Imperative Sentences Research Articles

DISCURSIVE DYNAMICS OF ETHNOSENTENTIAL STRATEGIES IN SELECTED AFROCENTRIC HYMNODY

The distinctive nature of hymnody in Christian religious worship has made it a rich and limitless subject for scholarly examination, offering a unique form of communication that continues to fascinate and inspire academic inquiry in Africa, especially in Nigeria. Existing studies in Christian hymns have examined the contents of hymns as music forms with little or no scholarly considerations on the ethnosentential strategies employed by the hymnists. This study, therefore, intends to fill this gap with the view to identifying and discussing discursive dynamics of ethnosentential strategies in Afrocentric hymnody. This study utilizes relevant insights from Teun van Dijk’s socio-cognition model of Critical Discourse Analysis to explore the strategies in the selected hymns. The data were purposively derived from the two hymnists: Bola Ilori and Esther Laosebikan, one hymn each titled “Lord, let your blessings attend us” and The Lord is King arrayed in majesty”, was purposively selected with the discuss issues of supplication and praise/worship respectively. The analysis revealed that ethno-sentential strategies such as Africanized imagery, collectivization, language indigenization, culturocentrism, hybridization among others characterized African hymns. The findings further revealed that both hymnists use almost similar structural elements such as imperative sentences and comparative phrases, but different in tone, emphasis and imagery. This study concluded that there is an intersection of linguistic features, ethnosentential strategies and discursive dynamics in religious discourse, with focus on hymnody to uncover the complex ways in which language shapes and reflects cultural, social and theological identities.

Spiritual Healing: Ragam Bahasa Balian Sebagai Salah Satu Pelestarian Tradisi Lokal di Bali

This research aims to identify the language varieties of Balian and the factors that influence these language varieties. This research is descriptive qualitative with a linguistic and pragmatic theory approach used by Balian. Data collection was done by in-depth interviews with Balians in the hotel. The collected data were then transcribed and thematically coded to identify patterns in language use, such as the use of language, the use of metaphorical language styles, and the sentence structure used. The results found that the balian language variety when communicating with clients is the use of affirmative language, the use of spiritual metaphor style, and the use of imperative sentence structure to direct the client's experience and emotional response during the healing process. Meanwhile, the factors that influence balian language varieties are cultural, spiritual, social, economic, and personal factors. An understanding of these factors helps explain how balians navigate between local traditions and the needs of their clients, as well as how they integrate different elements of language to create effective and meaningful healing experiences. Future studies go more in-depth into analyzing balian language use when viewed pragmatically and therapeutically.

Syntactic Parallelism in Muglan

This article explores the syntactic parallelism in Mulan. The data are carried out from the secondary sources. The qualitative and descriptive method is used for analysis. The sixteen sentences are taken from the source and their targets were noted along with the transliteration. The selected sentences were analyzed on the basis of structure, functions and voice. On the basis of syntactic parallelism, the findings have been drawn on the basis of voice, sentence types and sentence function. Most of the Nepali active voices in the source text (ST) have been translated into English active voices in the target text (TT). Therefore, the tendency of active (ST) into active (TT) was very high. Throughout the sampled data, Nepali passive voice (ST) into English passive voice (TT) has very low. Similarly on the basis of sentence types, simple sentences in the ST translated into simple sentences in the TT has higher tendency as compared to compound sentences in the ST translated into compound sentences in the TT. The complex sentences in the ST translated into complex sentences in the TT have highest tendency. Likewise on the basis of sentence function, the declarative sentences in the ST into declarative sentences in the TT has highest tendency. Interrogative sentences in the ST into interrogative sentences in the TT has higher tendency than exclamatory sentences in the ST into exclamatory in the TT.The imperative sentence (ST) into imperative sentence (TT) has lowest tendency.

Structural types of sentences in Kosovo police communication centers

In this paper it will be analyzed grammatical and dialectal aspect of structural sentences of Albanian language used in six Kosovo Police Communication Centers. This paper includes: types of sentences used in Communication Centers separately; enhancing sentences, declarative sentences, declarative-exclamatory sentences and declarative-imperative; imperative sentences; - affirmative and negative sentences. All sections of this paper are illustrated with tables and charts, including number of used sentences and percentage of usage, to present the current situation of use of structural types of sentences in the Kosovo Police Communication Centers. Based on the results from six Communication Centers, which we have analyzed and treated separately, we have come to conclusions of the analysis of the grammatical and dialectal aspects. In Kosovo Police Communication Centers, within the category of declarative sentences, we find positive and negative sentences, which are formed by positive and negative particles, as: Poziiv (Positive), Negativ (Negative), Negativ niher (Negative for now), Po (Yes), Jo (No), veç çka po vrehet n’pamje t’jashtme (only what can be seen from outside), etc. In six Kosovo Police Communication Centers, the affirmative sentences are mainly formed through affirmative particles, as: pozitiv (positive), pranim (copy), po, po – po (yes, yeas – yes), u ba (done), ani faleminderit (OK thank you), n’rregull (alright), e kjart osht n’rregull (it’s clear alright), u kry (done), etc.

ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF CHINESE PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANY PROFILES FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF FUNCTIONALIST APPROACH

The study aims to compare and analyze English pharmaceutical company profiles (EPCP) and Chinese pharmaceutical company profiles (CPCP) from the perspective of functionalist approach with the guideline of translation-oriented text analysis. A corpus will be used in the research. There are various differences on intratextual elements between the two profiles. From the corpus data, explicitly appellative functions are characterized by the high-frequency words in English whereas Chinese pharmaceutical company profiles weigh heavily in informative functions to sustain the authority. On sentence structure, it is observed that there are wide varieties of imperative sentences in native profiles whereas declarative sentences are in Chinese profiles. Other strategies for text functions in the native profile are the use of block language. In English profiles, rhetoric plays an important role for appealing; rhetorical person pronouns, metaphors, alliteration, repetition and parallelism are common devices used to draw empathy for the company or products, and can also stir motivation for purchase action. Results would serve for formulating a model for English translations of Chinese pharmaceutical company profiles.

A Study on Teacher’s Regulative Discourse in Online Academic English Writing Course

This study investigates the use of teachers’ regulative discourse in an online academic writing course from the perspective of Bernstein’s pedagogic discourse theory. By observing and analyzing the data from the “Academic English Writing” course on the China University MOOC platform, the study examines the forms, syntactic expressions, and functions of directives used by teachers in online classes and explores their impact on teaching and student learning. The findings reveal that teachers prefer to use direct regulative discourses, such as imperative sentences while utilizing indirect and more polite discourses less frequently. The findings help to provide references for MOOC teachers to optimize their use of regulative discourse.

Representations of First Language Acquisition in the Speech of Three Years Old

The study aims to represent how three-year-old children output their language acquisition. As we know, language acquisition is one of the factors in a child's development. Language acquisition which is a process in humans in obtaining the ability to understand a language that becomes the foundation in the form of sentences to communicate. This research is a descriptive qualitative research with the stages of data collection, data analysis, and data presentation. The sources and data in this study are transcriptions of recordings of verbal speech of a 3-year-old child named Hanah Shaqueena. The data has been found in this study, there are 4 types of sentences in terms of syntactic form produced by a 3-year-oldchild named Hannah Shaqueena, namely Declarative Sentence Representation, Interrogative Sentence Representation, Imperative Sentence Representation, and Exclamatory Sentence Representation.

LINGUISTIC MARKERS OF EXTREMISM IN ISLAMIST TEXTS OF THE RELIGIOUS GENRE “SERMON”: METHODOLOGICAL ASPECT

Linguistic examination of texts with allegedly extremist content is carried out using special methods. The most popular today are lexical-semantic, semantic-syntactic methods, as well as the method of discourse anal-ysis, which allow an expert linguist to make an objective expert opinion on the issues raised. An expert linguist conduc ting an examination of texts with allegedly extremist content has to identify linguistic markers of extrem-ism that are implemented at all language levels. The linguistic examination of Islamist discourse texts involves taking into account genre features of a religious text, having an impact on linguistic markers. Islamist discourse is understood as texts related to political radical trends of Islamism. The article presents fundamental diff erenc-es between the terms “Islam” as a world religion and “Islamism” as a political trend. We propose an algorithm for the me thodology of analyzing texts of allegedly extremist content based on the material of an Islamist text of the “sermon” genre, the main function of which is to instruct believers. Linguistic markers of extremism in the sermon genre are identifi ed during the analysis and are classifi ed according to their main functions: motivation and appeal, negation, demonstration of the superiority of one person or group of persons over other people based on nationality, origin and attitude to religion. These linguistic markers are implemented using the following lin-guistic means: morphological (verbs of obligation, verbs of the 2nd person singular or plural in the imperative mood, the form of the imperative of the 1st person plural); syntactic (particles in imperative sentences, complex sentences with subordinate clauses, addresses in combination with verbs in the imperative mood of the 2nd per-son plural); rhetorical means (rhetorical questions, antithesis); lexical and semantic means (nouns, verbs and oth-er parts of speech with negative connotations); morphemic and word-formation means (comparative, superlative forms). The identifi ed linguistic markers realize the function of demonstrating superiority, appeal, negativity in relation to “strangers”, “others”.

Imperative Sentences In Surah Luqman: A Study Of Structure And Meaning

Structure in language is an important part, especially in Arabic. Structure is an important part of determining a meaning.This research aims to reveal the structure and meaning of imperative sentences in surah Luqman. This research is a descriptive-qualitative research. The data source used in this research is Al-Qur'an by choosing one of the surahs in it in the form of surah Luqman. The data collection method in this research uses the listening method with documentation techniques. While the data analysis method in this research uses content analysis method with semantic approach to dissect the structure and meaning. The result of this study is that the structure of imperative sentences in surah Luqman is found in the form of (1) using fi'il amr, (2) using mashdar naib 'an fi'il amr, and (3) using lām nahiy which is before fi'il muḍari'. Meanwhile, the meanings found in the imperative sentences in surah Al-Luqman are command, honour, and prohibition

Reflexives and politeness: possessive pronouns in Russian imperative sentences

In Russian, a specialized reflexive possessive pronoun must be used to indicate coreference between the possessor and the subject. However, it has been observed that in the first and second person plural, the reflexivization rule is often violated, and a non-reflexive possessive is used for subject coreference. Existing studies do not distinguish between singular formal and plural informal readings in the second person, assuming no difference between the two contexts. Furthermore, there is limited knowledge regarding the use of possessives in imperative contexts, as previous research has primarily focused on indicatives.This article aims to investigate the use of possessive pronouns in both formal and informal imperative contexts by addressing two questions. First, how often is a non-reflexive possessive used to indicate coreference with the subject in Russian imperative sentences? Second, what combination of semantic and pragmatic factors allows its use? Apart from the semantic factors that are well documented in the existing literature (referentiality, animacy and alienability of the possessum), we will consider three pragmatic dimensions of politeness that have not been considered so far: form or address (informal ty\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$ty$\\end{document} / formal Vy\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$Vy$\\end{document}), type of imperative (speaker- / hearer-oriented) and verbal aspect (perfective / imperfective).The study analyzed the use of possessive pronouns in imperatives in the spoken subcorpus of the Russian National Corpus using generalized linear mixed models and random forests. The findings suggest that the choice of possessive is strongly influenced by the form of address (ty\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$ty$\\end{document} / Vy\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$Vy$\\end{document}). When addressing the listener with the informal ty\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$ty$\\end{document}, a reflexive possessive is almost exclusively used. When addressing the listener with the formal Vy\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$Vy$\\end{document}, both possessives are used equally often. The choice between them depends on several factors, including the referentiality and alienability of the possessum, the type of imperative, and the verbal aspect. The non-reflexive form is preferred when the possessum is referential, the imperative is speaker-oriented, and, to a lesser extent, when the possessum is alienable and the verb is in the perfective aspect. Additionally, some verbs such as ‘give’ and ‘show’ strongly prefer a non-reflexive possessive.The results suggest that a reflexive possessive has become the default for subject coreference in Russian second person singular informal contexts. In formal contexts, however, the change is still ongoing, and a non-reflexive possessive is used to express the referential uniqueness of the possessum and to convey negative politeness towards the addressee.

The Passive Voice in Urdu: A Syntactic Investigation and Transformational Analysis

This paper explores passive structures in the Urdu language. It aims to understand their syntactic configuration and how to convert active sentences into passive ones. Limited research exists on Urdu's passivization compared to English. The research questions focus on the structure of passive sentences in Urdu and the necessary modifications for passivization. A qualitative research methodology is used, analyzing written texts and daily conversations of native Urdu speakers. The literature review compares Urdu's passive structures with English, including the standard "be" passive and less common "get passive" and "have passive." Findings show that Urdu passives use the auxiliary “Gaya” and the agent can be explicitly mentioned using "from-PP" rather than "by-PP." The paper also covers passivization in imperative sentences, using “ja:” and “cha:hi:e” morphemes. Moreover, voice neutrality is examined, showing that passive and active sentences in Urdu often convey the same event with similar agent-patient relationships. The study’s conclusive remarks on passive construction in Urdu have the potential to ignite future research in this domain. The paper contributes to the knowledge of passive constructions in Urdu which can significantly impact translation accuracy and interpretation between Urdu and English. This research also adds to the big picture of how languages work.

A Speech Act Analysis of Nadiem Anwar Makarim’s Speech

Speech is the ability to speak in front of the public to tell their opinion or give an idea about something important. This research aimed to analyze the kinds of communication function in illocutionary act in a speech made by Nadiem Anwar Makarim as Ministry of Education as well as identifying the effects contained in the speech made by Nadiem Anwar Makarim. The research used qualitative approach. The approach used in this study is a qualitative approach. In this research to check the correctness of the data from different perspectives, researchers used triangulation. Data analyses used by researchers are consisted of 3 ways in data analysis, namely data reduction, data display and conclusion drawing. The result showed that: 1) All kinds of illocutionary act from Searle were occurred in whichrepresentatives act was the act which was mostly usedin a speech made by Nadiem Anwar Makarim which was 43.66%. Then, in a speech made by Nadiem Anwar Makarim, there was an indication of declaration (14.08%), directives (19.71%), expressives (15.49%) and commissive (4.23%). 2) The speech from Nadiem Makarim was mostly in the form of direct and active sentence (70%). The reason is because Nadiem Makarim state his speech directly by himself, there is no other people or company whom he referred and he mostly used prefix “me” and suffix “kan” to state his speech directly. There is also the form of passive voice, imperative sentence and indirect sentence.

교실 담화에서 교사의 청유문 분석

This study explores the functions of grammatical forms in specific discourse contexts by analyzing propositional sentences based on sentence-ending types. Propositional sentences, similar to imperative sentences, are identified as having a notably directive attribute. Particularly, classroom discourse, which is grounded in a clear hierarchical structure between teachers and students, may highlight the use of propositional sentences more than in other discourse situations. Therefore, this research utilized a spoken corpus to investigate propositional sentences through an inductive method. Initially, propositional sentences and their functions were defined within the spoken corpus from a grammatical perspective. The sentences were then analyzed and categorized according to their functions. The findings suggest that propositional sentences in classroom discourse primarily exhibit directive functions. Moreover, new functions of propositional sentences, previously undiscussed, were discovered. These newly identified functions are closely associated with the type of discourse. The results of this study allow for the differentiation of unique features of propositional sentences in classroom discourse, potentially aiding learners in enhancing their intuitive understanding of the Korean language.

Discursive characteristics of negative manipulative communicative demonstrativeness

The article is devoted to the concept definition of negative manipulative communicative demonstrativeness and the identification its implementation means in speech. In the course of the work, the interdisciplinary approach and the method of psycholinguistic analysis of the communicants’ speech output were used. The material for the analysis was the characters’ statements from Russian literature of the XIX century. It is established that the negative manipulative communicative demonstrativeness is a tonality of communication characterized by exaggerated negative self-presentation in the process of self-explanation, accentuation of the dominant destructive emotion, implemented to benefit from the recipient expressed by means of semiotic polymodality. The study shows that the negative manipulative communicative demonstrativeness performs attractive, expressive, influencing, entertaining, pragmatic and conative functions, implements communicative strategies of self-pity, outrage, foolishness, buffoonery, self-abasement and self-flagellation. Linguistic means of expressing this tonality are revealed: metaphorical litota, synecdoche with negative connotation, increasing negative gradation, intensifying particles-phraseological units of religious content, negative adjectives in a diminutive form, emotive interjections with the component «God», prayerful ritual utterances, rhetorical questions, antithesis (self-pity); paradox with negative connotative meaning, enhanced antithesis (shocking); negative hyperbolic tropes, reiteration, exclamation sentences (foolishness); hyperbolic comparison (buffoonery); negative epithets and prosodic units, including a quiet voice, speech with pressure, an elevated tone and frequent pausing (self-abasement); negative nouns, imperative sentences and cliched phrases with negative connotation (self-flagellation). The paralinguistic means of actualizing this tonality are indicated: phonational and kinetic demonstratives. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by the unexplored nature of the phenomenon under consideration.

Kesantunan Berbahasa dalam Proses Pembelajaran Siswa Kelas VIII SMP Negeri 1 Galesong Utara

This study aims to describe the use of diction in language politeness in the classroom learning process, the use of language politeness principles in the classroom learning process, and the communicative value of language politeness in the classroom learning process. This type of research is qualitative research using descriptive method. The data source of this research was obtained from the speech of teachers and students of class VIII in the learning process of Indonesian language. The techniques used in data collection are recording, transcription, note-taking, and classification. The data analysis technique used is descriptive qualitative which is by collecting, processing, analysing, and presenting the data objectively. The results showed the use of diction, politeness principles and communicative value. First, the use of diction in language politeness consists of utterances that use politeness markers try, good ma'am, please, and son, second, the use of principles of language politeness is in the form of obeying the maxim of praise, generosity, agreement and the maxim of sympathy, third, the communicative value of politeness is in the form of declarative sentences obeying the maxim of agreement, and sympathy; interrogative sentences obeying the maxim of wisdom and sympathy; and imperative sentences obeying the maxim of wisdom and the maxim of agreement.

Natural Language Processing in Knowledge-Based Support for Operator Assistance

Manufacturing industry faces increasing complexity in the performance of assembly tasks due to escalating demand for complex products with a greater number of variations. Operators require robust assistance systems to enhance productivity, efficiency, and safety. However, existing support services often fall short when operators encounter unstructured open questions and incomplete sentences due to primarily relying on procedural digital work instructions. This draws attention to the need for practical application of natural language processing (NLP) techniques. This study addresses these challenges by introducing a domain-specific dataset tailored to assembly tasks, capturing unique language patterns and linguistic characteristics. We explore strategies to process declarative and imperative sentences, including incomplete ones, effectively. Thorough evaluation of three pre-trained NLP libraries—NLTK, SPACY, and Stanford—is performed to assess their effectiveness in handling assembly-related concepts and ability to address the domain’s distinctive challenges. Our findings demonstrate the efficient performance of these open-source NLP libraries in accurately handling assembly-related concepts. By providing valuable insights, our research contributes to developing intelligent operator assistance systems, bridging the gap between NLP techniques and the assembly domain within manufacturing industry.

Способы передачи субъективной модальности при переводе частицы «же» на английский язык

The study aims to identify possible ways of conveying subjective modality when translating the particle ‘же’ into English. This particle is one of the most frequent lexemes in the Russian language. At the same time, it is capable of conveying a number of connotations, which presents a special problem when translating statements containing the particle. The study is original in that it is the first to identify the lexico-grammatical means of the English language that are used to convey the emotive component of the meaning of the particle in translation. As a result of the study, it was found that a wide range of lexico-grammatical means can be used to convey the connotative part of the meaning when translating the particle into English. The choice of the language means used depends on the interpretation of the connotation of the particle in a certain context. The study shows that there is a correlation between the syntactic and grammatical construction of the sentence, its classification according to the purpose of the utterance and the interpretation of the connotation of the particle. Consequently, the translation of the same particle used in narrative, interrogative and imperative sentences requires the application of different English linguistic means. Thus, the result of the study was the identification of ways to convey subjective modality when translating the particle ‘же’ in different types of sentences.

Английское побудительное предложение в функционально-коммуникативном и транслатологическом аспектах

The aim of the study is to identify the features of translating English imperative sentences into Russian in a literary text, taking into account their functional-communicative types. The scientific novelty of the study lies in determining the dependence of translatological tools on the subtype of the imperative sentence, identifying the main and secondary ways of translating English imperative sentences from the perspective of different functional-communicative subtypes. As a result of the study, it was found that word-for-word translation dominates in the most numerous group of imperative sentences of the cardinal type. The tendency of employing word-for-word translation is also revealed when rendering the imperative means in one of the groups of intermediate communicative types of sentences, namely in the group of imperative-interrogative sentences. It was determined that transformational translation prevails in the rendering of English declarative-imperative, interrogative-imperative and imperative-declarative sentences into Russian, with such translation techniques as substitution, modulation, and antonymic translation being the most frequent.

Language Acquisition of Declarative and Imperative Sentences in five-year-old Children

This study aims to describe the language acquisition of a five-year-old child. This research focuses on declarative and imperative sentence forms, using a descriptive qualitative approach with recording techniques. The analysis results show that the syntactic acquisition in declarative sentences has four forms, and imperative has five. The category of language acquisition at the syntactic level is good enough because there is minimal deviation from the form of speech produced. In summary, five-year-old children will likely use declarative and imperative sentences as they develop their language skills. They may start to use declarative sentences more naturally to convey information and use imperative sentences to express commands or requests, although their usage of these sentence types may vary in complexity and grammatical accuracy. Shortly, the results showed that children's utterances dominate in imperative sentences.

THE USE OF TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE IN TEACHING IMPERATIVE SENTENCES AT SMP N 6 KOTA TERNATE

The objective of this research is to discuss the effectiveness of the Total Physical Response (TPR) method in teaching imperative sentences for grade 7 students of SMP Negeri 6 Kota Ternate. This research was experimental research. The design of this research used a pre-experiment and the population in this research were students of class 7A SMP N 6 Kota Ternate with a total population of 186 students. Therefore, the researcher used convenience sampling where the authors 30 students as a sample in this research. The instruments used to collect data were pre-test, post-test, and questionnaire. The results of the average pre-test score of 17.66 and the average post-test score of 82.66. In addition, the results of the t-test received are greater than the t-table, where the t-test is 33. 163 and the t-table are significantly 0.05 = 1. 699 with df = 29 so there is a significant development of students’ vocabulary (imperative sentence) and the ability to use the Total Physical Response method because it can improve grammar and vocabulary skills, especially imperative sentence.