Imperative Constructions Research Articles

Mihi est from Brythonic to Breton II

Abstract Middle Breton (MB) presents an anomaly of pronominal argument coding in imperative and mihi est HAVE constructions: objects can be accusative proclitics only in 1st/2nd person, while unique enclitics appear in 3rd person. Part II traces the history of object coding: Independent > enclitic coding originates in unavailability of accusative object mesoclitics in V1 imperatives by Vendryes’ Restriction in Brythonic, and nonagreement with nominative objects of mihi est in Breton-Cornish. Restriction of enclitics to 3rd person originates with mihi est in typically nonhuman nominative object possessa in Brythonic or Breton-Cornish. It spreads to imperatives through shared enclitic coding in MB, and is circumvented by the MB innovation of accusative proclitics for mesoclitics that allows 1st/2nd person even in V1, as well as the participle in the new HAVE-perfect later in MB. “Innovative” varieties of Breton transition to regular accusative objects with or without losing dative subjects of mihi est. The developments are constrained to familiar patterns of nominative/anomalous subject + accusative/nominative object case combinations, giving rise to the imperative + HAVE construction grouping of Finnish within the history of Breton.

The Agreement of Complex Sentence and its Meanings in the Last Quarter of Holy Quran- Selected Models

This study is entitled (The Structural Agreement of Complex Sentence and its Meanings in the Last Quarter of Holy Quran - Selected Models) the Noble Qur’an through the varying linguistic methods that are relied upon in the formulation of sentences and texts, and among these methods: (constructive) which does not bear truth and lies in and of itself. Given the importance of this topic, the study came as an application to the last quarter of the Holy Qur’an; To reveal the manifestations of the rhetorical inimitability in it, as well as to find the connotations contained in the construction methods in different rhetorical contexts, and these methods are characterized by their various suggestive and semantic ability that vary in the diversity of the tools and contexts of the method. The research includes a study of the imperative construction represented in the style of (the command, the prohibition, the question, the wish, and the call), a theoretical and applied study at the same time.

A note on epistemic and effective meanings of the Polish perfective and imperfective

The paper offers an analysis of selected uses of the Polish perfective and imperfective in the non-past indicative and in the imperative construction. In uses under consideration, both the perfective and the imperfective refer to a single complete occurrence of a telic process and, hence, the semantic contrast between them is not a matter of distinctions such as boundedness/unboundedness, completion/non-completion, telicity/atelicity, punctuality/durativity, etc. The paper presents a qualitative analysis of selected corpus examples which is aimed at elucidating the nature of the relevant contrast. The claim advocated in the course of the discussion is that the perfective/imperfective contrast may play a role in the system of clausal grounding in Polish, as it may convey the idea of, respectively, epistemic and/or effective non-immediacy/immediacy of the profiled process relative to the ground.

Integral nonprototypical conditional and imperative constructions in Catalan (in comparison with Spanish and French)

This article examines one type of constructions that can express both conditional and imperative meanings. They represent complex sentences, the first part of which expresses a condition and urging and the second, the consequence with future reference. It is important to distinguish constructions of this type from prototypical imperative conditional constructions built as complex sentences, in which the condition is introduced by a subordinate clause with a conjuction meaning if and the conseqence verb is encoded for the imperative. The aim of this article is to identify, describe, and analyze the main types of integral nonprototypical conditional-and-imperative constructions, as well as the relevant conjunctions, tenses, and moods used in Catalan as compared to Spanish and French. While nonprototypical conditional / imperative constructions are actively studied in many languages, they have been apparently barely touched upon in Catalan. Our analysis revealed the following types of integral nonprototypical conditional / imperative constructions with: imperatives in the first clause; imperative verbs and verb periphrases in the first clause; a nominal phrase in the first clause; the conjunction or repeated in both clauses; present indicatives in the first clause and the conjunction and between two parts. The use of conjunctions meaning and (i (Cat.), y (Es.), et (Fr.)), or (o (Cat.), o (Es.), ou (Fr.)), as well asotherwise (si no (Cat.), si no (Es.), sinon (Fr.)) coincide. Only conjunctions meaning if are conditional in their basic meaning; conjunctions and, or, and otherwise are coordinating: and is copulative (it shows conditional meaning in the constructions addressed), or is delimiting, and otherwise adversative, with the latter two signaling negative condition in the targeted constructions. The research was conducted by the following methods: sampling, classification, description, contrastive and transformational analysis, and synthesis. The examples used were borrowed from texts by Catalan authors with their Spanish and French translations that were analyzed and classified. The whole sample of the conditional constructions analyzed is over 1000 examples for each of the three languages.

Лінгвістичні властивості англомовних оперних арій

The article deals with the relationship between discourse and text, as well as song discourse and song text. The place and role of the style of the opera aria in the world culture (musical culture) has been determined. The object of the study is the English-language song texts of opera arias, and the subject is their stylistic arrangement. The signs of dialogism in the English-language song texts of opera arias are clarified: the use of interjections, the first and second person of pronouns and verbs, imperative constructions and addresses. It has been proven that stylistic means of addition and substitution play a significant role in style. The stylistic addition is aimed at depicting the magical and mystical with a breath of the imaginary. On the other hand, vernacular using interjections, imperatives, abbreviated forms reinforce the ordinariness of life. All stylistic techniques of addition are aimed at more emotional saturation of the realities of human existence in the English-language song texts of opera arias. Personification is perhaps the main technique of opera arias, because everything that is sung about the feeling of love is filled with human skills and capabilities. Stylistic figures of addition and substitution in the English-language opera arias emphasize the emphatic nature of thought and the acuteness of the speaker's perception of the world around him.

The Structures and Functions of the Imperative Constructions in Dickens' Hard Times

This paper intends to shed light on the different forms and functions of the imperative sentences in the novel of Hard Times. This novel is found to fulfill the purpose of the study. One of its most distinctive features is the excessive use of imperative structures. The results show that imperatives are commonly used by the characters of the novel. This study aims to analyze the imperative utterances in the novel and to show their forms and functions according to Alexander Model 1997 which is adopted to achieve the purpose of the study. The frequency and percentage of every type of the imperative used in the novel are given in specific tables to show how many times each form is used more than the other which would reveal Dickens’s intention to express advice, suggestion, request, etc. The data collected from the corpus of Hard Times' text. The study limits itself to analyze the imperative structures and shows the functions according to Alexander Model. It is hoped that this study will be valuable for those who study English as a foreign language and those also who are interested in English linguistics.

Анализ интерпретационного поля концепта CORONAVIRUS в немецкоязычных поэтических интернет-текстах

Classical concepts LEBEN (LIFE), TOD (DEATH), LIEBE (LOVE), NATUR (NATURE) as well as representations from other fields: religion (АPOKALYPSE, ARMAGEDDON), domestic life (ALLTAG (EVERYDAY LIFE), FAMILIENKRISE (FAMILY CRISIS), economics and politics (FINANZKRISE (FINANCIAL CRISIS), sport (FUßBALL (FOOTBALL), SPORT, DOPING (PERFORMANCE-ENHANCING DRUG), philosophy (ABSURDITÄT DES MENSCHLICHEN LEBENS (ABSURDITY OF HUMAN EXISTENCE) are explicated within the context of the German poetry discourse of the XXI century. However in 2020 due to the spread of coronavirus infection, which had an impact on world society, it becomes relevant to consider the methods of the CORONAVIRUS concept implementation in the context of German poetry Internet discourse of the XXI century. 
 Special attention focuses on three main groups of poetic texts: a poem- appeal; a poem-advice; a poem that creates a positive attitude; a poem that creates a sense of anxiety, which raise this problem. In the texts under study, the main set of linguostylistic means has been identified that serve as ways of manifestation of the CORONAVIRUS concept: epithets, chains of negative-evaluative lexical items, metaphors, rhetorical questions. However, the prevailing means are imperative constructions that have an influential character.

Lingual Means of Imperative in the Lecture and Sermon Discourses

The research aims to reveal the peculiarities of the linguistic means of imperative utterances which function in the lecture and sermon discourses. They encourage students/parishioners to engage in the learning process fully. The following tasks were formulated: to categorize imperative utterances in the view of characteristic features of the mentioned discourses; to characterize the lexical-syntactic peculiarities of each type of imperative phrases. The object of the research is an oral English-language institutional discourse of two kinds – academic (lecture) and religious (sermon). The subject of the study is the lexical and syntactic arrangement of imperative utterances in the lecture and sermon discourses. To achieve the aim, both general scientific and unique linguistic research methods found application. Conclusions of the study are as follows: the functioning of imperative utterances in the sermon and lecture discourse is determined by such linguistic and extralinguistic factors as the expressiveness/implicitness of the imperative constructions, the syntactic structure of the imperative constructions, the communicative-pragmatic orientation, and the targeted nature of the order/ localization of the imperative construction in the compositional text structure. In our work, direct and indirect explicit constructions, aimed at an immediate action, are viewed as operational imperative statements. According to the communicative-pragmatic orientation and considering the temporal signs, we distinguish two main types of motivation: simultaneous and post-communicative. The communicative-pragmatic orientation criterion also makes it possible to single out constructions intended to induce physical/mental impact (in lectures) and spiritual/mental impact (in sermons). The prospect of further investigation is studying non-verbal features of lecture and sermon discourses.

Стилистические особенности туристического дискурса (на примере англоязычного сайта visitlondon.com)

The paper aims to reveal stylistic peculiarities of the English-language tourist discourse by the material of the website visitlondon.com . Scientific originality of the study involves identifying style-forming means in advertising texts of tourist discourse. An analysis of 123 advertising texts allows identifying 161 tropes, such as epithet, metaphor, hyperbola, metonymy, antithesis, gradation, etc. Among the most frequent stylistic means the authors mention epithet and simple adjective. Epithets and adjectives are distributed into 17 lexico-semantic groups. The analysis of advertising text syntax allows identifying the following syntactic constructions: rhetorical questions, question-answer constructions, imperative constructions, elliptical sentences, sentences with homogenous parts, etc.

“Vai chatear o Camões”: a construção impositiva de destrato

Neste trabalho, temos como objeto de estudo a construção impositiva de destrato com o verbo ir, aqui denominada CID. Essa construção representa um ato de fala diretivo e está associada a um momento de desacordo entre os parceiros de interação, em que o locutor, irritado, insulta o interlocutor, repelindo-o. Tomamos, como referencial teórico a Linguística Funcional Centrada no Uso (LFCU) e contribuições da Gramática de Construções. Adicionalmente, recorremos aos estudos em Pragmática, em particular, às noções de polidez e de face. O estudo é de natureza qualitativo-interpretativa, para o qual utilizamos como material de análise textos de gêneros diversos tanto de fala quanto de escrita.

Direct and indirect speech acts in a man for all seasons

Speech act is an utterance often made by a speaker not only to present information, but to perform an action as well. In this study, speakers employ naturally occurring conversations not only to present information, but to perform actions also. Dialogues in Bolt’s A Man for all Seasons could be categorised as naturally occurring conversations because they involve two or more characters who take turn to chat on issues that are linked to King Henry’s desire to divorce Queen Catherine and marry Ann. So, as essential as speech act is in using naturally occurring dialogues to present information and perform actions, no enough scholarly attention has been given to it. Therefore, this paper seeks to explore direct and indirect speech acts in the aforementioned text to see how they are being used. The paper adopts as its theoretical framework Austin’s speech act model which was later developed by Searle. The data for the study were analysed taking cognizance of the topic of the study that is direct and indirect speech acts. Direct speech act such as declarative constructions, interrogative constructions and imperative constructions are used in the text. Indirect speech acts such as interrogative constructions used to make request, and declarative constructions employed to make request, are also found in the text. The study concludes that speech act model is an essential tool in studying direct and indirect speech acts.

О модели русского словосложения с глагольной препозицией в сравнении с итальянской моделью

The paper is supposed to consider the formation of Russian compounds based on the imperative construction in comparison with a similar model in Italian. It is believed that in literary Russian this model is not productive, although it occurs in a limited number of examples: for the evaluative names of persons (sorvigolova ‘daredevil’), for the names of animals and plants (vertišejka, perekati-pole) and in some other cases. However, in Romance languages, and particularly in Italian, this is one of the most productive models, although its grammatical status is not usually associated with the imperative construction. As for Russian, it is possible to assume a transformation of the imperative sentences and imperative meaning, and only a particular modal shade of typical actions is preserved. The model itself is represented as a transition from incomplete compounding to the canonical productive model with an interfix. The results of an experiment on the translation of Italian compounds into Russian nonce compounds show a number of transitional cases, supporting this hypothesis.

LINGUISTIC MEANS OF THE IMPERATIVE UTTERENCES IN ENGLISH LECTURE AND SERMON DISCOURSES

The aim of the research is to reveal the peculiarities of the linguistic means of imperative utterances which function in the lecture and sermon discourses. For the purpose of the aim, the following tasks were formulated:http://onlinecorrector.com.ua/%D1%82%D0%B0% D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9-%D1%83 to categorize imperative utterances in the view of peculiarities of the lecture and sermon discourses; to characterize the lexical-syntactic peculiarities of each type of imperative utterances; to establish recurrence of each type of imperative utterances depending on the structure of the lecture or sermon. The object of the research is an oral English-language institutional discourse of two types – academic (lecture) and religious (sermon); the subject of the research is the lexical syntactic arrangement of imperative utterances in the lecture and sermon discourses. To achieve the aim, both general scientific and special linguistic research methods have been applied. The functioning of imperative utterances in the preaching and lecture discourse is caused by such linguistic and extralinguistic factors as the expressiveness / implicitness of the imperative constructions, the syntactic structure of the imperative constructions, the communicative-pragmatic orientation, the addressing of the order/ localization of the imperative construction in the compositional text structure. Direct and indirect explicit constructions aimed at the immediate action are considered in the work as operational imperative statements. According to the communicative-pragmatic orientation, taking into account the temporal signs, we distinguish two main types of motivation: simultaneous and post-communicative. The communicative-pragmatic orientation criterion also made it possible to single out constructions intended to induce physical/mental impact (in lectures) and spiritual / mental one (in sermons). The prospect of further investigation is seen in the study of the non-verbal features of lecture and sermon discourses. A comparison of linguistic, prosodic, and kinetic means of expressing motivation can be a significant contribution to the study of the category of imperatives

Post-head negation in Tujia

This paper aims to provide a comprehensive description of the negation system of Tujia, an endangered Sino-Tibetan language spoken in south-central China. There are five negators, which display a mixed pre-head and post-head word order. Simple verb negation is usually post-head, but in existential constructions the negator precedes the verb, while in imperative constructions negation can either follow or precede the head. We argue that there is only one original negator, and the other forms result from the fusion of the negator with adjacent elements, such as the existential verb or aspect particles. Our analysis shows that, diachronically, the negator in Tujia has been realigned from pre-head to post-head. This paper contributes to the typology of negation in Tibeto-Burman languages, as well as the cross-linguistic development of negation.

O estatuto variável das construções imperativas de 2SG no português brasileiro escrito dos séculos XIX e XX

Neste artigo, apresentamos algumas evidências históricas (séculos XIX e XX) da atual realidade sincrônica variável do imperativo de 2a pessoa do singular (vem vs. venha). Com base em cartas pessoais oitocentistas e novecentistas redigidas por brasileiros cultos cujos perfis sociolinguísticos (filiação, faixa etária, nível de escolaridade, profissão) foram levantados (CONDE SILVESTRE, 2007; HERNÀNDEZ-CAMPOY; SCHILLING, 2012), comprovamos a preferência dos missivistas cariocas pelas construções imperativas associadas ao subjuntivo, acompanhando a forma nominativa de referência ao sujeito de 2a pessoa do singular (você). Comprovamos ainda que as construções imperativas vinculadas às formas de indicativo em contexto de alternância tu/você-sujeito (cartas mistas) figuram como contextos de influência intermediária, em termos probabilísticos, na aplicação da regra variável em análise. Isso significa interpretar que as cartas em que também há o você-sujeito (tu/você-suj.) parecem expor rastros históricos do imperativo abrasileirado já em amostras escritas do século XIX como uma repercussão da inserção do você no sistema pronominal (cf. LOPES, 2007; LOPES & CAVALCANTE, 2011).

The Translation of English Notice into Indonesian Language

This study is discussing about the types of English imperative used in notices, the way of constructing English imperative and Indonesian imperative, and the reason of translation procedure are being applied. A Qualitative method is applied to answer the research problems. Data of the research were taken from some notices as the SL that found around Cahaya Madani Banten Boarding School along with their translation into Indonesian text (TL) used as the data source. The result shows that there are three types of imperative sentence of English imperative sentence in notices found in SMAN CMBBS translated from English into Indonesian: negative command, request, and positive command. Seeing from the process of imperative constructions of the SL, it can obviously be stated that it is formed by syntactical process, whereas in TL it is formed by morphological process that is by attaching the marker. The result also shows that there are four types of translation procedure used in this study. All of them are oriented towards the target language. Those procedures are: borrowing, modulation, transposition, and literal translation.

IMPERATIVES IN HOTEL SERVICE ENCOUNTERS: THE CASE OF JORDANIAN LEARNERS OF ENGLISH

This paper examines the language of requests among the hotel trainees in Jordan. It seeks to explore the ways in which the trainees employ requestive strategies at the service counter in managing interpersonal and cross-cultural communication. Specifically, it discusses the Jordanian trainees' use of imperative requests compared with native speakers hotel staff and relates any divergences to politeness and cultural factors. The data collected include conversations between the trainees and hotel guests. The findings demonstrate that trainees rely more on imperative constructions and they favour conventional imperatives more than any other types. The findings also reveal that the trainees deviate from the native speakers' performance in terms of volume and types of strategies used. Some of these deviations may be due to Arabic language influence, pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic transfer or to insufficient linguistic and pragmatic competences. Article visualizations:

A New Perspective on the Syriac Hwayt Qāṭēl in a Non-Past Context

Abstract This article presents a new perspective on the meaning and function of the Syriac construction hwayt qāṭēl used with a non-past reference. Beginning with the traditional method of cross-linguistic comparison, the author contextualizes the construction in question within a pragmatic- cognitive framework of general linguistics, an approach that has so far been largely overlooked in Syriac studies. The language used here for comparison is the literary Christian of Urmi, a modern dialect of Aramaic, whose verbal system presents itself as a valid typological parallel for Syriac. Thus, through analysing the renditions of hwayt qāṭēl in Christian Urmi Neo-Aramaic within the corpus of the New Testament, the semantics and function of the Syriac hwayt qāṭēl receive precise characteristics, followed by an attempt to explain the use of the past tense form hwayt (perfect) for the present-future reference. An additional brief treatment of other command-related forms in Syriac, such as the imperative and imperative-derived constructions, contributes further, more detailed observations on the Syriac verbal system.

РИТОРИЧНА МАЙСТЕРНІСТЬ Г. С. СКОВОРОДИ

Стаття присвячена дослідженню особливостей мовної організації риторичних текстів ≪учительних≫ діалогів видатного українського філософа, письменника, просвітителя Г. С. Сковороди, що є актуальним і на сьогодні, оскільки його тексти побудовані на класичних зразках красномовства, які й донині слугують взірцем ораторського мистецтва. Мета – з’ясувати структурно-змістові та мовні особливості текстів діалогів Г. С. Сковороди як зразка педагогічної риторики. Установлено, що діалоги написані середнім стилем, бо зорієнтовані на широкі верстви можливих комунікантів, що зумовило й використання особливих мовних засобів.

THE PECULIARITIES OF THE IMPERATIVE STRUCTURES TEMPORAL ORGANISATION IN LECTURE AND SERMON DISCOURSES

The article is devoted to the study of the imperative constructions temporal organization in the sermon and lecture discourses. Based on the presence of common intentional criteria for lecture and sermon discourses (transfer of knowledge and the point of view / belief formation), these discourses are considered in the article as a special kind of institutional instructive discourse with a common compositional structure. In the implementation of the lecturer and the preacher’s operational strategies, an important role is played by the ways of encouraging the audience to communicate, carried out, in particular, by the imperative constructions. Among the prosodic means involved in the imperatives implementation, a huge role belongs to the tempo changes nature and the pause features. To determine the degree of the intonation temporal component participation in the design of the sermon and lecture oral text, a complex phonetic analysis was conducted, the purpose of which was to identify the general trend of the discourses under study temporal organization. As a result of perceptual and electroacoustic analysis, the main temporal characteristics of the investigated imperative structures were revealed. Instrumentally, it is found out that imperative constructions tempo in the introduction of all the investigated types of text varies from slow to normal. An analysis of the textual pauses showed differences (minor ones) between the lecture and the sermon, which consist not so much in the use of pauses in various texts, but in the percentage distribution of the different duration pauses in the text. The frequency of various duration pauses occurrences when pronouncing imperative constructions is directly related to the structure of the text. The instrumental analysis of the oral English-speaking imperative constructions temporal characteristics in the lecture and sermon discourses allows us to conclude that there are integral and distinctive temporal parameters of the constructions under study. The presence of the integral characteristics proves the validity of attributing the investigated types of discourses to institutional oral discourse of an instructive type.