Imagery Training Research Articles

The Effect of Imagery Training on The Improvement of Basketball Game Free Throw Skills in Basketball Extracurricular Students of SMA Negeri 8 Surakarta

<h1><em>The aim of the eyeball research was to see that there was no effect of image on improving skills in playing free ball games in basketball extracurricular students at SMA Negeri 8 Surakarta in 2019/2020. This research is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest and posttest control group design. By giving treatment (treatment) to the experimental group, by dividing into two groups with ordinal pairing, namely the experimental group with imagery training treatment and the control group using the free throw training treatment. The population in this study were all basketball extracurricular students at SMA Negeri 8 Surakarta for the 2019/2020 school year, totaling 24 students. Data collection techniques norms <sup>and</sup> documentation. The data analysis technique uses descriptive statistical techniques with the help of the IBM SPSS 22 program. The results showed that there was a significant effect of imagery training on the improvement of free throw basketball skills for basketball extracurricular students at SMA Negeri 8 Surakarta It shows that the pre-test average score is 6.75 with the highest score of 12, after being given the imagery training treatment the value increases by an average of 9.00 with the highest score of 14, the percentage of skill improvement is 33%. The results of this study can be concluded that imagery training can effectively improve the free throw skills of basketball games for extracurricular students at SMA Negeri 8 Surakarta for the 2019/2020 school year.</em></h1>

Effects of motor imagery training of Parkinson's disease: a protocol for a randomized clinical trial

BackgroundGait disorders in individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD) may be associated with alterations in the motor control system and aggravated by psychoemotional and cognitive issues. Therapeutic strategies aimed at self-perception and motor regulation seem to be promising. Motor imagery (MI) has been shown to be one of these strategies, but there is still no clear evidence of its applicability in this population. The aim of this trial is to determine the effects of motor-imagery training on the gait and electroencephalographic activity of individuals with PD.Methods/designThe sample will consist of 40 individuals, aged between 45 and 75 years, in the mild and moderate phase of the disease, with the ability to generate voluntary mental images. They will be assessed for cognitive level, degree of physical disability, mental-image clarity, kinematic gait variables, electroencephalographic activity and mobility. Next, subjects will be randomly assigned to an experimental group (EG) and a control group (CG). The EG will perform motor imagery and gait, while the CG will only engage in gait exercises. Twelve training sessions will be conducted lasting up to 90 min each, three times a week, for 4 weeks. The subjects will be reassessed on the kinematic variables of gait, electroencephalographic activity and mobility at 1, 7 and 30 days after the final training session.DiscussionThe results may provide an important advance in neurological rehabilitation where an easy-access and low-cost intervention may help to improve gait, electroencephalographic activity and mobility in individuals with PD.Trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov, ID: NCT03439800. Registered on 15 November 2017.

Motor imagery training decreases pain on loading in people with moderate Achilles tendinopathy: A preliminary randomised cross-over experiment

Motor imagery training decreases pain on loading in people with moderate Achilles tendinopathy: A preliminary randomised cross-over experiment

Brain activation patterns associated with paragraph learning in persons with multiple sclerosis: The MEMREHAB trial

The modified Story Memory Technique (mSMT) is a memory rehabilitation program that combines training in visualization and context formation to improve learning and memory. Previous studies have shown improvement in learning and memory in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) after undergoing the mSMT, including changes in brain activity related to working memory and word encoding. The current study examined changes in brain activity in 16 individuals diagnosed with MS (n treatment = 6; n placebo control = 10) when they were presented with to-be-remembered information within a meaningful context (i.e. a paragraph) from before to after mSMT treatment. We expected treatment-related changes in brain activation in the language network (LAN), default mode network (DMN), and executive control network (ECN). Consistent with this prediction, fMRI results revealed reduced brain activation in the LAN, DMN and ECN after completing the mSMT treatment in the context of paragraph learning. While no significant behavioral changes were observed, a marginally significant improvement with a large effect size was noted between baseline and follow-up performance on the Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test in persons who completed treatment. Results are discussed in terms of the impact of imagery training on patterns of cerebral activation when learning words presented within a context.

Motor imagery training improves balance and mobility in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Introduction: Allied health professionals such as physiotherapists and exercise physiologists are faced with increased geriatric admission rates and time pressures to ensure adequate rehabilitation of their older patients via targeted training to improve balance and mobility. Unfortunately, the benefits of such training are moderated or not feasible for certain patient groups. Importantly, evidence for the use of less physically demanding interventions that influence the neural control of balance and mobility such as motor imagery (MI) have recently emerged in neurological settings. Motor imagery is the imagining of an action without its physical execution and the use of motor imagery is particularly appealing for older patient groups that may be unable to undertake physical training due to weakness, surgical restrictions or immobilisation. This systematic review and meta-analysis identified whether motor imagery training influences measures of balance and mobility in older adults.

Rapid motor cortical plasticity can be induced by motor imagery training

Previous behavioural research has revealed that motor imagery (MI) can be an effective technique to generate and enhance motor learning and rehabilitation. This MI-enhanced motor performance may emerge because MI shares overlapping neural networks with movement execution and observation and leads to the activation and neuro-plasticity of the motor system. Neurophysiological studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have shown that physical and observational practice can elicit use-dependent, neuro-plastic changes in the cortical representation of movement. The purpose of the current experiment was to determine if similar changes in cortical representation of thumb movements could be elicited with MI training. Single-pulse TMS was provided over primary motor cortex to generate involuntary thumb movements before and after each of five training blocks. The dominant direction (flexion or extension) of TMS-evoked thumb movements was used as an index of the representation of thumb movements in primary motor cortex. During training, participants either imagined moving (experimental MI group) or physically moved (control PT group) their thumbs in the direction opposite to the dominant direction of their TMS-evoked thumb movements determined in the pre-training assessment. Both PT and MI training resulted in increases in the percentage of TMS-evoked thumb movements in the trained direction. These changes were apparent for the MI group after 900 imagery trials, whereas the changes were detectable in the PT group after 300 trials. These results indicate that MI can induce plastic changes similar to those of physical training, although more trials may be needed for these changes to occur.

Effect of imagery on freethrow shooting in basketball extraculicular

The purpose of this study was to find out differences in influence between internal imagery training and external training imagery on the results of free-throw shooting in extracurricular bola basketball, It used an experimental method. The sample was selected by random sampling technique which comprised three schools, SMPN 1 Bantul, SMPN 3 Bantul, SMPN 3 Jetis with a total of 42 bola basketball extracurricular students. An instrument measured the shooting free throw test to measure the free throw from Arianto B. The data were then analyzed using a two-track analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a significant level of α = 0.05. The results show that there is a significant difference between internal and external imagery training on the results of free-throw extracurricular bola basketball, which is evident from the value sig = 0.010 <0.05. External exercises imagery provides a better influence on the results of free shooting extracurricular bola basketball

POST STROKE REHABILITATION: CLINICAL EFFICACY OF BCI-DRIVEN HAND EXOSKELETON IN COMPARISON WITH "AMADEO" ROBOTIC MECHANOTHERAPY

Motor function deficit due to stroke is one of the leading causes for disability among working-age population. The most effective evidence-based treatment strategies are task oriented exercise approaches including constrained-induced movement therapy. Robot-assisted training provides high amount of repetitions and feedback to patient. Adjuvant therapies such as mirror therapy and motor imagery show their effectiveness if used in combination with basic neurorehabilitation methods and are treatment of choice for patients with severe motor impairment. Brain-computer interfaces allow to control motor imagery as a process by giving different type of feedback (e.g. kinesthetic via exoskeleton) during training sessions. It is poorly known if kinesthetic motor imagery is more effective comparing to robot-assisted training as a part of post-stroke rehabilitation. Materials and methods: 55 patients with arm paresis >1 month after stroke were enrolled in the current study. Screening and randomization were performed. Participants underwent rehabilitation treatment where BCI controlled motor imagery training in main group and robot-assisted training in control group were included. Motor function of the paretic arm was assessed using Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) and Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) before and after intervention. Results: Recovery of upper extremity motor function did not correlate with time since stroke and age of participants neither in main group, nor in control group. Correlations between change in motor scales scores and initial severity of motor deficit was shown in both groups (p

The Reorganization of Resting-State Brain Networks Associated With Motor Imagery Training in Chronic Stroke Patients.

A number of studies have suggested that motor imagery training (MIT) has a positive influence on the upper extremity motor recovery in stroke patients, but little is known about its neural basis. To investigate the cortical motor network plasticity after MIT, 34 chronic hemiplegic subjects with subcortical stroke were recruited and randomly allocated to either the conventional rehabilitation therapy (CRT) or the CRT + MIT. The patients were assessed with the upper limb section of Fugl-Meyer assessment Scale (FM-UL) and resting-state fMRI before and after the 4 weeks of treatment. Seed-based functional connectivity (FC) of the ipsilesional primary motor cortex (M1) and graph-theory based analysis were used to explore the relationships between the motor recovery and reorganization of motor networks. We found that the patients in the MIT group showed more improvement in the FM-UL scores compared with the CRT group. Both groups presented increased inter-hemispheric and decreased intra-hemispheric FC of the ipsilesional M1 after intervention. However, the MIT group showed increased FC of the ipsilesional M1 with the ipsilesional precentral and postcentral gyri, middle cingulate gyrus and supramarginal gyrus after intervention, while the CRT group showed decreased FC in these regions. In addition, the clustering coefficient was significantly increased in the MIT group but not in the CRT group, and the increment of clustering coefficient was significantly positively correlated with improvement of FM-UL scores. Therefore, MIT might contribute to the motor recovery in stroke patients through the following network reorganization, i.e., promoting the efficiency of regional neuronal communication and the reorganization of intrinsic FC of the ipsilesional M1 involving widely distributed motor network in both hemispheres.

Motor imagery training improves balance and mobility outcomes in older adults: a systematic review.

Does motor imagery training improve measures of balance, mobility and falls in older adults without a neurological condition? Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Adults aged at least 60 years and without a neurological condition. Three or more sessions of motor imagery training. The primary outcomes were balance measures (such as single leg stance and Berg Balance scale) and mobility measures (such as gait speed and the Timed Up and Go test). Falls were a secondary outcome measure. Risk of bias was evaluated using the PEDro Scale, and overall quality of evidence was assessed using the Grades of Research, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Twelve trials including 356 participants were included in the systematic review and 10 trials (316 participants) were included in the meta-analyses. All trials included either apparently healthy participants or older adults after orthopaedic surgery. There was evidence that motor imagery training can significantly improve balance (SMD 1.03, 95% CI 0.25 to 1.82), gait speed (MD 0.13 m/s, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.22) and Timed Up and Go (MD 1.64 seconds, 95% CI 0.79 to 2.49) in older adults; however, the quality of evidence was very low to low. No data regarding falls were identified. Motor imagery training improves balance and mobility in older adults who do not have a neurological condition. These results suggest that motor imagery training could be an adjunct to standard physiotherapy care in older adults, although it is unclear whether or not the effects are clinically worthwhile. PROSPERO CRD42017069954.

Linking vegetation cover and seasonal thaw depths in interior Alaska permafrost terrains using remote sensing

Permafrost in Interior Alaska is protected against summer thaw by an insulating layer of moss and mixed vegetative cover that regulates seasonal thaw and the end-of-summer season permafrost active layer depth. Thaw depths are laborious point scale measurements that can be difficult to translate regionally. Since disturbances are present on the landscape across many temporal and spatial scales they can greatly affect the soil and vegetation regime. Furthermore, many areas are denied full assessment due to terrain complexity or limited accessibility. As such, a remotely sensed means for estimating surface thaw based on insular vegetation composition would be advantageous. A synoptic evaluation of this insulating layer could eventually benefit regional mapping of areas where vegetation cover helps regulate thaw depths during the local growing season. Herein, we present multi-year data collected from three terrain types in Interior Alaska that relates seasonal thaw depth to vegetative cover type. Field samples for spectral reflectance, vegetation, soil, elevation and seasonal thaw depths were obtained from surveyed 1 m2 quadrats during the local growing season (late July, each summer from 2014 to 2017) across three lowland boreal landscapes. Statistical relationships between vegetation and samples were explored using CCA and showed vegetative cover distributions were highly correlated in two dimensions with the principal variables represented almost evenly by the soil variable pH and thaw depth. Class maps representing vegetation and associated thaw depth were derived from hyperspectral imagery using field and imagery training data. Map accuracy assessment, conducted using random points to establish truth data, yielded overall accuracies of >85%. Regression analysis and root mean square error testing of the predictive capacity of the vegetation classes and thaw depth was variable but encouraging, ranging from 5 to 11 cm or between an 8 and 37% chance of error. We feel the results are strong enough to stimulate more study in the evaluation of vegetation and thaw depth mapping during the local growing season.

Effects of Mental Imagery Training Combined With Electromyogram-Triggered Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation on Patients With Chronic Stroke

Abstract Date Presented 04/05/19 Mental imagery training combined with EMG-NMES (MIT EMG-NMES) and EMG-NMES are beneficial to improving upper-limb motor function and activities of daily living in patients with chronic stroke. These findings indicate that the choice of the intervention depends on the patient’s condition. In case of MIT EMG-NMES, patients should be able to imagine the movement of the affected body, especially through performance memory, and have a certain level of cognitive function. Primary Author and Speaker: Jin-Hyuck Park

Effect of Brain Training Through Visual Mirror Feedback, Action Observation Training and Motor Imagery on Orofacial Sensorimotor Variables in Asymptomatic Subjects: A Single-blind Randomized Controlled Trial.

Effect of Brain Training Through Visual Mirror Feedback, Action Observation Training and Motor Imagery on Orofacial Sensorimotor Variables in Asymptomatic Subjects: A Single-blind Randomized Controlled Trial.

KEBERKESANAN MODUL LATIHAN MENTAL IMAGERI TERHADAP ATLET SENI BELA DIRI TAEKWONDO

Mental training has proven its importance in training program by enhancing athletes performance. This study was conducted to examine the effectiveness of imagery training interventions among Koryo taekwondo martial arts athlete. Respondent for this study was 74 athletes and coaches who were elite athletes who had participated in national and international competitions aged 16 to 23. All athletes have completed a Vividness of visual imagery questionnaire that assesses the degree of image clarity and involves an athlete's cognitive ability to perform imagery skills. The study was a quasi-experimental study where subject rehearses application of the Imagery module as an alternative training. The imagery module was based on the five main attack techniques used in sparring competition which has complete instruction for trainers and athletes with reliability values from 0.53 to 0.75. A pre-test was conducted prior to the implementation of the intervention module while the post-test was done after the imagery intervention module was held for 14 weeks. All the data for both pre and post-tests were analyzed inferentially and descriptively while the t-test was conducted to see a comparison of state anxiety using competitive state anxiety inventory-2 CSAI-2 that tested the level of anxiety concerns before and after undergoing imagery training interventions. The test of pre and post studies show a significant difference in the treatment group undergoing imagery training interventions for the construct of cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-esteem, is significant. The findings showed a significant difference in the treatment group undergoing imagery training interventions compared to the control group that only carried out physical training. The results of this study give a true picture of the effectiveness of the imagery training in reducing the level of anxiety of the athlete during the competition as increasing confidence and the quality of the performance to achieve the desired achievement. The findings also have positive implications for the trainers on the importance of imagery training as alternative training compared to physical training.

Effects of an Exoskeleton-Assisted Gait Motor Imagery Training in Functional Brain Connectivity.

Lower-limb exoskeletons have been used in gait rehabilitation to facilitate the restoration of motor skills. These robotics systems could be complemented by Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) to assist or rehabilitate people with walking disabilities. In this preliminary study, electroencephalography-based brain functional connectivity is analyzed during exoskeleton-assisted gait motor imagery (MI) training. Partial Directed Coherence (PDC) analysis was employed to assess the exchange of information flow between EEG signals during gait MI in four healthy subjects, two using an exoskeleton and two without using it. Besides, in order to explore the functional connectivity, an outflow index based on the number of significant directed connectivities revealed by the PDC analysis is proposed. We found that the outflow index increases in the central zone (C2, C3, C4) while decreases in the central-parietal (CP1, CP2) and fronto-central (FC1) zones when the training was assisted by an exoskeleton. The results obtained can be useful to obtain informative features for BCI applications as well as in motor rehabilitation.

Neurofeedback in the Rehabilitation of Patients with Motor Disorders after Stroke

Traditional rehabilitation procedures do not meet all the latest requirements of ecological validity and new challenges in public health in terms of their technical characteristics. The article discusses new methods of rehabilitation in clinical practice based on modern information technologies, in particular, neurofeedback. Since motor functions are of central significance for human life, an important innovation is the use of the brain–computer interface (BCI) technology in the rehabilitation of patients after stroke. Two major directions in BCI technology development in neurorehabilitation and the efficacy of mental training are discussed. The results of pilot experiments on voluntary movement restoration using a hand exoskeleton with priming are analyzed. The efficacy of motor imagery training with and without priming is compared in groups of patients with post-stroke hand paresis using exoskeleton and the noninvasive BCI technology. Our data did not support the empirical hypothesis that special regulatory priming would influence the effectiveness of practice on motor imagery (extension of the hand). Qualitative analysis showed that priming provided prior to a mentally performed motion increased the effectiveness of technology in the rehabilitation of patients and had a nonspecific effect on the possibility of mentally performing the movement. These findings contribute to the understanding of clinical and psychological mechanisms of the rehabilitation process based on computer technologies and can help to promote the mental training technology and improve its effectiveness.

Motor Imagery Training in Children With Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Motor Imagery Training in Children With Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Mindfulness and Paranoia: A Cross-Sectional, Longitudinal and Experimental Analysis

ObjectivesThe purpose of this article was to examine the role of mindfulness, and its facets, in predicting (Studies 1 and 2) and attenuating (Study 3) paranoia in students.MethodsStudy 1 used cross-sectional questionnaire-based methodology (N = 410) to examine the association between mindfulness and paranoia whilst controlling for their shared association with anxiety and depression. Study 2 used longitudinal design to test the prospective influence of mindfulness facets on state paranoia over a 2-week period (N = 84). Study 3 used a single-blind between-group experimental design to examine the effects of 1-week self-administered mindfulness training (N = 34) versus 1-week self-administered guided visual imagery (GVI) training (N = 34) on state paranoia.ResultsIn study 1, controlling for anxiety and depression, low levels of non-judgement were significantly associated with high levels of paranoia (p < .001). In study 2, high levels of non-judgement buffered the impact of trait paranoia on daily experiences of state paranoia, whilst statistically controlling for the influence of rumination (interaction: p = .02). In study 3, both mindfulness and GVI significantly reduced state paranoia (p < .001).ConclusionFindings highlight the importance of mindfulness, and non-judgement specifically, in understanding paranoia in students and provide further evidence for mindfulness and relaxation as effective methods for reducing paranoia. Across studies, participants were predominantly white female students. Findings cannot, therefore, be assumed to generalise to other populations.

The integration of imagery training to increase gymnastic skill learning outcomes

Imagery training had been proven to improve skills in some athletes in sports training. Yet in education, it left a big question. The purpose of this research was to prove whether the learning process integrated by imagery training could improve learning outcomes in cartwheel skill. The research method used Classroom Action Research method with two cycles. Each cycle consisted of four stages, namely: preparation, implementation, observation, and reflection. The action was conducted by the integration of imagery training in learning cartwheel motion. Data collection techniques used observation and performance test. The increase of learning outcomes in skill aspects of 34 students reached 58.82% in the first cycle, and increased to be 76.67% in the second cycle. The result of the study showed that through learning process integrated by imagery training could improve learning outcomes in gymnastic material about cartwheel skill.

Intervention effect of motor guided imagery on sleep disorders and anxiety, depression in patients with stroke

Objective To evaluate the effect of motor guided imagery to improve the sleep quality and the emotional state in patients with stroke. Methods Totally 100 patients were randomly divided into experimental group(n=50) and control group(n=42). The control group received the routine medicine treatment and nursing measures in neurology, while the experimental group received motor guided imagery training therapy.The Pittsburgh sleep quality index scale(PSQI)were used to evaluate sleep quality, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were used to evaluate emotional state and the Stroke Specific Quality of Life (SS-QOL) were used to evaluate quality of life before and after intervention. Results After one- or five-week intervention, the total score of PSQI and the scores of HADS in the experimental group ((4.95±1.94), (3.91±1.63), (12.92±2.58), (7.26±4.49))were lower than those in the control group((10.81±3.23), (7.93±3.20), (18.45±3.03), (12.07±5.48)), and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). Intergroup effect, time effect and interaction effect of PSQI score and HADS score showed significant in two groups(P<0.05). After one- or five-week intervention, the total score of SS-QOL in the experimental group((194.12±18.98), (213.66±17.95)) were higher than those in the control group((156.81±18.39), (194.12±25.41)), and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05). The inter-group effect, time effect and interaction effect of SS-QOL score in both groups were significant(P<0.05). Conclusion The motor guided imagery training can effectively improve the sleep quality, the emotional state and quality of life in stroke patients. Key words: Motor guided imagery; Stroke; Post-stroke sleep disorders; Anxiety; Depression; Quality of life