In-situ Polymerization Research Articles

Optimizing Eriochrome Black T adsorption through In-Situ polymerization of Poly(aniline-co-formaldehyde) on biochar: Multivariate approach using full factorial Design, Box-Behnken, Artificial intelligence, and DFT

Over the past few years, using organic–inorganic composites in wastewater treatment through adsorption has become increasingly widespread. The combination of activated carbon and polyaniline (AC@PANI) has garnered significant interest in these composites. This study introduces a novel type of coating known as poly(aniline-co-formaldehyde) (PAF), which is classified as a copolymer and exhibits crosslinking properties. Compared to polyaniline, PAF forms a three-dimensional network structure, a rapid process for the synthesis of AC@PAF. Moreover, PAF demonstrates a notable enhancement in adsorption capacity for the anionic Eriochrome Black T (EBT) dye. In this study, we coated activated carbon, previously activated using H3PO4 (ACNgG-P), with PANI and PAF. Our findings reveal that the PAF coating exhibits an exceptional adsorption capacity of 700.01 mg/g for EBT, surpassing ACNgG-P and ACNgG-P@PANI.Furthermore, the adsorption of EBT onto the surface of ACNgG-P@PAF was optimized and modeled using artificial intelligence (AI), specifically an artificial neural network (ANN). The ANN was employed to predict and maximize adsorption by analyzing the complex relationships between various parameters. Finally, the Density Functional Theory calculations were used to elucidate the adsorption mechanism by identifying the active sites on the surface of ACNgG-P@PAF and analyzing the molecular structure of EBT.

Road Performance and Self-Healing Property of Bituminous Mixture Containing Urea-Formaldehyde Microcapsules.

Urea-formaldehyde (UF) is a common shell material for self-healing microcapsules; however, the influence of urea-formaldehyde microcapsules (UFMs) on the road performance of bituminous mixtures and the sensitivity of their healing abilities remains unclear. In this paper, UFMs were prepared via in situ polymerization (ISP), followed by an investigation into the road performance of UFM self-healing bituminous mixtures through various tests, including wheel tracking, immersed Marshall, freeze-thaw splitting, low-temperature bending, and three-point bending fatigue tests. Subsequently, the impact of the damage degree, healing duration, and temperature on the self-healing property was discussed. The results indicated that incorporating 3 wt% UFMs into bitumen significantly improved the high-temperature stability and fatigue resistance of the bituminous mixture; for example, its dynamic stability and fatigue life could be increased by about 16.5% and 10%, respectively. However, it diminished the thermal crack resistance, as evidenced by decreases in bending tensile strength and strain by 3.7% and 10.1%, respectively. And it did not markedly improve the moisture susceptibility. Additionally, the maximum improvement observed in the healing rate was about 9%. Furthermore, the healing duration and temperature positively influenced the bituminous mixture's self-healing, whereas the degree of damage exerted a negative impact, with a relatively significant effect.

Construction of a High-Performance Composite Solid Electrolyte Through In-Situ Polymerization within a Self-Supported Porous Garnet Framework

HighlightsA scalable tape-casting method produces self-supported porous Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12.Combining the in-situ polymerization approach, a composite solid electrolyte with superior electrochemical properties is fabricated.Solid-state Li|CSE|LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cells show remarkable cyclability and rate capability.LiF-and B-rich interphase layers mitigate interfacial reactions, enhancing solid-state battery performance.

A Self-Floating Robust Polyaniline-Wood Composite Fabricated by One-Step In-Situ Polymerization for High-Performance Solar Steam Generation

Abstract Owing to their cost-effectiveness and renewability, wood-based solar steam generators (WSSG) have gained prominence in the field of desalination and water purification. However, conventional bi-layered WSSG is limited by the high energy consumption of fabrication and low strength of the bonding interface, which makes them unsuitable for long-term applications. Here, a unique bi-layered structural composite with polyaniline (PANI) nanorods uniformly incorporated into a 3D mesoporous matrix of natural wood was fabricated via a one-step in-situ polymerization strategy. The PANI decorated wood (PANI-wood) shows ultrahigh sunlight absorptance (∼98.9%) over a broad wavelength range (200–2500 nm) due to the conjugation of coralloid PANI nanorods and wood. Moreover, numerous aligned wood microchannels enable constant and rapid water transport at the air-water interface under the pressure of capillary forces. The highly stable PANI-wood composite shows high potential as an ideal solar steam generator with a high evaporation rate of 1.62 kg m2 h−1, which is significantly higher than those of other previously reported wood-based bi-layered composites. Moreover, PANI-wood exhibits long-term floating and is chemically stable, making it a potential candidate for low-energy photothermal interfacial sewage purification.

Effect of Protein Repellent Addition to Self-Healing Experimental Resin Composite on Microcosm Biofilm and Cytotoxicity

Purpose: To investigate the effect of addition of MPC protein repellent agent to selfhealingexperimental resin composite on the self-healing efficacy, microcosm biofilmand the cytoxicity. Material and Methods: Polyurea formaldehyde microcapsuleswere synthesized by Insitu Polymerization Technique. MPC and the microcapsules areadded to the prepared experimental resin composite with different MPC concentrations.Protein repellence essay was examined by the Micro bicinchoninic Acid method.Biofilm models formed of streptococcus mutans growth was prepared and visualized byconfocal laser electron microscope to investigate the live \ dead assay over the studiedspecimens. The cytotoxicity of the specimens was examined via SRB assay. Fracturetoughness was examined using universal testing machine till fracture. Self-healingefficacy is evaluated. Results: In protein deposition, it was found that the 0%MPChas the highest value while the least value was found in the 10% group. In live/dead bacterial assay, it was found that the 0%MPC has the highest living bacterialvalue and the lowest dead bacterial value while the 7.5% group has the lowest livingbacterial value and the highest dead bacterial value. In the mechanical evaluation,the virgin fracture toughness, the highest facture toughness was found in the controlspecimens while the least fracture toughness was found in 10% group, the selfhealingefficacy results showed that the highest self-healing value was found in the0%MPC while the least self-healing efficacy value was found in the control group.Conclusion: Innovative self-healing composite with protein repellence give rise fora great variety of dental biomaterials with more promising results and long clinicalserviceability

Effect of Protein Repellent Addition to Self-Healing Experimental Resin Composite on Microcosm Biofilm and Cytotoxicity

Purpose: To investigate the effect of addition of MPC protein repellent agent to selfhealingexperimental resin composite on the self-healing efficacy, microcosm biofilmand the cytoxicity. Material and Methods: Polyurea formaldehyde microcapsuleswere synthesized by Insitu Polymerization Technique. MPC and the microcapsules areadded to the prepared experimental resin composite with different MPC concentrations.Protein repellence essay was examined by the Micro bicinchoninic Acid method.Biofilm models formed of streptococcus mutans growth was prepared and visualized byconfocal laser electron microscope to investigate the live \ dead assay over the studiedspecimens. The cytotoxicity of the specimens was examined via SRB assay. Fracturetoughness was examined using universal testing machine till fracture. Self-healingefficacy is evaluated. Results: In protein deposition, it was found that the 0%MPChas the highest value while the least value was found in the 10% group. In live/dead bacterial assay, it was found that the 0%MPC has the highest living bacterialvalue and the lowest dead bacterial value while the 7.5% group has the lowest livingbacterial value and the highest dead bacterial value. In the mechanical evaluation,the virgin fracture toughness, the highest facture toughness was found in the controlspecimens while the least fracture toughness was found in 10% group, the selfhealingefficacy results showed that the highest self-healing value was found in the0%MPC while the least self-healing efficacy value was found in the control group.Conclusion: Innovative self-healing composite with protein repellence give rise fora great variety of dental biomaterials with more promising results and long clinicalserviceability

SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION, AND INVESTIGATION OF ELECTRICAL, MAGNETIC, SENSOR, AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYANILINE/ZINC DIOXIDE NANOCOMPOSITES

Polyaniline/Nanocomposites were synthesized by the In-Situ Polymerization method. Characterization techniques are used to study the Crystalline nature, Particle size with X-Ray Diffraction, and Chemical composition and bonding by FTIR. Electrical properties were studied by using Keithley 6514 meter to know the conductivity of Polyaniline and Polyaniline / ZnO nanocomposites with respective the frequency Increase in Electrical conductivity found due to the addition of ZnO Particle, Magnetic properties were studied to know the behavior of samples like para magnetic, Ferromagnetic or diamagnetic nature obtained results are discussed. Mechanical properties were investigated to study the stress V/S strain and the results are discussed below

In-Situ Polymerization of Maleic Acid in Presence of Aloe vera Gel for Development of Eco-Friendly Eri Silk-based Handlooms

In this study, eri silk-based handloom fabrics were finished with Aloe vera gel employing maleic acid as a cross-linking agent using a pad-dry-cure method. Water-soluble Aloe vera gel of varying concentrations of 5 to 15% (w/v) was also used in the finishing bath for imparting antibacterial property to the finished fabric along with the anti-crease properties. Assessment of changes in the properties of finished fabric shows substantial improvement in wrinkle recovery of the finished silk fabric achieved at the expense of strength and flexibility at moderate levels. Changes in the chemical nature of silk fabric on such modifications have been studied by infrared (IR) spectroscopy and reported also in this research article. The study proposes a thermal curing system that is conducive to in-situ polymerization of maleic acid in presence of Aloe vera for the development of eco-friendly eri silk-based handlooms with antibacterial and anti-crease properties, without a significant loss in strength. The antimicrobial property appears to remain significant even when the fabric is subjected to wash up to 10 wash cycles.

Effect of dispersion methods on the performance of novel rigid copolymer polyurethane nanocomposites based on graphene nanofillers

ABSTRACT The Rigid Copolymer Polyurethanes (RCPUs) as nanocomposites were synthesized by in-situ polymerization (ISP), melt compounding (MC), and solution mixing (SM) with wide range of weight ratios of graphite nanoplatelets (GNP). The blending process was utilized to obtain well- dispersed of GNP and thus strong interaction, leading to an effective performance of the RCPU/GNP nanocomposites. The structure of RCPU/GNP nanocomposites was studied using FTIR test. The thermal stability of RCPU nanocomposites was seen by TGA analysis, showing an increase with addition of GNP nanofillers. Rheology analysis revealed network formation with well-dispersed GNP regarding different dispersion approaches. Thermal and electrical tests were also conducted, approving that dispersion and interaction of GNP can play a crucial role for enhancing the thermal and electrical properties. Such a significant improvement in RCPU matrix performance could lead to the use of this material for different application.

In-Situ polymerization of PEDOT in perovskite Thin films for efficient and stable photovoltaics

Solution-processed polycrystalline perovskite films have detrimental defects in the bulk and surfaces/grain boundaries, especially the uncoordinated lead ions (Pb2+) with low formation energy, limiting both the performance and stability of the photovoltaic devices. In this work, a conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is incorporated into a bulk perovskite film by a facile in-situ polymerization method, where 5-bromo-2,3-dihydro-thieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxine (BEDOT) as monomer is directly added to a perovskite precursor solution and then in-situ polymerized within the perovskite film during the film formation. The PEDOT is chemically anchored at the surface and grain boundaries of the perovskite film via interaction of sulfur and oxygen atoms in PEDOT with uncoordinated lead ions in the perovskite, passivating the surface and bulk defects and also improving the charge extraction efficiency in the solar cell. Moreover, robust and hydrophobic properties of PEDOT can enhance the thermal and moisture resistance of the perovskite film. As a result, a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.58% is achieved, along with significantly enhanced environmental, thermal, and light-soaking stability.

Preparation of PANI Modified ZnO Composites via Different Methods: Structural, Morphological and Photocatalytic Properties

Polyaniline modified zinc oxide (PANI-ZnO) photocatalyst composites were synthesized by focusing on dissolution disadvantage of ZnO. In-Situ chemical oxidation polymerization method was performed under neutral conditions (PANI-ES) whereas in hybridization method physical blending was applied using emeraldine base of polyaniline (PANI-EB). PANI-ZnO composites were prepared in various ratios of aniline (ANI) to ZnO as 1%, 3%, 6% and 9%. The alterations on the structural and morphological properties of PANI-ZnO composites were compared by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), Raman Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis Unit (SEM-EDAX) techniques. FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of PANI in all composites. SEM images revealed the morphological differences of PANI-ZnO composites based on PANI presence and preparation methods. Photocatalytic performances of PANI-ZnO specimens were investigated by following the degradation of methylene blue (MB) in aqueous medium under UVA irradiation. The effects of catalyst dose and initial dye concentration were also studied. MB degradation was followed by both decolorization extents and removal of aromatic fractions. PANI-ZnO composites expressed enhanced photocatalytic performance (~95% for both methods) as compared to sole ZnO (~87%). The hybridization method was found to be more efficient than the In-Situ chemical oxidation polymerization method emphasizing the significance of the neutral medium.

In-Situ Photo-Dissociation and Polymerization of Carbon Disulfide with Vacuum Ultraviolet Microplasma Flat Lamp for Organic Thin Films

Vacuum UV (VUV) photo-dissociation for a liquid phase organic compound, carbon disulfide (CS2), has been investigated. 172 nm (7.2 eV) VUV photons from Xe2* excimers in a microcavity plasma lamp irradiated free-standing liquid droplets on Si substrate in each a nitrogen environment and an atmospheric air environment. Selective and rapid dissociation of CS2 into C-C, C-S or C-O-S based fragments was observed in the different gas environments during the reaction. Thin-layered polymeric microdeposites have been identified by characterization with a Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). This novel photo-process from the flat VUV microplasma lamp introduces another pathway of low-temperature organic (or synthetic) conversion for large area deposition. The in-situ, selective conversion of various organic precursors can be potentially used in optoelectronics and nanotechnology applications.

A technique engineered for improving thermal conductive properties of polyamide-6 composites via hydroxylated boron nitride masterbatch-based melt blending

Thermal conductive and electrical insulating polymer composites are showing tremendous potential for modern electrical systems and electronic devices. Melt blending has been utilized as an effective technique to prepare thermal interface materials. However, during the process of melt-blending, strong π-π stacking and particle aggregation may be caused by thermal heating and local mechanical stress. Herein, ISP-PA6/BNNSs-OH (ISP-PN) composite has been fabricated by a masterbatch obtained via in-situ polymerization (ISP) and melt blending with polyamide-6 (PA6), with the incorporation of hydroxylated boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs-OH). At the filler loading of 10 wt%, the through-plane thermal conductivity (TC) and Young's modulus of ISP-PN composites are respectively increased by 163% and 118%, compared to that of the neat PA6 resin. Prevailing over the matrix, the ISP-PN composites own volume electrical resistivity of ~5.11 × 1019 Ω cm. Meanwhile, the TC and mechanical properties of ISP-PN composites are 21.4% and 28.0% higher than the composites obtained by direct melt blending. The improved properties are attributed to the pre-disperse of filler through the masterbatch method. The PA6 chains were immobilized onto the BNNSs-OH by the condensation reaction, resulting in a sort of “chain-extender” and preventing the filler from re-aggregating during the process of melt-blending. This study pioneers a simple and versatile path to melt blending of thermally conductive polymer composites with good mechanical and electrical insulation properties in high-performance thermal management systems.

Synthesis and Characterization of SiC@SiO2/BN/PI Composites by in-situ Polymerization

Synthesis and Characterization of SiC@SiO₂/BN/PI Composites by<i> in-situ</i> Polymerization

Effect of Nanoparticles Concentration on Thermal, Magnetic and Electrical Properties of Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 based Polyaniline Nanocomposites by In-Situ Polymerisation

Polyaniline– Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nanocomposites were prepared via in-situ polymerization of aniline using Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles varying their percentage in aniline from 0% to 100% (w/w). These nanocomposites have been characterized by XRD, FTIR, high-resolution TEM, room temperature VSM and TGA. TEM images suggests that the nanoparticles are rooted in the polyaniline matrix and chain like structure of the composites for higher polyaniline concentration. It is revealed that magnetic and thermal properties of these nanocomposites increases with increase in nanoparticles content. The synergetic effect of super paramagnetic nickel zinc ferrite can make polyaniline nanocomposites magneto-responsive The effect of loading of nanoparticles on AC conductivity and impedance in the frequency range of 100 Hz to 100 MHz and DC conductivity were thoroughly studied. The conductivity of nanocomposites was found to be improved than pure polyaniline up to 10% loading. The investigations revealed that magnetic and electronic properties of nanocomposites can be tailored by Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 content.

Microencapsulation and Surface Functionalization of Ammonium Polyphosphate via In-Situ Polymerization and Thiol–Ene Photograted Reaction for Application in Flame-Retardant Natural Rubber

A novel type of microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MAPP) with a triallyl cyanurate (TAC)/SiO2 double-layered shell was synthesized through in-situ polymerization, followed by the thiol–ene photograted reaction. With a double bond in the TAC outer shell, MAPP could be utilized as a highly efficient flame retardant for intumescent flame-retarded natural rubber (NR). The chemical structure, morphology, and performance of MAPP were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, water contact angle (WCA), scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. MAPP exhibited a hydrophobic feature with a WCA of 101° because of its organic outer shell, which made MAPP well dispersed in the NR matrix as well as enhanced the compatibility between the MAPP and NR matrix. The resulting intumescent flame-retardant NR compounds not only achieved excellent flame-retardant performance but also obtain improved mechanical properties because of the presence of 3D-cr...

The reactive compatibilized effect of SMA for immiscible APA6/PS blends via in-Situ polymerization

Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA)-g-APA6 copolymer was firstly synthesized by free radical polymerization of styrene and followed by anionic polymerization of ε-caprolactam. The polyamide 6 (APA6)/polystyrene (PS) blends were successfully prepared via anion polymerization. Among in, SMA was acted as both compatibilizer and macromolecular activator. A series of APA6/PS blends with different SMA addition amounts were synthesized to study the effect of SMA on crystallinity, morphology, water resistance, thermal stability and mechanical properties using X-ray diffraction analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy analysis, contact angle measurement, water absorption measurement, molau test, thermogravimetric analysis, stretching and impact test. Correlational analysis proved that the obtained SMA-g-APA6 copolymer has good dispersion with PS. In addition, APA6/PS blends possess good mechanical properties, thermostability and hydrophobic property.

CdS/PVA In-Situ Polymerization Composite Films with Enhanced Structural, Optics, Limiting Effect and Electrical Properties

Cadmium sulfide doped Poly(vinyl alcohol) (CdS/PVA) polymeric films have synthesized by using in-situ polymerization technique and ultrasonic approach at the various molar weight of CdS. Subsequently, CdS/PVA polymeric films have been prepared with the objective of studying the effect of CdS nanoparticles on structural, optical and dielectric properties of PVA matrix films. XRD analysis was used to investigate the structural changes of CdS/PVA polymeric films. XRD study evidently shows a cubic crystal structure for CdS powder with the lattice constants a = 5.818 A and the space group F-43m. All polymeric films revealed the appearance of smaller new peaks related to the presence of CdS into PVA matrix. The dependence of optical properties was investigated by using UV–vis spectroscopy. The estimated band gaps energies revealed a redshift that confirms the active region in solar cell devices. The optical limiting effect showed a completely UV–Vis blocking of the synthesized polymeric films at the high molar of CdS contents. Dielectric properties were measured by using high-frequency LCR meter (4200-SCS) and were found to be strongly dependent on frequency and molar of CdS concentration. Dielectric permittivities were strongly influenced by the applied angular frequency and the real parts were decreased with increasing the molar CdS concentration. AC conductivity increased with angular frequency and decreased with increase in molar weight of CdS content. The results revealed that all synthesized materials are potentially suitable for optics technology devices.

Synthesis and Characterization of Chromium-Based Catalysts for Ethylene-1-hexene Copolymers Preparation via In-Situ Polymerization of Ethylene

The tandem catalysis system including the trimerization catalyst of CrCl3/SNS (SNS = bis-(2-pentylsulfanyl-ethyl)-amine) (Cat 1) and the copolymerization catalyst Cat 2 of Cr/SiO2 (Grace 643) has been prepared and used to the synthesis of branched polyethylene. The optimum polymerization conditions were found to be as follows: chromium concentration 0.2 wt %, ethylene pressure 23 bar, solvent hexane, polymerization temperature 90°C, co-catalyst triethylaluminum. The optimally prepared polyethylene was characterized thermally and morphologically. Appearance of α and γ hydrogens in ethylene-1-hexene copolymer confirms the presence of branches in polyethylene backbone.

Wood Property Improvement of Siberian Pine by Combination of Boric Acid Impregnation and In-Situ Polymerization of Ԑ-Caprolactone

Wood is an excellent engineering material with its light weight and high mechanical properties. However, it is susceptible to biodegradation due to its hygroscopic nature and chemical composition that limits both its indoor and outdoor usage. Boron compounds which are known as eco-friendly wood preservatives have limited utility at outdoor conditions since they are easily leached out from wood by water. The aim of this study is to prevent boron leaching by creating a polymer network that encapsulates boron compound inside the wood cell walls, thus decay resistance, dimensional stability and water repellence are improved. In the study, Siberian pine samples were impregnated with 1% boric acid in DMF(N,N-Dimethylformamide) and further e-caprolactone monomer (1% SnOct2 as initiator) mixture for further in-situ polymerization were carried out in the oven at 150°C for 3 hours. Prior to decay testing, leaching test was conducted in order to evaluate any loss in effectiveness in decay resistance against to C. puteana and C. versicolor attack due to possibility of boron leaching from wood. The results showed that leached samples had lower weight loss than unleached samples after C. puteana attack, however, the weight loss by C. versicolor attack increased in leached samples. Decay resistance of treated samples was found to be 7-99% in comparison with references. Boric acid and polymer combination increased dimensional stability (25% ASE), and water repellence (15%) of wood compared to references without deformation. This method showed that curing may be an alternative for wood modification with in-situ polycaprolactone polymerization in order to use hazardous solvent media for polymerization.