Immigrant Children Research Articles

School Refusal Behavior: A Narrative Review

This narrative review aims to identify key concepts associated with school refusal, including various risk factors, and to discuss current practical assessment and treatment methods available or under trial. For this study, we searched MEDLINE and Scopus databases for articles containing keywords like “school refusal” and associated keywords such as “childhood,” “adolescence,” “risk factors,” “interventions,” and “assessment.” Thirty-eight original articles in English containing these keywords, published in the last 10 years on the above platforms, were included. We excluded studies focusing on school refusal solely in a subset of the population, such as autistic children or immigrant children. This review found that in India, school refusal is often ignored, especially in lower socioeconomic families, due to non-affordability and poor access to appropriate resources, and is sometimes also equated with truancy and bad behavior. Various risk factors at the parental and school level promote this behavior, and therefore, appropriate interventions at these levels are necessary. As per current evidence, psychoeducation and multidisciplinary treatments are the most effective in managing such children. Early detection of such cases and coordinated efforts by all stakeholders are crucial for effective intervention.

Partner Choice and Economic Outcomes among the Children of Immigrants

Several studies have shown that immigrants marrying natives experience better economic outcomes than those marrying other immigrants, but we know less about partner choice and the economic outcomes of the children of immigrants and among those forming cohabiting unions. Utilizing Norwegian register data from all cohabiting and marital unions formed between 2006 and 2018 involving second-generation and childhood immigrants ( N = 49,692 couples, 65% cohabiting), we explored how partner choice relates to employment status, individual income, and household income for up to 14 years after union formation. Overall, children of immigrants with native partners were more frequently employed and earned higher incomes than those who chose partners from migrant-backgrounds. Fixed effects model results confirmed that children of immigrants who partnered endogamously experienced less favorable employment and individual income trajectories compared to those partnering with natives. We discovered similar negative impacts on the likelihood of employment and on the individual incomes of men who partnered exogamously with migrant-background women. However, when ignoring initial selection and shifting focus solely to changes post-union formation, we found that partnering endogamously had a positive effect on household income. In general, we observed the strongest effects among women and those married, and we noticed important differences across global regions of origin.

Hispanic Men’s Earnings Mobility Across Immigrant Generations: Estimates Using Tax Records

Abstract Whether immigrants and their descendants are catching up socioeconomically with the rest of society is a fundamental question in the study of immigrant assimilation. In this paper, we examine the progress that Hispanic immigrant men make catching up with the earnings of later-generation Whites across generations. We rely on data from multiple years of the Current Population Survey linked with individuals’ tax earnings. This unique dataset allows us to overcome some important limitations of previous studies that employ a synthetic generation approach in which individuals born approximately one generation earlier are used as proxies for actual parents. Our matching strategy also enables us to identify the exact third generation and evaluate the contribution of ethnic attrition to estimates of intergenerational mobility. Second-generation Hispanic men are found to experience lower mobility than later-generation Whites for most values of parental earnings. However, their lower mobility can be explained by their immigrant parents’ lower education levels. In contrast, third-generation Hispanic men experience lower mobility even after accounting for parental education and ethnic attrition. This finding is consistent with a stalling or reversal in the socioeconomic progress of Hispanics beyond the second generation.

Perceptions of future teachers of Therapeutic Pedagogy on an intercultural music workshop

ABSTRACT Pupils who are late entrants to the Spanish education system may require a response from Therapeutic Pedagogy. They, as children of immigrants, may have educational needs such as socio-cultural adaptation and the need for respect and non-discrimination of their culture and religion. From an intercultural approach, the music classroom could provide a scenario of coexistence based on social inclusion and cultural exchange. Based on these assumptions, the ‘Caribbean Music Workshop’ was developed within the framework of the subject ‘Physical, plastic and music education and its didactics in special educational needs’. It is a subject of the Therapeutic Pedagogy Major of the Primary Education Teacher Training Degree at the University of Valencia. With the aim of assessing the perceptions of the future Therapeutic Pedagogy teachers about the workshop, at the end of the activity the students filled in a questionnaire with their considerations about the relevance of the intervention and other benefits it could bring to the pedagogical and therapeutic work. After a mixed analysis, the results revealed that the workshop represents a valid intercultural proposal to promote the social inclusion of students who are children of immigrants, as well as to address other educational needs.

Family, school, neighbourhood or all three: Differences in tertiary educational achievement among the Russian ethno-linguistic minority in Tallinn Urban Region, Estonia

Labour market outcomes of ethnic minorities tend to be lower compared to members of the majority population. Better education obtained in the host country has the potential to mitigate such ethnic labour market disadvantage. In this study, we will focus on the role of family, neighbourhood and school characteristics in the achievement of tertiary education among the minority population. Our empirical context is the capital city of Estonia, Tallinn, and its wider urban region. Tallinn Urban Region makes for an interesting case because of the high share of the minority population, modest immigration over the past three decades, and high levels segregation in different life domains, in neighbourhoods, schools and in the labour market. We apply a longitudinal study design to examine the factors that are related to the achievement of tertiary education among second and third generation immigrants. We find that studying in schools together with majority population students is associated with obtaining a university degree, when controlling for parental characteristics. However, levels of ethnic segregation in the childhood neighbourhood are not related to achieving tertiary education, but living in a neighbourhood with a higher share of tertiary-educated people is. Also, a higher level of social integration among minority children, but not immigrant generation, is positively associated with achieving tertiary education.

L’islam e i processi di radicalizzazione: una prospettiva criminologica

Islam and processes of radicalization: a criminological view
 ABSTRACT: The process of radicalization of the so-called ‘third wave of jihad’, composed of children of immigrants who grew up at the margins of Western cities, is analysed. Radical Islam has offered such young people an ideology capable of recomposing their fragmented life stories, by making them fighters and martyrs in the West (homegrown fighters) or in the Caliphate (foreign fighters). The paper describes the models of radicalization processes of European jihadists, sketching the biographies of those who have joined the ‘holy war’. The reasons for such a choice are interpreted in light of criminological subcultural theories that move from normative and cultural conflicts and anomic frustration. The jihadist subculture is understood as a collective solution to the problems of adaptation in an exclusionary society, to transform the stigma into a sign of distinction.
 SOMMARIO: 1. La radicalizzazione islamica come questione di sicurezza nazionale - 2. Definire la radicalizzazione tra ideologie estremiste e azioni violente - 3. Le fasi del processo di radicalizzazione in Europa - 4. La marginalità urbana e il jihad - 5. L’ideologia islamica radicale violenta come subcultura del riscatto.

Teachers’ Perceptions of the Cultural Capital of Children and Families with Immigrant Backgrounds in Early Childhood Education

Finnish society has become increasingly diverse relatively recently, notably during the past few decades. This paper explores the perceptions of early childhood education and care (ECEC) teachers (n = 11) about the cultural capital of those children and families growing up in immigrant background families and their sense of belonging in early childhood settings in Finland. We draw on curriculum frameworks to understand these constructs. The paper utilises Bourdieu’s concept of cultural capital to conceptualise the sense of belonging for children and families with an immigrant background in Finnish ECEC. The interviews consisted of two pairs and two group interviews with teachers from four ECEC centres, each including two to four ECEC teachers. The data analysis is based on a constructivist grounded theory (CGT) informed content analysis. This approach shows how ECEC teachers’ pedagogical practices guide immigrant families and children in Finland towards a national identity. The findings indicate that play and language learning facilitated the development of cultural capital. Nonetheless, it is crucial to investigate the family viewpoint in the future.

23 Association between Autism Spectrum Disorder and Parental Immigration among a Cohort of Preschool Children in Manitoba

Abstract Background Recent data indicate that rates of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are increasing and therefore, studies exploring risk factors for ASD that can further support early diagnosis and intervention are needed. A link between immigration and autism has been made by several international studies, but despite high rates of immigration, a Canadian study examining this association has not been conducted. Objectives To determine the proportion of children diagnosed with ASD at Manitoba’s primary autism referral site (the only publicly funded site for ASD evaluation of children <6 years of age) that were born to immigrant parents, and compare it with the known proportion of immigrants in Manitoba. Also, to compare demographic and clinical characteristics of children whose parents are immigrants with those whose parents were born in Canada. Design/Methods We conducted a retrospective chart review of >2000 electronic records that identified all children <6 years diagnosed with ASD at the referral site between May 2016 and September 2021. Data on parental immigration, demographics, diagnostic evaluation, and medical history was collected. Descriptive statistics were used to compare the relative proportion of children with ASD from immigrant parents with the proportion of immigrants in Manitoba based on 2016 census data. Results A total of 1865 children were diagnosed with ASD during the study period. The mean age at referral and diagnosis was 2.81 (SD 1.26) years and 3.88 (SD 2.90) years respectively; 78% were male and 13.5% were born preterm. The proportion of children with ASD from immigrant parents (36%) was greater than the expected proportion (18.3%) of immigrants based on Manitoba census data (p < 0.001). The most common countries of origin of immigration were the Philippines (30.7%), India (11.6%), Nigeria (8.6%), and Ethiopia (6.4%). Overall, children of immigrants were younger at referral (2.71 years, SD = 0.98 versus 2.91 years, SD = 1.43; p <0.001), less likely to have a family history of ASD (17.1% versus 35.6%; p = <0.001) and less likely to have comorbidities (46.8% versus 53.9%; p <0.001) including global developmental delay (18% versus 27.6%; p <0.001). Conclusion At Manitoba’s primary autism referral site, there was a greater proportion of children diagnosed with ASD born to immigrant parents than expected when compared to the Manitoba population. Overall, children of immigrants were younger, less likely to have comorbidities, developmental delay, and a family history of ASD. Future prospective studies are required to better understand the complex relationship between immigration and ASD diagnosis.

A Preliminary Exploration of Declarative Intonation in the Chilean Diaspora of Sweden

Motivated by a growing body of research on heritage Spanish prosody, the current study uses the Sp_ToBi framework for the transcription of Spanish intonation to report trends in phonological targets of broad focus declaratives produced by heritage speakers of Chilean Spanish living in Stockholm, Sweden. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews from six participants belonging to the same social network including two Spanish-dominant first-generation immigrants and four Swedish-dominant second-generation speakers who were born and raised in Sweden and are heritage speakers of Spanish. The G1 participants are the primary source of Spanish input for the G2 speakers. Data were analyzed by identifying word- and phrase-level phonological targets and associating them with the appropriate pitch accent and boundary tones. Results show that the heritage Spanish declarative intonation patterns of the G2 speakers closely resemble those of the G1 speakers. These patterns are scrutinized in terms of the potential influence of Swedish and/or other varieties of Spanish. This analysis exhibits evidence of the importance of source input variety and cross-generational transmission of phonological targets in a heritage language as well as the potential contributions of multiple intonational systems in forming the phonological inventory of heritage speakers.

White Racial Identity, Racial Attitudes, and Latino Partisanship

AbstractWhile partisanship in American politics has been historically tied to racial identity and racial attitudes, most studies of Latino partisanship do not incorporate these factors into understanding their partisan attachments. I argue that the concepts of race, color, and mestizaje as they are understood within Latino communities in the United States can influence political attitudes and partisanship among Latinos themselves. Using six consecutive Cooperative Election Study (formerly Cooperative Congressional Election Study) surveys I examine how self-identification as white, racial resentment, and color-blind attitudes influence Latino partisanship. I find that white racial identity has a small but significant positive association with Republican partisanship among Latinos, and a negative association with Democratic partisanship. Additionally, negative racial attitudes among Latinos are strongly related to identification as Republican, even when controlling for ideology and other factors like immigrant generation and religion. These results have important implications for understanding current and future Latino voting patterns.

Avrupa Birliği Eğitim Eylem Planı Politikalarının İncelenmesi

In relation to general education in the European Union, the basis of the Education Action Plan was laid in the 1973 Janne Report and entered into force at the Council of Ministers in 1976. The education policies of the European Union are not binding on governments individually, and there is no clear statement in the Treaty of Rome and the European Economic Community providing for cooperation in education. However, only In-Service training (In-Service Training) is included in the Treaty of Rome. Jean Monnet, which is considered the founding agreement of the European Community, emphasized the view that if the Union is re-established, the point of departure will be created by education instead of economics. This period is considered as a touchstone for the cooperation of the European Union in general education. Programs such as Petra and Erasmus allow many young people to experience education within Europe. European Union Educational Programs have been started for a period extending up to 20 years after the establishment of the European Economic Community by the treaty of Rome in 1957. In the mid-1970s, the European Community launched its first training program with vocational education. 128 Of the treaty of Rome. by implementing the statement in 1963, it draws an important framework for vocational education policy. Thus, the council of ministers of education convened in 1995 and took a series of Decrees envisaging providing secondary education opportunities for girls, providing educational opportunities for second-generation immigrant children, adopting the principle of continuous and “Lifelong Education” that will last from school to business life, and interuniversity cooperation within the scope of student exchange. Key Words: European Union, Education Action Plan, Education Policies

A Contribution to Social Sustainability Efforts in Turkey in the Context of Migration: Uyum Çocuk (Harmonization Child) Platform

Owing to its strategically advantageous geographical position that connects Asia and Europe, Turkey has consistently experienced a high rate of migration throughout its history. Nevertheless, one of the most remarkable and unparalleled migration events unfolded in 2011, triggered by the internal strife in Syria resulting from the Arab Spring. This tumultuous period witnessed an enormous wave of Syrian refugees seeking refuge within Turkey’s borders. Given its contemporary relevance, this migration carries profound implications for the social sustainability of future generations. This study aims to evaluate the contribution of the Uyum Çocuk (Harmonization Child) platform, initiated by the Turkish Ministry of Interior, to promote social cohesion among both native and immigrant children to the advancement of social sustainability. The platform is assessed across various dimensions of social sustainability, including social equality and justice, cultural diversity and freedom of expression, social participation, sustainable urban development, and eco-consumption. The research findings underscore that the platform primarily focuses on enhancing social equality and justice while other dimensions receive comparatively less attention. Considering Turkey’s role as a host country for millions of migrants, this study recommends that public authorities and civil society organizations prioritize initiatives aimed at instilling the principles of social sustainability across all segments of society, with a particular emphasis on children.

Weaving culture with consequence: Immigrant status and child maltreatment outcomes in early adulthood

BackgroundChild maltreatment is associated with a host of negative consequences over the life course, the most concerning of which is violence. Nevertheless, many abused and neglected youth do not grow up and commit violence. Meanwhile, research consistently finds an immigrant paradox, where foreign-born nativity is protective against a range of negative life outcomes. It may be that immigrants to the U.S. are more resilient to child maltreatment and less likely to engage in violence later in life. ObjectiveThis study contributes to the literature on victimization and the immigrant paradox by determining whether the effect of child maltreatment on later violence varies between immigrants and non-immigrants. Participants and settingThe present study uses a subsample of 964 foreign- and 12,808 native-born persons from Waves I and III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. MethodsLogistic regression models are specified and interaction terms are used to determine moderating effects of immigrant status on the link between child maltreatment and later violence. ResultsFindings indicate that child maltreatment significantly increased the odds of violent behavior in early adulthood by nearly 64 %, and this result was not moderated by immigrant status. Supplemental analyses continued to show generality in maltreatment effects. ConclusionsThe idea that child maltreatment is less harmful among foreign-born persons, or that they are able to “bounce back” from this form of victimization due to their unique multicultural assets, is not evidenced here. Key policy implications include a need for culturally competent victim services.

Expecting to achieve against the odds: Anti‐immigrant sentiment and immigrants' educational and occupational expectations in Europe

AbstractScholars have identified many factors that lead to changes in anti‐immigrant sentiment. Less is known, however, about the effects of anti‐immigrant sentiment on the academic experiences and outcomes of immigrant students. This manuscript examines the relationship between anti‐immigrant sentiment and immigrants’ expectations to achieve a college degree and career success in Europe. Consistent with established literature on immigrant optimism, this study finds that immigrants generally have higher educational and occupational expectations than their nonimmigrant peers. However, these positive associations decrease in countries with higher levels of anti‐immigrant sentiment. These patterns manifest for both first‐ and second‐generation immigrants, indicating that the potential deleterious effects of anti‐immigrant sentiment span generations of immigrants. These findings shed light on the out‐of‐family and out‐of‐school factors that shape the educational trajectories of immigrant youth and show that increases in anti‐immigrant sentiment might bring about long‐term damage to the success of immigrants in their host countries. They also suggest that school administrators and policymakers interested in immigrant success in the host countries should take anti‐immigrant sentiment into account when devising approaches to aid immigrant incorporation.

Ability composition in the class and the school performance of immigrant students

Using longitudinal data from the Italian National Institute for the Evaluation of the Education System (INVALSI), this paper investigates whether the ability of peers affects the educational attainment of immigrant students. We not only focus on the average quality of peers in the class, but also further investigate which part of the ability distribution of peers drives the effect, by assessing the role played by the extreme tails of the ability distribution. Our empirical strategy addresses students’ endogenous sorting into classes by exploiting the within-student across-subjects variation in achievements and the simultaneity problem by using predetermined measures of peers’ ability. We show that peers’ ability matters. While native students are mostly influenced by the average quality of their peers, immigrant children are detrimentally affected by the share of very low achievers in the classroom. Our findings provide valuable guidance to policymakers concerning the allocation of students to classes in order to foster immigrant students’ integration and learning.

Considering genres in gendered and racialized cultural capital

Despite their essential role in conceptualizing cultural capital, genres have been left out of most quantitative empirical studies in this research tradition. Based on data from the French Ministry of Education with measures of detailed genre consumption for reading and TV watching, this article uses multiple correspondence analysis to show differences in consumption by gender, race/ethnicity, and class, and uses Blinder-Oaxaca decompositions to explore how gender and ethnic/racial GPA gaps can be explained with attention to cultural genres. Findings suggest that variations in consumption can both play to the advantage or detriment of girls and minorities, with perhaps gendered practices having an exacerbated effect on grades in certain cases and conformity to school norms being particularly rewarded for children of immigrants. Ultimately, results call for attention to genres to nuance our understanding of all-encompassing indicators of cultural capital as also gendered and racialized.

Combined influence of immigration status and income on cervical cancer screening uptake

The regular performance of Pap tests for cervical cancer screening reduces this disease's incidence and mortality. Income inequalities have been reported for this screening, partly because in some countries women must advance or even pay out-of-pocket costs. Because immigrant status is also associated with low Pap test uptake, we aimed to analyze the combined impact of immigrant status and low income on cervical cancer underscreening. This study, based on the French CONSTANCES cohort, uses data from the cohort questionnaires and linked health insurance fund data about Pap test reimbursement. To measure income inequalities in screening, we calculated a Slope Index of Inequality (SII) by linear regression, taking into account the migration status of participants. The majority of the 70,614 women included in the analysis were not immigrants (80.2%), while 12.9% were second-generation immigrants, and 6.9% first-generation immigrants. The proportion of underscreening increased with immigrant status, from 19.5% among nonimmigrants to 23.6% among the second generation, and 26.5% among the first (P < 0.01). The proportion of underscreening also increased as income level decreased. The income gradient rose significantly from 14% among nonimmigrants to 21% in second-generation immigrants and 19% in the first generation (P < 0.01). Among first-generation migrants, the shorter the duration of residence, the higher the SII. Women who are first- or second-generation immigrants are simultaneously underscreened and subject to a more unfavorable economic gradient than native French women born to native French parents. The accumulation of several negative factors could be particularly unfavorable to screening uptake.

Understanding Latinx Perceptions of and Responses to Neighborhood Change

Using a place attachment lens, this article evaluates Latinx perceptions of and responses to neighborhood change. Research questions guiding this study include: (a) How do perceptions of place and neighborhood change vary among Latinx communities? (b) How do Latinx community members frame neighborhood change (as beneficial or disruptive)? And (c) How do these perceptions and assessments of neighborhood change shape the protective actions that are taken? This case study, based in Santa Ana, California, includes participant observations (nearly 180 hours) and semistructured interviews (28) with Latinx residents embedded in neighborhood associations and community-based organizations, selected because of their work against or for urban development. Results indicate that perspectives and responses varied by homeownership, age, immigration generation, and organizational affiliation, demonstrating differences among Latinxs in Santa Ana. Shaping their various perspectives are lived experiences (including racial discrimination and anti-immigrant sentiment) and both past and present perceptions of place.

PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES ADAPTATIONS OF CHILDREN IN THE CONDITIONS OF WAR AND EMIGRATION

The article notes that, despite a fairly wide study, the problem of researching the peculiarities of the psychological adaptation of emigrant children in modern conditions is gaining special relevance due to the war that is currently ongoing in Ukraine. Migration processes lead to the emergence of a whole set of problems, which are characterized by a certain specificity and require their immediate and detailed solution. In psychological science, the problem of adaptation of refugees and forced migrants has become widespread, but despite a fairly wide study, the problem of researching the peculiarities of the psychological adaptation of immigrant children in modern conditions is gaining special relevance. The purpose of the article is to conduct a theoretical and empirical study of the psychological features of children's adaptation in the conditions of war and emigration. Adaptation of immigrant children to the conditions of a new country depends on various factors, such as age, gender, previous experience of international mobility, level of support from relatives and social environment. Based on the conducted research, it is worth coming to the conclusion that the adaptation of children in conditions of emigration is a complex process that requires special attention and approach. Studies have shown that immigrant children have their own unique psychological characteristics associated with a change in environment, cultural context, and language situation. It is important to develop methodological approaches and tools to study and support the adaptation of these children, providing them with psychological support and resources for successful integration. A comparative analysis of emigrant children and children studying on the territory of Ukraine allows to understand the specifics of their development, to identify similar and different factors of adaptation that can be used to build effective programs and approaches in the field of education and psychological support .

DIFFERENT GENERATIONS, DISTINCT LIFESTYLES, SAME FEELING OF HIRAETH: APOSTCOLONIAL STUDY OF KEN LIU’S “THE PAPER MENAGERIE”

The wave of immigration in recent decades has heralded new versions of colonialism. Thus, attention to the phenomenon of migration has gained a special place in literature. Among diaspora writers, one can mention Ken Liu and his “The Paper Menagerie”. In the course of this paper, at first and with the help of Edward Said’s theory of orientalism, a thorough discussion of the family’s and Americans’ attitudes toward each other and the cultural differences between them will be provided. Then, the character of the mother, as a representative of the first-generation immigrants, and the boy, as a representative of second-generation immigrants, will be under scrutiny based on Homi Bhabha and William Safran’s postcolonial ideas to delineate their path to their diasporic identities. In the final step, in the light of Eric Landowski’s theory of social relations, Jack and his mother’s distinct lifestyles in their host country will be analyzed to deduce that they chose snob and dandy lifestyles, respectively. The present paper will conclude that although different generations of immigrants have distinct lifestyles, they will consciously or unconsciously keep the connection with their homeland. Just like Jack, who undergoes an identity crisis and abandons his paper menagerie, his mother, and his Chinese heritage to assimilate into American culture. He loses both his mother and her magic, only to regain them to some extent at the end of the story, when he realizes that he, too, feels hiraeth. Although, the hiraeth that he felt was latent in his unconscious.