Abstract
Sustainable use of palm oil mill effluent (POME) has been the major focus in the recent development in palm oil industry due to the fact that environmental issue brought by POME. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum incubation period of purple non-sulphur bacterium (PNSB) in reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in settled POME and to determine the dry cell weight, TN, TP and cell yield of PNSB. Pure isolate of Rhodobacter sphaeroides strain UMSFW1 was cultured in settled POME under anaerobic condition at 2500 lux illumination on light intensity at a temperature of 30°C ± 2°C for 144-h. Parameters such as COD (mg/L), dry cell biomass (g/L), TP (mg/L) and TN (mg/L) in settled POME and bacterial cells were analyzed. A total reduction of TN (43.9%) in settled POME and a total increase of TN (43.2%) in bacterial cell were recorded at the end of experiment. At the same time the reduction of 51.5% chemical oxygen demand was determined from the POME. The highest dry cell weight of 2.44 g/L with cell yield 0.39 (mg/cell/mg COD) was achieved at the end of experiment. A total 24.7% of TP reduction in settled POME was achieved in 144-h culture, but while a maximum 10% of TP in bacterial cell was achieved in 48-h culture. This study shows that PNSB Rhodobacter sphaeroides strain UMSFW1 grows well by using settled POME as substrate and is capable to remove TN in the settled POME and assimilate into bacterial biomass. This study could provide us a further insight in the nutrient removal and COD removal in the bioremediation process by bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides strain UMSFW1.
Highlights
Palm oil industry contributed revenue to the country, and generated severe impacts to the environment
This study shows that purple non-sulphur bacterium (PNSB) Rhodobacter sphaeroides strain UMSFW1 grows well by using settled palm oil mill effluent (POME) as substrate and is capable to remove total nitrogen (TN) in the settled POME and assimilate into bacterial biomass
There observed in the reduction of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) of 70.3% and 35.8% respectively, but the available concentrations of TN and TP are more than enough to support the growth of bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides while cultured in settled POME
Summary
Palm oil industry contributed revenue to the country, and generated severe impacts to the environment. By-product such as empty fruit bunches (EFB), palm kernel, fibre, shell and palm oil mill effluents (POME) are produced during the extraction process of crude palm oil (DOE, 1999). Among these by-product, POME management has being the most concerned issue in the industry because of its huge quantities in production. Anaerobic condition in the water body activates anaerobic microbes leading to the production of poisonous gas such as hydrogen sulphide To avoid such situation, POME must have to undergo treatment processes. Nitrosomonas sp., phosphorus accumulating bacteria Flavobacterium sp., fungi Aspergillus niger and microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa (Tan et al, 2015) These microbes are usually native to POME and each of them has its own role in the degradation of POME. PNSB is used in the bioremediation of POME to reduce the chemical oxygen de-
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