED PRIVATE COMPANIES IN SAN PABLO CITY, LAGUNA

Motivation plays a significant role in every worker’s job performance. In this study, monetary and non-monetary motivational factors were considered. The research focused on how this motivation, specifically working incentives, affects the job performance of employees of selected private companies in San Pablo City, Laguna, Philippines. Fifty-three (53) employees from private companies participated in the study. A quantitative research design was employed using an adopted survey questionnaire to measure the effects of incentives on job performance in terms of four dimensions: task, contextual, adaptive, and counterproductive work behavior. Average weighted mean and one-way ANOVA statistics analysis were utilized to determine the effects of incentives and the significant difference on the job performance of the employees. Based on the findings, it was concluded that giving incentives, especially monetary incentives significantly improved employees’ performances. Furthermore, it was found that there was a significant difference between the impacts of incentives to the employees’ job performance when employees were grouped to their preferred type of incentive. Thus, giving incentives to the employees is highly recommended, because the higher the financial incentives, the higher the motivation. As a result, worker morale will be greater and companies will profit better.

Public Transit Itinerary Choice Analysis Considering Various Incentives

Previous research on public transport user preferences has primarily focused on mode choice, transfer penalties, and preferences related to service qualities. Individuals are generally found to not like waiting, transfers, or overcrowding. However, from an operation perspective, it could be important to convince users to change to a different itinerary to reduce overcrowding, which can cause problems such as bunching. This would most likely require convincing the user to voluntarily accept a longer wait or to take a different route potentially with a transfer. One means of doing so might be through incentives or offering a shared taxi. Incentivizing transit users to switch to a less-crowded itinerary, which could potentially be a way to manage bus overcrowding, is not well-studied. Through a discrete choice experiment, this study thus filled this research gap by testing people’s willingness to change routes or to take a shared taxi in exchange for one of three distinct types of incentives. A mixed binary logit model and a mixed nested logit model were used to investigate how different factors influence public transit user itinerary choice behavior. The results suggested that some people would be willing to change to the proposed alternative. Heterogeneity within the responses was seen as transit users were found to have distinct preferences for different incentives, and the value of the incentives influenced users differently. Our models and results could be helpful for public transit agencies to improve efficiency and reduce costs by better balancing the travel demand.

“Coopetition” in the presence of team and individual incentives: Evidence from the advice network of a sales organization

Team and individual incentives are ubiquitous in sales, but little is known about their impact on collaboration when they are applied simultaneously. The presence of both types of incentives creates a “coopetitive” environment, where forces of collaboration and competition coexist. We examine how such environments impact the likelihood (Study 1) and the effectiveness (Study 2) of collaboration in the form of advice exchange. Exponential random graph modeling (ERGM) of network data of 540 salespeople reveals that individual incentives promote advice seeking but discourage advice giving, and team incentives stimulate advice giving but reduce advice seeking (Study 1). We also find that the effectiveness of advice depends on advice givers (Study 2). In particular, when advice givers have diverse team incentives, the advice is more effective and the need for additional advice is reduced, but when advice givers have diverse individual incentives, the advice is less effective and additional advice helps.

ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TAX INCENTIVES AND THEIR IMPACT ON STIMULATING ECONOMIC GROWTH

The article examines the effectiveness of tax incentives and their impact on economic growth. Also, the impact of tax credits on investment, employment and innovation, the effectiveness of tax credits in different sectors and types of incentives, and the impact of tax rates, administrative complexity, and taxpayer behavior on the effectiveness of tax credits were studied.

The Impact of Monetary Incentives on COVID-19 Vaccination Rates in the US

Despite the usage of prizes, gift cards, and cash to incentivize COVID-19 vaccinations across US states during the COVID-19 pandemic, research on the impact of monetary incentives on vaccine behavioral decisions is conflicting and limited. There is little to no existing literature on whether public health driven financial incentives increase COVID-19 vaccine intake even though this approach has been adapted by state public health departments in varying degrees. This research investigates if there is significant association between state monetary incentives and COVID-19 vaccination status. Upon establishing strong correlation between monetary incentives and COVID-19 vaccination status using statistical methods and analysis, a linear regression model was developed to evaluate which types of monetary incentives were most effective in increasing statewide vaccination status. With the plethora of pandemic health data instigated from scientific and governmental learnings, big data and computational tools hold the key to crafting evidence-based public health infrastructure that will fully prepare future generations for tackling the next unforeseen health crisis.

Livelihood investments as incentives for community forestry in Africa

This study examines community incentives to participate in donor-sponsored community forestry initiatives using the case of a multi-year biodiversity conservation and sustainable livelihood project in West Africa sponsored by the U.S. Agency for International Development. In this project, communities established community forests and prohibited most extractive uses to promote forest biodiversity conservation, receiving livelihood and water infrastructure investments in return. I assess whether livelihood investments are an effective incentive-based conservation strategy for community forestry initiatives, and in what context; and, once external project support ends, whether community forestry based on this incentive strategy persists. I examined community forestry in 27 communities across three study areas in Guinea and Sierra Leone between 2012 and 2015, when the project ended, and conducted a follow-up assessment in 2018 to see whether community forestry persisted post-project. I found that, despite mixed benefits from livelihood activities, livelihood investments were effective incentives for community forestry during the project’s lifetime. Most successful were Village Savings and Loan Associations and tree nurseries and plantations (coffee, cacao, oil palm, rubber), both of which provided tangible economic benefits to participating households. Intrinsic incentives associated with the ecosystem services community forests provide were also important. All but one community forest persisted 2.5 years post-project, though management byelaws had informally changed in many community forests to allow more extractive uses. These changes were least evident in the study area where benefits from livelihood investments were greatest and endured. This study demonstrates that livelihood investments can be effective in-kind incentives for community forestry in Africa, whether as central or ancillary incentives, but more effort is needed to design livelihood investments that deliver their expected benefits. Context also matters; there is a need to better understand the relationship between incentive types, community forestry model, and the social-ecological conditions in which community forestry occurs.

Incentive structures and their impact on the economic viability of academic and research institutions: a case-based methodological investigation

In the rapidly globalizing world characterized by increasing competitiveness in the academic and research sectors, the influence of incentive structures on the economic viability of institutions has gained prominence. This article proposes a comprehensive case-based methodological investigation to examine how various incentive mechanisms affect the economic standing of academic and research institutions in Kazakhstan. Drawing from the interdisciplinary fields of economics, management science, and sociology, we aim to delineate the causal linkages between incentive structures and institutional economics. The economic viability of academic and research institutions is increasingly subjected to scrutiny in contemporary discussions surrounding higher education and research funding paradigms. In a symbiotic relationship, incentive structures act as critical levers that can either augment or constrain the economic viability of these institutions. This interdisciplinary research article embarks on an empirical journey to explore the interconnections between incentive structures and economic outcomes within the academic and research institutions in Kazakhstan. The study employs a case-based methodological framework, focusing on both quantitative and qualitative data gathered from a representative sampling of institutions. Grounded in Institutional Economics, Transaction Cost Economics, and Social Capital Theory, the investigation seeks to dissect the underlying mechanisms that condition the efficacy of various types of incentives - monetary, social, and reputational - on the financial stability, operational efficiency, and overall economic performance of these institutions. The article aims to contribute to the extant literature by filling the current empirical void and providing actionable insights for policymakers, institutional administrators, and the academic community at large. The findings have far-reaching implications not only for Kazakhstan but also for similar emerging economies grappling with the challenges of fostering economically viable and globally competitive academic and research institutions.

事業参加前に運動を行っていない地域住民が選好する金銭的インセンティブの種類 -インセンティブ付き健康づくり事業を実施する6自治体での検証-

This study collected the questionnaire from the new participants who are middle-aged and elderly people in project of incentives led by local governments. This study focuses on the exercise group and non-exercise groups proportion of pefered incentives and the correlation of perfered incentives in these two groups. This study analyzed 9,590 middle-aged and elderly people who participated in a health promotion project with incentives and answered a questionnaire during the period of participation. The incentives were included 4 types: (1.) regional gift cards; (2.) national gift cards; (3.) rewards points that could be used at department stores and convenience stores nationwide, and (4.) donations. The result shows that both non-exercise and exercise groups preferred financial incentives over non-financial incentives. By type of monetary incentive, non-exercise group were more likely to prefer national gift certificates 1.39 times (OR: 1.39, 95%CI: 1.03-1.89); significantly more likely to prefer rewards point 1.44 times (OR: 1.44, 95%CI: 1.07-1.95) over non-monetary incentives compared to exercise group. Among the middle-aged and elderly people who participated in a health promotion program with incentives, the majority of two groups showed the preference that financial incentives over nonfinancial incentives. Comparing monetary incentives, both groups preferred local gift certificates than national gift certificates and rewards point.

Reward system and job satisfaction among employees in the hotel industry in the Sultanate of Oman

Purpose- The study's aim is to determine the intrinsic rewards that Omani hotels use to inspire their employees and to analyse the extrinsic rewards that Omani hotels use to motivate their employees. The study also intends to investigate the association between incentive types and job satisfaction among hotel employees in Oman. Methodology- The study employed a descriptive research design. The study's population was comprised of employees from five different four-star hotels in Oman. A systematic questionnaire was created and distributed to all participants. Rewards (both intrinsic and extrinsic) served as the study's independent variable, and job satisfaction served as the study's dependent variable. The data was gathered on a five-point scale and interpreted using averages, percentages, and correction analyses. Findings- The study noticed that the intrinsic rewards employed by hotels in Oman included recognition and appreciation, an excellent working partnership with the manager, management trust and belief, training and professional development, and work freedom and autonomy. On the other hand, extrinsic rewards are used by hotels in Oman, such as praise and appreciation for a job well done, excellent working environments, attractive salaries, annual bonuses, and insurance for me and my family. Spearman's coefficient of 0.885 indicated a positive and significant relationship between intrinsic rewards and work satisfaction among Oman hotel employees. Similarly, a Spearman's coefficient of 0.899 demonstrated a very strong positive and significant association between extrinsic rewards and work satisfaction among Oman hotel employees. Conclusion- The findings suggest that the level of employee job satisfaction in the organisation is reliant on rewards. Keywords: Extrinsic rewards, intrinsic rewards, hotel employees, job satisfaction. JEL Codes: M12, M52, N35

Age Differences in Motivated Cognition: AMeta-Analysis.

The goal of this preregistered study was to synthesize empirical findings on age differences in motivated cognition using a meta-analytic approach, with a focus on the domains of cognitive control and episodic memory. A systematic search of articles published before July 2022 yielded 27 studies of cognitive control (N = 1,908) and 73 studies of memory (N = 5,837). Studies had to include healthy younger and older adults, a within-subjects or between-subjects comparison of motivation (high vs low), and a measure of cognitive control or memory. The Age × Motivation effect size was meta-analyzed using random-effects models, and moderators were examined using meta-regressions and subgroup analyses. Overall, the Age × Motivation interaction was not significant in either cognitive domain, but the effect sizes in both domains were significantly heterogeneous, indicating a possible role of moderating factors in accounting for effect size differences. Moderator analyses revealed significant moderation by incentive type for episodic memory, but not for cognitive control. Older adults' memory was more sensitive to socioemotional rewards, whereas younger adults' memory was more sensitive to financial gains. Findings are discussed with reference to the dopamine hypothesis of cognitive aging and to life-span theories of motivational orientation. None of these theories is fully supported by the meta-analysis findings, highlighting the need for an integration of neurobiological, cognitive process, and life-span-motivational perspectives.

What motivates adults to accept influenza vaccine? An assessment of incentives, ease of access, messaging, and sources of information using a discrete choice experiment

Seasonal influenza vaccination rates remain low, and contribute to preventable influenza cases, hospitalizations, and deaths in the US. While numerous interventions have been implemented to increase vaccine uptake, there is a need to determine which interventions contribute most to vaccine willingness, particularly among age groups with vaccination rates that have plateaued at suboptimal levels. This study aimed to quantify the relative effect of multiple interventions on vaccine willingness to receive influenza vaccine in three age groups using a series of hypothetical situations with different behavioral interventions.We assessed the relative impact of four categories of interventions: source of vaccine messages, type of vaccination messages, vaccination incentives, and ease of vaccine access using a discrete choice experiment. Within each category, we investigated the role of four different attributes to measure their relative contribution to willingness to be vaccinated by removing one option from each of the intervention categories. Among the 1,763 Minnesota residents who volunteered for our study, participants expressed vaccine willingness in over 80% of the scenarios presented. Easy access to drop-in vaccination sites had the greatest impact on vaccine willingness in all age groups. Among the younger age group, small financial incentives also contributed to high vaccine willingness.Our results suggest that public health programs and vaccination campaigns may improve their chances of successfully increasing vaccine willingness if they offer interventions preferred by adults, including facilitating convenient access to vaccination and offering small monetary incentives, particularly for young adults.

The interactive effect of external rewards and self-determined choice on memory.

Both external motivational incentives (e.g., monetary reward) and internal motivational incentives (e.g., self-determined choice) have been found to promote memory, but much less is known about how these two types of incentives interact with each other to affect memory. The current study (N = 108) examined how performance-dependent monetary rewards affected the role of self-determined choice in memory performance, also known as the choice effect. Using a modified and better controlled version of the choice paradigm and manipulating levels of reward, we demonstrated an interactive effect between monetary reward and self-determined choice on 1-day delayed memory performance. Specifically, the choice effect on memory decreased when we introduced the performance-dependent external rewards. These results are discussed in terms of understanding how external and internal motivators interact to impact learning and memory.

Energy Efficiency and Economic Policy: Comprehensive Theoretical, Empirical, and Policy Review

In this paper, we analyze the role of economic policy in prompting energy efficiency. This study reviews three aspects, theoretical, empirical, and existing policies to evaluate the relationship of energy efficiency and economic policy. This study furthermore identifies the existing issues from a policy perspective in energy efficiency. Although not all public policies may be justified, it suggests that these types of financial incentives, particularly those based on economic instruments, can play a crucial role in advancing energy efficiency. Additionally, this study identifies existing issues in energy efficiency target achievement and proposes solutions based on the literature review. Finally, it provides possible future research pathways from the aspect of economic policy tools in energy efficiency.