Improved Production Technologies Research Articles

Problems faced by sericulture farmers by adoption of improved production technology practices from Koppal district of Karnataka

The case study was conducted to know the adoption of improved sericulture production technologies and problems faced by farmers in Koppal district of Karnataka during the year 2016–17. The findings revealed that majority of the respondents (54.00%) belonged to medium adoption category with respect to sericulture production technologies. Whereas 34% of the respondents belonged to low adoption category and only 12% of the respondents belonged to high adoption category. The variables, namely, age, education, occupation, land holding, family annual income, farming experience in sericulture, mass media participation, extension participation, extension contact, scientific orientation and risk orientation were found important in influencing the adoption of mulberry sericulture production technologies by farmers. With regard to problems, the major problems faced by the farmers are lack of knowledge regarding control of pests and diseases like uzifly, ants, pebrine, white muscardine and yellow muscardine (100.00%), lack of marketing facility and fluctuation in price of cocoon (100.00%), lack of information about crossbred races of silkworm (94.00%), lack of information about concentration of the disinfectant (87.00%), lack of knowledge regarding controlling of pest and diseases (84.00%), lack of supply of disease free laying (DLFs) from govt. sources (84.00%), high cost of establishment at initial stage (80.00%), high incidence pest and disease like stem borer (78.00%), lack of knowledge about training and pruning of mulberry plant (70.00%) and inadequate training facilities (70.00%).

Role of millets in smallholder farming system for improved food and nutritional security under changing climate scenario

Millets are a major source of staple food for human, forage for the livestock, and industrial raw material. These are grown in semi-arid climate due to their ability to grow and complete their life cycle in less than 400mm rainfall. They have huge potential to enhance livelihood of the resource poor farmers in dryland and rainfed agriculture using location-specific improved production technology, trait-specific production, millets supply chain management, buyback arrangements, value-addition of millets, refinement and commercialization of technologies and entrepreneurship development, market development for domestic and export purposes, policy advocacy and creation of awareness, which needs to be implemented at grass-root level with diversified approach. Some issues related to millets are; low remuneration, low adoption of production technologies, biotic and abiotic stress, and lack of policy support unlike other cereals need to be addressed strategically. It requires synergy among technologies, marketing systems, input supplies, credit, policies and institutions to achieve the goal of enhancing farmers’ livelihood in resource-poor areas.

MENDORONG DAYA SAING INDUSTRI DI MADURA MELALUI PENDEKATAN KLASTER INDUSTRI

The development of industrial clusters is considered the most effective solution in the development of the local economy of a region. Industry cluster development means developing industry that is likely to have high competitiveness in domestic and global markets. The impact area has its own competitiveness against other regions. Developing industry in Madura necessary preparations. In addition to the selection of industrial areas suitable for Madura, there are four pillar industries (raw materials, human resources, technology, and capital) that need treatment in order to achieve the direction and purpose of building industry in Madura. Based on available resources Madura the agro-industry is the entrance and the main driver of industrialization Madura. Four districts should be able to integrate the strategic plan development and construction agropolitan integrated agribusiness system, then directed to build Madura industry based on: maritime, tourism and the creative economy. Cluster approach is not just a grouping of industries, but it also should include linking between the core industry with related industries, industry suppliers, supporting industries, and buyers, all of which are supported by the supporting institutions. Madura economy is expected to increase through the cluster approach in its potential industries. Four districts in Madura should focus on the prospective industries to improve product competitiveness. Increasing the competitiveness of industry in Madura can be carried out by(1) Improving the skills of human resources, (2) Improved production technology, (3) Development of product design and packaging design, (4) Promotion and improving market access.

Efecto de sustratos orgánicos en plantas de fresa (Fragaria sp.) cv ‘Albion’ bajo condiciones de campo

El cultivo de fresa es una de las opciones productivas para los agricultores, principalmente de los departamentos de Cundinamarca, Antioquia y Boyacá. La tendencia creciente hacia una agricultura cada vez más abierta al comercio mundial determina que las actividades agrícolas nacionales deben ser cada día más productivas y competitivas, esto soportado en nuevas y mejores tecnologías de producción. Dentro de estas, se cuenta el uso de diferentes sustratos con el fin de solucionar problemas como acidez, alta erosión o problemas de tipo fitosanitario que impiden la siembra de forma directa en el suelo. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior el objetivo de la investigación fue la evaluación de diferentes sustratos orgánicos en el crecimiento y desarrollo de plantas de fresa cv ‘Albion’, bajo condiciones de campo abierto. Para la evaluación se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con tres tratamientos siendo S1: suelo 50% + fibra de coco 50% (S:FC), S2: suelo 50% + fibra de coco 25% + cascarilla de arroz 25% (S:FC:CA) y S3: suelo 50% + cascarilla de arroz 50% (S:CA), cada uno conto con tres replicaciones. Las variables evaluadas fueron masa fresca y seca de raíz y parte aérea, área foliar, clorofilas totales, numero de frutos/planta y producción g/planta. El tratamiento (S1), mostró diferencias significativas según la prueba de Tukey (P≤0.05) en la mayoría de parámetros evaluados, esto lo convierte en una alternativa para la producción de fresa cv ‘Albión’ bajo las condiciones de estudio.

Productivity enhancement of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) through improved production technologies on farmer's field

Sowing time and variety are two important factors which influence crop performance including chickpea. A field experiment was conducted at KVK Chhatarpur Madhya Pradesh winter-sown season of 2007-08 and 2011-12 to find out effect of sowing dates and weed management on weed growth, yield attributes, yield and nutrient uptake by weeds and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under rainfed and irrigated conditions . Front line demonstrations were conducted on 92 farmers' field, to demonstrate production potential and economic benefit of improved technologies comprising wilt resistant varieties (JG 130, JG 11, JG 16 and JG 14), line sowing (40 × 10 cm), integrated nutrient management (20:60:40, NPK kg/ha). The seeds were treated with Trichoderma viride @ 4g/kg seed than inoculated with rhizobium and phosphate-solubilzing bacteria each @ 20 g/kg of seeds. Pre-emergence application of weedicide Pendimethalin @ 1 kg a.i /ha used for effective control of the weeds during rabi season of 2007-08 to 2011-12 in rainfed and irrigated condition .The improved technology recorded a mean yield of 16.00 q/ha which was 30.60% higher then that obtained with farmers' practice yield of 9.68 q/ha. The improved technologies resulted higher mean net income of Rupees 29 302/ha with a benefit cost ratio of 4.13 as compared to local practice (20 490/ha, 3.51). Irrespective of different sowing date of JG-11 chickpea variety, produced highest seed , no. of capsules/plan, no. of seeds/capsule and 100 seed weight(g) (18-22 October, 2008-09) as compared to other dates of sowing.

Influence of improved production technologies on productivity and economics of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in Nichabanadhi sub-basin of Tamil Nadu

Two hundred and fifteen on-farmdemonstrations on improved production technology (IPT) for sunflower were carried out in 175 hectares of farmer's fields in Sankarankovil, Vasudevanallur and Kuruvikulam blocks of Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu from 2009-10 to 2011-12. The results revealed that the adoption of improved production technology favorably influenced growth, yield and economics ofsunflower. Higher mean net returns of Rs. 34,818/ha with a benefit: cost ratio of 2.66 was obtained with improved production technologies in comparison to farmer's practice (mean net returns of Rs. 19,385/ha and benefit: cost ratio of 2.05). Adoption of IPT gained an additional net profit of Rs. 15,433/ha as compared to traditional method of sunflower cultivation.

Impact of improved production technology of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) on farm productivity and income in Western Maharashtra

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important leguminous oilseed crop grown in India occupies an area of 5.49 million ha. The groundnut grown in Western Maharashtra was selected forthe studywith the objectives to study the employment, income and expenditure pattern, effects ofimproved production technology on per hectare resource use structure, costs and returns, constraints in adoption of improved technologies, input use gap and yield gap. The study was carried out in 15 tahsils, 30 groundnut growers were selected randomly i.e., 10 from each of the category of small, mediumand large size farms. Thus, in all 450 groundnut growers (150 fromeach size group) were selected. The annual average employment of groundnut sample family was found to be 409.60 days. The total employment of a female worker of sample families was 90.33 days. The average annual gross income of the sample families at the overall level was ` 5,49,380. The crop production alone accounts near about half of the annual expenditure in all adoption groups. There exists an excessive gap (from 12 to 76%) in the use of manures. The gap in seed use was 32.79 per cent. The ICBR indicates that the high adopter farmers were in profit with 2.02. It clearly indicates that the farmers should adopt the improved technologies of groundnut to the fuller extent for maximizing returns and minimizing per unit cost. The yield gap was ranged between 68 to 88 and 43 to 78 per cent, respectively. The nine independent variables have jointly explained the 45 per cent variation in output for groundnut. The variables viz., human labour, phosphorus, plant protection and number of irrigation were highly significant indicating that these are the important variables for which the output is responsive.

Analysis of CO2 Emission Performance and Abatement Potential for Municipal Industrial Sectors in Jiangsu, China

As the main source of CO2 emissions in China, the industrial sector has faced pressure for reducing emissions. To achieve the target of 50% reduction of industrial carbon intensity by 2020 based on the 2005 level, it is urgent to formulate specific CO2 emission mitigation strategies in the provincial industrial sector. In order to provide decision-making support for the development and implementation of mitigation policy, our undesirable slack based measure (SBM) model is firstly applied to evaluate the industrial CO2 emission efficiency under total-factor frame (TFICEE) in 13 prefecture-level cities of Jiangsu Province, the largest CO2 emitter in China. Then, we analyze space-time distribution and distributional evolution tendency of TFICEE by using the GIS visualization method and kernel density estimation, respectively. Finally, we utilize the industrial abatement model to estimate the CO2 abatement potential of Jiangsu’s industrial sector. The empirical results show that there exists a significant spatial inequality of TFICEE across various regions in Jiangsu, but the regional disparity has been narrowing during our study period. Additionally, average annual industrial CO2 emission reductions in Jiangsu Province can attain 15,654.00 (ten thousand tons), accounting for 28.2% of its average annual actual emissions, which can be achieved by improving production technology, adjusting industrial structure and raising the level of industry concentration.

CULTIVATION OF ROSE (ROSA INDICA L.)

Rose, locally called Gulab-Jo-Gul (In Sindhi) belongs to family Rosaceae. Its botanicalname is Rosa indica L. in the order Rosales. Rosaceae is a larger plant family which have hundreds (100) of generas and over thousands of species which contains shrubs, herbs and trees etc. Rose is very much important plant from various aspects. It is widely used throughout the world including love movements, medical purposes, cosmetic uses, happy events, celebrations, welcome parties, ornamentallyas well as food tonic supplement, so, they have value but same time they are cultivated at small area in the country due to several reason. However they are climatically well adopted and tolerates adverse environmental conditions. Lack of improved production technology plus awareness about cultivation are major issues in every part of the globe. Unfortunately in agricultural research life, rose cultivation sector is most ignored around the world, less work and less promotion of its cultivation causing reduced availability. Therefore introduction of climatically well adopted production technology is essential which provides briefly guide to formers from scope of rose along with cultivation processes.Â

The Estimation of the Number of Underground Coal Miners and Normalization Collective Dose at Present in China.

Due to the improvement of production technology and the adjustment of energy structure, as well as the town-ownership and private-ownership coal mines (TPCM) were closed or merged by national policy, the number of underground miner has changed comparing with 2004 in China, so collective dose and normalization collective dose in different type of coal mine should be changed at the same time. In this paper, according to radiation exposure by different ventilation condition and the annual output, the coal mines in China are divided into three types, which are named as national key coal mines (NKCM), station-owned local coal mines (SLCM) andTPCM. The number of underground coal miner, collective dose and normalization collective dose are estimated at present base on surveying annual output and production efficiency of raw coal in 2005-2014. The typical total value of the underground coal miners recommended in China is 5.1 million in 2005-2009, and in which there are respectively included 1 million, 0.9 million and 3.2 million for NKCM, SLCM and TPCM. There are total of 4.7 million underground coal miner in 2010-2014, and the respectively number for NKCM, SLCM and TPCM are 1.4 million, 1.2 million and 2.1 million. The collective dose in 2005-2009 is 11 335 man·Sv·y-1, and in which there are respectively included 280, 495 and 10 560 man·Sv·y-1 for NKCM, SLCM and TPCM. As far as 2010-2014, there are total of 7982 man·Sv·y-1, and 392, 660 and 6930 man·Sv·y-1 for each type of coal mines. Therefore, the main contributor of collective dose is from TPCM. The normalization collective dose in 2005-2009 is 0.0025, 0.015 and 0.117 man·Sv per 10 kt for NKCM, SLCM and TPCM, respectively. As far as 2010-2014, there are 0.0018, 0.010 and 0.107 man·Sv per 10 kt for each type of coal mines. The trend of normalization collective dose is decreased year by year.

CURRENT APPROACHES TO UNIVERSAL VACCINE AGAINST INFLUENZA VIRUS

Influenza is a seasonal infectious disease widespread across the globe. In Russia the share of influenza and other acute respiratory viral infections account for up to 90% of all infectious diseases. Scientific and reasonable method of influenza prevention is vaccination. However, traditional current influenza vaccines can’t induce protection against various virus strains that differ substantially in terms of their antigenic structure, and thus require periodic updates to its immunogenic components. In addition, there is the risk of a pandemic caused by an entirely new antigen in relation to variants of influenza virus A. Attempts to improve on traditional approaches to vaccination have focused primarily on improving production technologies and to increase immunogenicity of vaccines. Therefore, the urgent task is the creation of vaccines able to induce immune response a broad spectrum against different influenza virus strains and human strains of avian influenza, also can cause disease in humans. Protective effect of universal vaccine should be the induction of integrated immune response, based on the formulation of cross-reactive antibodies and T cells. The development of such universal vaccine could remove the need for periodical strain composition update of existing vaccines and, accor dingly, will be able to give the vaccine manufacturer itself, production planning regardless of epidemic seasons. Currently, the most widely studied antigens as key components of flu vaccines are proteins M2 and NP as well as the hemagglutinin of influenza virus. This review summarizes and lists some data of domestic and foreign research on a universal influenza virus vaccine.

Evolution of the Automotive Body Coating Process—A Review

Automotive coatings and the processes used to coat automobile surfaces exemplify the avant-garde of technologies that are capable of producing durable surfaces, exceeding customers’ expectations of appearance, maximizing efficiency, and meeting environmental regulations. These accomplishments are rooted in 100 years of experience, trial-and-error approaches, technique and technology advancements, and theoretical assessments. Because of advancements directed at understanding the how, why, when, and where of automobile coatings, the progress in controlling droplets and their deposition attributes, and the development of new technologies and paint chemistries, a comprehensive and up-to-date review of automobile coatings and coating technologies was considered to be of value to industrial practitioners and researchers. Overall, the critical performance factors driving the development and use of advanced automotive coatings and coating technologies are (a) aesthetic characteristics; (b) corrosion protection; (c) mass production; (d) cost and environmental requirements; and (e) appearance and durability. Although the relative importance of each of these factors is debatable, the perfection of any one at the expense of another would be unacceptable. Hence, new developments in automotive coatings are described and discussed in the following review, and then related to improvements in production technologies and paints. Modern automotive coating procedures are also discussed in detail. Finally, an extrapolation into the future of automotive coating is offered with a view of the developments and technologies needed for an increasingly efficient and more sustainable coatings industry.

Prospects and challenges in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) production: A review

Linseed or flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is one of the most important industrial oilseed crops of India. It is grown either for the oil extracted from the seed or fibre from the stem. Every part of the linseed plant is utilized commercially either directly or after processing. Most of the oil is used in industry for the manufacture of paints, varnishes, inks and soaps and also used for edible purpose to a limited extent. The oil cake is a good feed for milch cattle and also used as manure. Linseed seed is widely used as a nutritive and functional ingredient in food products. Linseed in daily diet increases the level of a-linolenic acid (ALA) and omega-3 fatty acid which helps to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. AICRP on Linseed (ICAR) distributed in various agro-ecological situations in the country helped in introduction of new varieties adapted with appropriate production and protection technologies paved the way for introduction of the crop in different areas of the country and as component crop in cropping systems. It is possible to achieve higher yields and net monetary returns by adapting improved production technologies as demonstrated in FLDs conducted across the country. In this review, we have elucidated the production and protection technologies for improvement of linseed productivity in the country. The potential areas for future line of research are indicated for productivity improvement in linseed.

Effect of quaternary ammonium salts in the process of extracting oil filled rubber from latex

Currently, much attention is paid to the improvement of production technology of synthetic rubber. Much attention is given to rubber is produced by emulsion polymerization. This is due to the fact that rubbers produced by emulsion polymerization have a number of positive characteristics, and are widely used in the tire and rubber industry, in composite formulations for various purposes. In recent years, the technology of production of synthetic rubbers are widely used quaternary ammonium salts which are produced on an industrial scale. Application low and high molecular weight quaternary ammonium salts to reduce pollution of environ-mental protection, exclude the use of mineral salts without significant changes in the process flowsheet. It is found that quaternary ammonium salts react with the components of the emulsion system to form insoluble complexes, which are captured produced rubber crumb. However, Applications, quaternary salts in the manufacture of oil-filled rubber in the literature sources have not been given due attention. The study presents the results of research on the effect of the concentration of a coagulating agent, tempera tours and concentration of the dispersed phase in the process of coagulation of latex in the preparation of oil-filled rubber stamps SCS-30 ARKM-15. The concentration of the coagulating agent does not significantly affect the process of separation of the rubber from the latex. The process of isolation rubber latex is advantageously carried out at a reduced temperature. The concentration of the dispersed phase also provides material effect on the coagulation process. The lead researches mouthestablished that produced rubber, rubber compounds and vulcanizates based on these indicators correspond to their requirements.

The influence of cultivation conditions on biosynthetic ability of Eremothecium ashbyi Guillierm.

Despite the extremely poor riboflavin amount in the food for people and animals and its important role in the biochemical processes of metabolism, yet little attention is paid to the production of vitamin B 2 by biotechnological means. Therefore, the main aim is to study an impact of physical and chemical parameters of fermentation and various power sources of ascomycetes Eremotecium ashbyi to producing the desired product. The main biosynthetic indicators of E.ashbyi culture, which were defined in the fermentation process, are filamentous biomass and riboflavin. In this work an optimal pH values for the best accumulating biomass and riboflavin environment is defined and positive effects on increasing the intensity of mixing on yield of the desired product are shown. For biomass accumulation it is recommended to create a nutrient medium with pH 5,5-6,0 and use low mixing level. To maximize riboflavin biosynthesis is necessary pH 7,5 and intensive mixing. For the first time shows the rate of riboflavin synthesis by E.ashbyi strain depending on sources of carbon and nitrogen supply, which is especially important for the further improvement of production technology of riboflavin. The best results for riboflavin synthesis were shown to sorbitol, fructose, galactose and methionine, arginine, peptone. The most promising complex environment is unhopped beer wort.

Productivity enhancement of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik) through integrated crop management technologies

The frontline demonstrations were conducted on 45 farmer's fields in the five adopted villages of Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh during rabi seasons of 2010 to 2012 in rainfed condition on medium to heavy soil with medium fertility status under blackgram − lentil cropping system to study the productivity enhancement of lentil through improved production technologies. The results revealed that integrated crop management practices reduced the wilt disease incidence in lentil from 20.7 to 4.9 per cent (76.3 per cent), spray of systemic insecticide imidacloprid 17.8 SL reduced the aphid population from 17.0 to 7.6 per plant (55.2 per cent) in various years. The average 22- 27 pods per plant were obtained under improved technology over to farmer's practices (17-21). The seed yields of lentil under improved technology ranged between 5.02 to 10.5 q ha-1 with average yield of 8.63 q ha-1 which was 30.5 per cent higher over the farmer's practice (6.61 q ha-1). However, maximum average net returns (Rs.21666 ha-1) as well as benefit cost ratio (3.47) were recorded under improved technologies as compared to farmer's practice (Rs.15278 ha-1 and 2.96).

Productivity enhancement and popularization of improved production technologies in wheat through frontline demonstrations

Front line demonstrations (FLDs) on wheat were conducted on 150 farmers’ fields to demonstrate the impact of drought tolerant rainfed varieties (PBW 175 & PBW 644) and other improved practices techniques (supplemental irrigation and sowing with seed drill) on production and economic benefits in the kandi region of Punjab state during rabi seasons from 2011-12 to 2013-14 under rainfed situation. The improved production technologies recorded additional mean yield of 27.8 q/ha and 28.4 q/ha for rainfed varieties and other improved practices. The per cent average increase in yield of rainfed over local cultivars was 35.3, while 29.1 for other improved practices. The average extension gap, technology gap and technology index were 7.3 q/ha, 8.4 q/ha and 22.5 per cent, respectively in different varieties. FLDs recorded higher B:C ratio of 2.32 and 2.52 for rainfed varieties and other improved practices, respectively. The FLDs conducted on improved technologies during the present study resulted in enhancement of yield, net returns and also increased the knowledge of the farmers. Thus, productivity of wheat could be increased by adopting recommended improved management practices with a suitable high yielding variety under rainfed conditions. The present study resulted in convincing the farming community about potentialities of improved production management technologies of wheat in productivity enhancement and for further adoption by the farming community.

Technology, team production and incentives

Incentive reversal (IR) is when higher rewards induce some agents to reduce their effort (Winter 2009). We show that IR can hold for all agents when: there is an improvement in production technology; and rewards are based on team output. Whilst IR requires at least one worker’s marginal return to be decreasing in team productivity when agents invest simultaneously, this is not necessary with sequential investments. Rather, IR can occur with sequential investment when the marginal return of effort for all agents is increasing with improvements in technology.

Comparative study on improved production technology (IPT) and conventional method (CM) for productivity and profitability of farmers of Nichabanadhi sub basin of Tamil Nadu, India

Farming systems play a key role in maintaining the sustainability, productivity as well as provide better income in the farming community. The present study was carried out in Sankarankovil, Vasudevanallur and Kuruvikulam blocks of Tirunelveli district during 2007-08 to 2010-11 under Tamil Nadu – Irrigated Agriculture Modernization and Water Bodies Restoration and Management (TN-IAMWARM). These blocks are come under Nichabanadhi sub basin. The field demonstrations were carried out in 875 ha in these three blocks for various crop components <italic>viz</italic>, paddy, maize, sunflower, cotton, sugarcane and pulses. A total of 569 farmers were selected for field demonstration in improved production technologies (IPT) and conventional method (CM) for various crops viz., paddy, sugarcane, maize, sunflower, cotton and pulses. The results revealed that performance of all crops was better in IPT than CM. The average productivity and income of different crops were significantly higher under IPT as compared to CM. The IPT also gave higher net return and benefit:cost ratio to the farmers as compared to traditional farming. The overall result revealed that the improved production technology with different crops is an adoptable good approach for sustainable production and income generation of the farmers of Tamil Nadu.

Productivity Enhancement and Gap Analysis of Moth Bean (Vigna acontifolia (Jacq.)) through Improved Production Technologies on Farmers’ Participatory Mode

A total 81 of frontline demonstrations were conducted on farmers’ fields in villages viz., Kalali, Rampura, Jhitra, Dalpatgarh and Mukanpura of Pali district in Rajasthan state during 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 to demonstrate production potential and economic benefit of improved technologies comprising sowing method, nutrient management and chemical weed control and adoption of whole package of practices for the crop. Pre-emergence application of herbicide Pendimethalin at 1.0 kg a.i/ha in 550 liters of water used for effective control of the weeds during kharif season in rainfed condition. The findings of the study revealed that improved technology recorded a mean yield of 629 kg/ha which was 53.5% higher than obtained by farmers’ practice (414 kg/ha). The higher mean net income of 24730/-ha with a Benefit: Cost ratio of 3.6 was obtained with improved technologies in comparison to farmers’ practices (12950/ha). Yield gap analysis revealed that though there was mean additional return of 11780/ha with a mean additional gain of 7820/ha, still there was an extension gap of 215 kg/ha seed yield, indicating that along with many move front line demonstrations there is a need to disseminate the improved technologies among the farmers with effective extension methods like training and demonstrations. However, the mean technology gap of 639 kg/ha seed yield clearly indicates that research efforts are needed in realizing the potentiality of the moth bean crop in Rajasthan state.