Lux Illumination Research Articles

Effect of sodium salicylate treatment on physiological and biochemical parameters of wheat seedlings under the influence of heavy metals

The objective of this work was to study the effect of cadmium sulfate and zinc sulfate on the growth and development of common wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) of the Moskvich variety. In order to determine the physiological and biochemical parameters of seedlings and the possibility of regulating their resistance to the stress factor, preplanting treatment of seeds with sodium salicylate (СNa) was carried out. Wheat seeds had been germinating in a solution of 0.1 mM СNa for 3 days at a temperature of 21–23 oС and under a 16-hour daily illumination of 3000 lux illuminance. On the 4th day, the seedlings were transferred to plastic containers, where they continued to grow in a climatic chamber under periodic irrigation with solutions of CdSO 4 and ZnSO 4 salts with a concentration of 10 -6 -10 -3 M. On the 7th day of the experiment, the length and fresh weight of the root system and shoots of the seedlings were measured, alongside with the lipid peroxidation (LPO) activity and the enzyme activity superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the cells of the leaves, as well as the content of proline in the leaves and roots of wheat seedlings. It has been found that for establishing the differences in the effect of cadmium and zinc ions on wheat plants using only biometric indicators is not sufficient. In our studies, the determination of LPO activity and proline content served as an indicator of the development of oxidative stress in the cells of wheat seedlings under the influence of CdSO 4 and ZnSO 4 . At the same salt concentrations, only CdSO 4 contributed to increased LPO activity and the formation of proline, which could be a signal for triggering the protective reactions of the cell. The low SOD activity under these conditions is probably resulting from the fact that it is proline that reduces the formation of reactive oxygen species either by terminating the cascade of free radical reactions or by inhibiting the CdSO 4 enzyme. ZnSO 4 salt is less toxic, since in the same range of concentrations it does not cause an increase in the content of LPO and proline products. The influence of CNa on these parameters depended on the nature of the heavy metal and the strength of its action, and produced both pro- and antioxidant effects, both provoking oxidative stress or protecting against it.

Influence of scan body design on accuracy of the implant position as transferred to a virtual definitive implant cast

Statement of problemPrevious studies have analyzed factors influencing intraoral scanner accuracy; however, how the intraoral scan body design affects the implant position on the virtual definitive cast is unclear. PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to measure the discrepancies of the implant replica positions of the virtual definitive implant cast obtained by using 3 different scan body designs when performing a digital scan. Material and methodsA partially edentulous typodont with 3 implant replicas (Implant Replica RP Branemark system; Nobel Biocare Services AG) was prepared. Three groups were determined based on the scan body system evaluated: SB-1 (Elos Accurate Nobel Biocare), SB-2 (NT Digital Implant Technology), and SB-3 (Dynamic Abutment). Each scan body was positioned on each implant replica of the typodont, and was digitized by using an intraoral scanner (iTero Element; Cadent) as per the manufacturer’s scanning protocol at 1000 lux illuminance. A standard tessellation language (STL) file was obtained. Before the scan bodies were removed from the typodont, a coordinate measuring machine (CMM Contura G2 10/16/06 RDS; Carl Zeiss Industrielle Messtechnik GmbH) was used to measure the scan body positions on the x-, y-, and z-axis. The linear and angular discrepancies between the position of the scan bodies on the typodont and STL file were calculated by using the best fit technique with a specific program (Calypso; Carl Zeiss Industrielle Messtechnik GmbH). The procedure was repeated until 10 STL files were obtained per group. The Shapiro-Wilk test revealed that the data were not normally distributed. The data were analyzed by using the Mann-Whitney U test (α=.05). ResultsThe coordinate measuring machine was unable to measure the scan body positions of the magnetically retained SB-3 group because of its mobility when palpating at the smallest pressure possible. Therefore, this group was excluded. No significant differences were found in the linear discrepancies between the SB-1 and SB-2 groups (P>.05). The most accurate scan body position was obtained on the z-axis. However, the SB-1 group revealed a significantly higher XZ angular discrepancy than the SB-2 group (P<.001). ConclusionsThe scan body systems tested (SB-1 and SB-2 groups) accurately transferred the linear implant positions to the virtual definitive implant cast. However, significant differences were observed in the XZ angular implant positions between the scan body systems analyzed.

In-depth analysis of defects in TiO2 compact electron transport layers and impact on performance and hysteresis of planar perovskite devices at low light

Properties of the electron transport layer (ETL) are known to influence the performance of lead halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs). But so far very little emphasis has been given on the increased impact of this layer at low light. In this work we compare the effect of thickness and coverage of a TiO2 compact layer on the performance and hysteresis of methyl ammonium lead iodide planar devices tested under 200 lux vs. 1 sun illumination. Standard TiO2 layers are produced with incremental thickness and coverage using sequential spray pyrolysis of a Ti-acetylacetonate precursor (0–50 sprays, 1 spray ~ 1 nm TiO2). Thorough materials characterisation combining FEG-SEM, XPS, and cyclic voltammetry shows that a crystalline, nearly pin-hole free TiO2 layer is achieved by deposition of ≥15 sprays over small to large areas (0.2 mm2–1 cm2). Device performance is affected by two main parameters, namely the coverage yield and thickness of the TiO2 layer, especially under 200 lux illumination. A 25 vs. 50 sprays-TiO2 layer is found to provide the best compromise between coverage and thickness and avoid charge recombination at the TiO2/perovskite interface whilst minimizing resistive losses with 11.7% average PCE at 200 lux vs 7.8% under 1 sun. Finally, the analysis of I/V forward vs. reverse scans and open circuit voltage decay data suggests that hysteresis is greatly affected by the capacitive properties of the ETL at low light, whilst other phenomena such as ion migrations may dominate under 1 sun.

Research on the effect of contrast enhancement and illumination condition on 3D visual fatigue

Abstract3D visual comfort can be influenced by such common factors as binocular parallax, 3D image contrast, viewing distance, and illumination condition. This paper investigates the effect of contrast enhancement and illumination condition on 3D visual fatigue by performing a visual fatigue measurement experiment, of which subjects need to watch 3D images under two illumination conditions and finish a comfort judgment task. The proportion of discomfort images, the subjective evaluation of visual fatigue under 100 lux and 500 lux illumination conditions, the effect of image contrast enhancement on 3D visual fatigue, and the relationship between visual fatigue and proportion of discomfort images were analyzed, respectively. The experimental results showed that both the contrast enhanced by Laplacian algorithm and low illumination condition have positive influence on 3D visual perception of eyes; the 3D visual fatigue of contrast enhanced by Laplacian algorithm under low illumination condition was less than other situations in the experiment. Moreover, it was examined that the proportion of discomfort images can be potential prediction indicator of the 3D visual fatigue.

Unraveling sorption of Cr (VI) from aqueous solution by FeCl3 and ZnCl2-modified corn stalks biochar: Implicit mechanism and application

A novel functionalized biochar was prepared using corn stalks for efficiently removal and mobility control of Cr(VI). Compared to single modified biochar, iron/zinc biochar (Fe@Zn@HBC) displayed a better removal property and the maximum adsorption capacity of Fe@Zn@HBC reached 138.89 mg·g−1 at pH = 2 and 260 ± 10 Lux illumination. The positive charge on biochar might be the main reason promoting the rapid adsorption of Cr(VI) by electrostatic interaction. Reduction functional groups and photocatalysis (derived from ZnFe2O4 and B-H functional group) provided electrons for Cr(VI) reduction. And the SiO2 could enhance the reduction process by improving electrons transfer. Finally, FeCr2O4 and ZnFeCrO4 were formed by coprecipitation and ion exchange. Meanwhile, Fe@Zn@HBC showed a high solid–liquid magnetic separation potential due to the Fe3O4 and ZnFe2O4. In soil column experiment, Fe@Zn@HBC displayed a superior mobility control on biochar particles and Cr(VI) solution under the external magnetic field.

High-Performance Organic Dyes with Electron-Deficient Quinoxalinoid Heterocycles for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells under One Sun and Indoor Light.

A series of Y-shaped sensitizers incorporating quinoxaline or quinoxalinoid moieties were prepared and applied in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). By the introduction of quinoxalinoid functionalities, the absorption extinction coefficients could be enhanced. The molecular structures were modified by introducing an extra acceptor group (A) between a donor (D) and a π-bridge (D-A-π-A) and also by incorporating electron-donating substituents at various positions of the quinoxalinoid moiety. Some of the dyes and mixtures thereof were found to exhibit good light-harvesting efficiencies under both sunlight and indoor light, with efficiencies up to 7.92 % under one sun (AM 1.5G). When operated under indoor light, the efficiency could be boosted to 27.76, 28.74, and 30.45 % under 600, 1000, 2500 lux illumination, respectively. The best performance could be ascribed partly to an improved dye coverage on the TiO2 surface.

Efficient Office Assistant Robot System: Autonomous Navigation and Controlling Based on ROS

This paper proposes a movable robot that can be used to deliver documents or small parcels (>2.0kg) between employees of an unstructured indoor office environment. The study reviews literature on robot navigation, apply promising techniques and test their accuracy in an unstructured indoor laboratory environment. There are many technologies available in robot navigation. We have selected free and open source software and inexpensive sensors and materials to build a low cost but accurate robot. Our system comprised of three units: first one that process sensor data, second one which is the navigating robot having sensors and actuators, and third one controlling part of office assistant robot system. We have used Robotic Operating System (ROS) indigo as the ground operating system in the background of Ubuntu Operating System. The experiment was conducted to examine the capabilities of the setup and studied its behavior, mapping and localization specifically according to the user commands. An unstructured indoor environment was selected with five users located on the sides. We considered both dark (55 lux – 60 lux) and bright (15 lux – 20 lux) illumination conditions in the room. Then, we allowed the robot to navigate autonomously according to the user commands between five users and monitored its accuracy by looking at the completion of the route to a target user. Results show that the robot has about 98.4% of accuracy of achieving the goal location on average in both lighting conditions and 98% and 98.8% of accuracies for bright and dark conditions respectively. Finally, this office assistant robot system could be practically used in an office environment in both bright and dark lighting conditions.

Energy Harvesting Under Dim-Light Condition With Dye-Sensitized and Perovskite Solar Cells.

We demonstrate highly efficient energy harvesting devices for dim-light application under 200 lux irradiation using dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) and perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The high-efficiency DSCs are composed of cobalt-based redox mediators in 3-methoxypropionitrile (MPN) solvent with MK-2 sensitizer. With the introduction of under layer treatment and fine-tuning of compositions in cobalt-based electrolyte, the power conversion efficiency of cobalt-based DSCs achieves 16.0% under 200 lux illumination. That outperforms the best device using the conventional iodine-based electrolyte illuminated with the same light intensity. Especially, cobalt-based electrolyte system exhibits a higher open circuit voltage than iodine-based electrolyte counterpart. We also investigate perovskite solar cells under dim-light condition. PSCs show higher open circuit voltage and short circuit current density than DSCs with efficiency up to 23.4%. In this work, our results demonstrate the promising potential of DSCs and PSCs in the dim-light applications.

The impact of common herbicides in Tagus estuary ecosystem may be higher than expected

Introduction: Artemia spp. (Crustacea, Branchiopoda) is commonly used in aquaculture as a live feed for fish and crustaceans, as well as in toxicological studies of new chemicals in the aquatic environment [1]. In the wild, Artemia spp. occurs in saline areas, such as Salinas do Samouco - Alcochete, in the Tagus estuary, being a primary part of a large ecosystem [2]. A recent study showed the toxic effect of glyphosate, the active principle of several herbicides, on this organism [3]. This study aimed to investigate the effect on Artemia of three herbicides freely sold in Portugal. Materials and methods: Artemia cysts were hatched into nauplii after 16-18h at 26ºC, under day illumination, aeration being strong and continuous [1]. Ten nauplii were randomly collected for each vessel test, performed at 26°C in 100 mL of artificial seawater with 35 ppt of salinity, aeration of 5 mL/s, under 2000 lux illumination [3]. The assays were made in duplicate. The mortality of the naupliis was measured after 4, 16, 20, 24 and 48 hours exposure to 0.1 ppm of the herbicides Natria, Resolva and Roundup (10 µL/100mL), along with the control group. The mortality of the naupliis was measured after 24 and 48 hours exposure to 0.05 and 0.1 ppm of the 3 herbicides, along with the control group. Kit aquarium tests for pH, NH4, NO3, and NO2 were applied to the contents of the vessels after 0, 24 and 48 hours of toxicological testing. Results: The mean of 4 assays indicated that the time required to kill 50% of the organisms exposed to 0.1 ppm of herbicides Natria, Roundup and Resolva was 11h, 14h and 40h respectively (Figure 1). The reduction to 0.05 ppm of the Natria and Roundup herbicides maintained Artemia mortality higher than 50% in 24 hours of exposure. Ammonium kit tests showed no relevant difference between vessel control and vessels with herbicides. Figure 1. Effect of herbicides at 10 µL/100 mL along 4, 16, 20, 24 & 48h. Discussion and conclusions: Both Natria and Roundup herbicides showed acute toxicity to Artemia. The toxicity of the Roundup active ingredient (glyphosate) is known [3] but the active ingredients of Natria (octanoic and decanoic acids) are not considered to be toxic and are easily sold in Lisbon and around. The indiscriminate use of Natria can lead to large discharges into the Tagus river and have consequences for the Artemia and its trophic chain, as the scyphozoan Catostylus tagi. It is worrying that aquarium tests for ammonia have not been able to detect Natria at toxic concentrations, although it is composed of ammonia salts.

Efficacy of Purple Non Sulphur Bacterium &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Rhodobacter sphaeroides&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Strain UMSFW1 in the Utilization of Palm Oil Mill Effluent

Sustainable use of palm oil mill effluent (POME) has been the major focus in the recent development in palm oil industry due to the fact that environmental issue brought by POME. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum incubation period of purple non-sulphur bacterium (PNSB) in reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in settled POME and to determine the dry cell weight, TN, TP and cell yield of PNSB. Pure isolate of Rhodobacter sphaeroides strain UMSFW1 was cultured in settled POME under anaerobic condition at 2500 lux illumination on light intensity at a temperature of 30°C ± 2°C for 144-h. Parameters such as COD (mg/L), dry cell biomass (g/L), TP (mg/L) and TN (mg/L) in settled POME and bacterial cells were analyzed. A total reduction of TN (43.9%) in settled POME and a total increase of TN (43.2%) in bacterial cell were recorded at the end of experiment. At the same time the reduction of 51.5% chemical oxygen demand was determined from the POME. The highest dry cell weight of 2.44 g/L with cell yield 0.39 (mg/cell/mg COD) was achieved at the end of experiment. A total 24.7% of TP reduction in settled POME was achieved in 144-h culture, but while a maximum 10% of TP in bacterial cell was achieved in 48-h culture. This study shows that PNSB Rhodobacter sphaeroides strain UMSFW1 grows well by using settled POME as substrate and is capable to remove TN in the settled POME and assimilate into bacterial biomass. This study could provide us a further insight in the nutrient removal and COD removal in the bioremediation process by bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides strain UMSFW1.

Limiting efficiency of indoor silicon photovoltaic devices

Energy harvesting from ambient light can be used to power wireless sensors and other standalone electronic devices. The intensity of light used for illumination is 300-3000x lower than sunlight and the spectrum of artificial light is normally narrowly concentrated in the visible range. As a result, the optimal design of photovoltaic devices for energy harvesting from ambient light differs from conventional solar cells. We calculate the maximum efficiency for Si photovoltaic devices operating under conditions expected indoors as a function of the cell thickness, taking into account the relevant properties of Si. The optimum thickness for devices operating under 250 lux illumination produced by white LED's is 1.8 µm and the efficiency is 29.0%, whereas for direct sunlight, the optimum thickness is much larger at 109 µm, while the maximum efficiency is almost the same (29.7%). The relative efficiency increases logarithmically with light intensity at 8.5% per decade.

The Study of Blocking Effect of Nb2O5 in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells under Low Power Lighting

Suppression of charge recombination is an efficient strategy capable of improving the photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Herein, we fabricate a Nb2O5 thin film on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) photoanode using a facile dip-coating method and study its blocking effect on charge recombination under various illuminance. The results show that the blocking effect of Nb2O5 is strongly illuminance intensity dependent. The blocking effect of Nb2O5 is insignificant at strong (one sun, >100,000 lux) illumination because the suppressed reverse charge flux makes no substantial contribution to the high-level injection of photo-excited charges. Conversely, the blocking effect plays an important role in the efficiency improvement as the photon-injected charge flux significantly reduces at low-intensity illumination (300–6000 lux). The efficiency of DSSCs with a blocking layer can be improved by 10% to 53% under low-intensity illumination, and the efficiency improvement is attributed to an improvement in fill factor.

Стимуляция ризогенеза красной и чёрной малин in vitro с использованием когерентного излучения

The effect of supplementary red LED and laser lightning on the rhizogenesis in vitro of plants of the genus Rubus at different levels of the basic polychromatic illumination was studied. The relevance of this work is due to the need to improve the biotechnological methods of accelerated plant propagation at all stages of cloning, including root formation stage. One of the ways to solve this problem is to use coherent radiation to stimulate physiological and morphogenetic processes in plants and to create energy-saving cultivation technologies on the basis of the methods developed. Microcuttings of berry crops cultivated with 1000 and 2000 Lux illumination were subjected to daily supplementary lightning for 20 minutes with LEDs (λ = 638 nm, power density 5 W/m 2 ) or helium-neon laser (λ = 632.8 nm, power density 3 W/m 2 ). In conditions of low illumination (1000 Lux), the intensity of rhizogenesis in red raspberry and black raspberry decreased in comparison with the illumination of 2000 Lux. LED-based and laser additional irradiation increased the intensity of the rhizogenesis of berry crops in vitro. With a low basic illumination (1000 Lux) the maximum stimulating effect of an additional red quasi-monochromatic illumination was observed. In red and black raspberry, laser and LED backlighting with insufficient basic illumination made it possible to obtain the number of roots and their total length per one explant not differing statistically from those at full illumination, but without backlighting.

Porphyrin-based thick-film bulk-heterojunction solar cells for indoor light harvesting

A thick-film (∼200 nm) porphyrin-based P1:PC71BM BHJ solar cell achieves an optimized PCE of 18.2%, under a 300 lux illumination of a 3000 K LED tube.

Toward proper evaluation of light dose in indoor office environment by frontal lux meter

The wearable Brazilian illuminance meter “OcuLux” provides the opportunity to monitor continuously pupilar illuminance for indoor environment. The device is calibrated to evaluate the illuminance in lux for the range of 0 to 3500 lux with 23% of precision. This sensor was worn for 19 days in an office room of the LESO solar experimental building at EPFL (Lausanne, Switzerland), equipped with Anidolic Daylighting System (ADS) as well as a conventional window, to assess the light dose received by a human subject (30 year old female). The results showed that: i) the light dose is lower than the recommended values for most of the time; ii) in spite of asymmetrical workstation orientation, the light dose received during the morning and in the afternoon are comparable and iii) the impact of day length and sky condition on the light dose at the pupillary level is considerable.

Penentuan Kondisi Lingkungan Kerja Fisik yang Optimal Menggunakan Metode Permukaan Respon

Many consequences caused by the condition of the work environment is not good. This can be caused by noise, lighting and temperature conditions. We need to determine the optimal value of these work environment factors in order to improve operator performance. The correlation between operator performance with work environment factor such as noise, lighting and temperature are found out by develope empirical model to describe relation between operator performance with work environment factor. The model is used to optimize operator performance. This research use surface response method. The experimental design used a central composite design. The research was conducted by experiments in the Laboratory of Analysis of Work Design and Ergonomics of Islamic University of Indonesia Yogyakarta. Variables taken are noise, lighting and temperature. Range for noise is 40 dB to 75 dB, lighting 200 lux to 700 lux, and temperatures between 20ºC to 35ºC. The experiment carried out was the resistor color matching for 5 minutes according to the combination of research variables that have been determined in the surface response method. Output is the number of truths that occur. Using this optimization model, optimal working environment conditions for noise of 60.5 dB, 354.5 lux illumination and temperature of 25.8º.

Improving color reproduction accuracy of an OLED‐based mobile display

AbstractFor improving color reproduction accuracy of mobile displays, we recently developed a generic model for device‐specific display characterization model that also accounts for the influence of illuminance from ambient light. In the present article, this MDCIM model (Mobile Display Characterization and Illumination Model) is applied to a Samsung Galaxy S4 display, representing OLED displays. The performance of the model was tested by determining the values of all model parameters using publicly available technical data only. We organized visual tests under various ambient illuminance levels from 600 to 3000 lux. Seven observers compared the color of displayed images with the color of physical samples. With the MDCIM method, the quality of the color match was shown to improve considerably as compared to using only device‐independent encoding color space. On a five‐point scale to quantify color reproduction accuracy, the MDCIM resulted in more than 1 unit improvement at 1000 lux illuminance. At lower and higher illuminance, the improvement was even larger. Color reproduction accuracy was found to be at least reasonable, according to the subjective assessment of visual observers, for more than 75% of the samples when using the MDCIM method, but only 20% or less when using the common device‐independent encoding color space.

The wavelength composition and temporal modulation of ambient lighting strongly affect refractive development in young tree shrews

Shortly after birth, the eyes of most animals (including humans) are hyperopic because the short axial length places the retina in front of the focal plane. During postnatal development, an emmetropization mechanism uses cues related to refractive error to modulate the growth of the eye, moving the retina toward the focal plane. One possible cue may be longitudinal chromatic aberration (LCA), to signal if eyes are getting too long (long [red] wavelengths in better focus than short [blue]) or too short (short wavelengths in better focus). It could be difficult for the short-wavelength sensitive (SWS, “blue”) cones, which are scarce and widely spaced across the retina, to detect and signal defocus of short wavelengths. We hypothesized that the SWS cone retinal pathway could instead utilize temporal (flicker) information. We thus tested if exposure solely to long-wavelength light would cause developing eyes to slow their axial growth and remain refractively hyperopic, and if flickering short-wavelength light would cause eyes to accelerate their axial growth and become myopic. Four groups of infant northern tree shrews (Tupaia glis belangeri, dichromatic mammals closely related to primates) began 13 days of wavelength treatment starting at 11 days of visual experience (DVE). Ambient lighting was provided by an array of either long-wavelength (red, 626 ± 10 nm) or short-wavelength (blue, 464 ± 10 nm) light-emitting diodes placed atop the cage. The lights were either steady, or flickering in a pseudo-random step pattern. The approximate mean illuminance (in human lux) on the cage floor was red (steady, 527 lux; flickering, 329 lux), and blue (steady, 601 lux; flickering, 252 lux). Refractive state and ocular component dimensions were measured and compared with a group of age-matched normal animals (n = 15 for refraction (first and last days); 7 for ocular components) raised in broad spectrum white fluorescent colony lighting (100–300 lux).During the 13 day period, the refraction of the normal animals decreased from (mean ± SEM) 5.8 ± 0.7 diopters (D) to 1.5 ± 0.2 D as their vitreous chamber depth increased from 2.77 ± 0.01 mm to 2.80 ± 0.03 mm. Animals exposed to red light (both steady and flickering) remained hyperopic throughout the treatment period so that the eyes at the end of wavelength treatment were significantly hyperopic (7.0 ± 0.7 D, steady; 4.7 ± 0.8 D, flickering) compared with the normal animals (p < 0.01). The vitreous chamber of the steady red group (2.65 ± 0.03 mm) was significantly shorter than normal (p < 0.01). On average, steady blue light had little effect; the refractions paralleled the normal refractive decrease. In contrast, animals housed in flickering blue light increased the rate of refractive decrease so that the eyes became significantly myopic (−2.9 ± 1.3 D) compared with the normal eyes and had longer vitreous chambers (2.93 ± 0.04 mm). Upon return to colony lighting, refractions in all groups gradually returned toward emmetropia. These data are consistent both with the hypothesis that LCA can be an important visual cue for postnatal refractive development, and that short-wavelength temporal flicker provides an important cue for assessing and signaling defocus.

Digital Pupillometry in Normal Subjects

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to evaluate the pupil size of normal subjects at different illumination levels with a novel pupillometer. The pupil size of healthy study participants was measured with an infrared-video PupilX pupillometer (MEye Tech GmbH, Alsdorf, Germany) at five different illumination levels (0, 0.5, 4, 32, and 250 lux). Measurements were performed by the same investigator. Ninety images were executed during a measurement period of 3 seconds. The absolute linear camera resolution was approximately 20 pixels per mm. This cross-sectional study analysed 490 eyes of 245 subjects (mean age: 51.9 ± 18.3 years, range: 6–87 years). On average, pupil diameter decreased with increasing light intensities for both eyes, with a mean pupil diameter of 5.39 ± 1.04 mm at 0 lux, 5.20 ± 1.00 mm at 0.5 lux, 4.70 ± 0.97 mm at 4 lux, 3.74 ± 0.78 mm at 32 lux, and 2.84 ± 0.50 mm at 250 lux illumination. Furthermore, it was found that anisocoria increased by 0.03 mm per life decade for all illumination levels (R2 = 0.43). Anisocoria was higher under scotopic and mesopic conditions. This study provides additional information to the current knowledge concerning age- and light-related pupil size and anisocoria as a baseline for future patient studies.

Piezomodulation of Connection Conductance TlInTe&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;

This paper discusses the development method of strain sensors based on acicular single crystal compound TlInTe2 is grown by Bridgman-Stockbarger technique. Creating mechanically reliable ohmic contacts on said obtained single crystals was carried out directly by spot welding wires corresponding to the ends of the capacitor discharge heated in a stream of inert gas from the single crystal TlInTe2. This method of creating contacts proved effective and reliable. Sensors made by this manner stuck to the calibrated beams of steel thickness of 1 mm, a length of 30 mm and a corresponding optimal regime got sensors with a maximum piezo-sensitivity. It was found that if enshrined at one end of a thin steel sheet with glued crystals TlInTe2 initiate periodic mechanical vibrations to the same frequency, occurs conductivity modulation. The effect of piezo-modulation conductance depending on the degree of deformation, illumination in interval of deformation and lux illumination in room temperature were studied. The study showed that the more mechanical deformation and illumination are, the more modulation amplitude is. We studied the modulation of the conductivity of crystals during mechanical deformation values of 8, 14, 19, 23 and 27 × 10-5and illuminance 1000, 2750, 4750 and 6500 suites. Investigations the level piezo-signal depending on the amplitude of mechanical vibrations at frequency of 85 Hz, it is found that with increasing magnitude of the mechanical deformation of 7 × 10-5 and 26 × 10-5 amplitude increases six times. It is shown that the piezoresistive effect is clearly manifested in dynamic mode. Additional conductivity occurs during mechanical deformation. When the illuminated samples piezoconductivity magnitude increases linearly.