Illegal Labor Migration Research Articles

LABOR MIGRATION: A VIEW FROM KAZAKHSTAN

This research was funded by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (grant no. IRN AP19679267). Today, Kazakhstan has a comprehensive system for attracting foreign labor force. There is a quota system for skilled foreign labor and labor immigrants and a multi-stage system for issuing work permits. Nevertheless, a number of problems remain in the management of labor migration that need to be addressed: the system for attracting labor migrants to Kazakhstan is not associated with the management of other migration flows; there is no mechanism for determining the demand for skilled foreign labor in regional labor markets; the system of recording the movement of labor migrants and determining the effectiveness of its use is not perfect; there is an outflow of qualified workers from various fields of activity and there is no mechanism for retaining highly qualified specialists in the country; illegal labor migration persists. The study substantiates individual proposals for the formation of a comprehensive mechanism for regulating labor migration. Keywords: migration, labor migrant, employment, social protection, labor market, Kazakhstan.

The selectivity of attracting foreign nationals to work in recipient countries

The article provides a comparative analysis of practices on regulating the employment of foreign nationals, used in large recipient states (Germany, USA, Canada, Russia, Republic of Korea). The subject of the study is the process of external labor migration, taking into account country regulatory approaches to attracting foreign labour. The study aims to develop theoretical principles and methodology for regulating the process of external labor migration. The methodology is based on the polyparadigmal concept of the study, using theoretical experience in the study of migration processes and the practice of influencing their regulation. The scientific novelty of the study is to assess the effectiveness of a selective approach to attracting foreign workers to national labour markets. As a result of the study, a methodology has been developed to assess the impact of migration processes on labour market regulation in recipient countries. Promising for countries hosting external migrant workers is the mechanism of targeted organized recruitment of foreign nationals to carry out work activities. At the heart of this mechanism is the selective selection of job seekers on the basis of professional, sociocultural, educational and personal criteria that correspond to the interests of the host external migrants of society and the recipient state. To understand the basic administrative approaches and the system of economic, legal and social instruments for regulating the process of external labour migration, it is important to study the practice of adaptation activities of large recipient States, which have a systematic and proven mechanism of inclusion of foreign job seekers. Measures to regulate external labour migration needed to be balanced, since increased restrictive measures could lead to an increase in illegal external labour migration, and excessive preferences for foreign workers could restrict the rights of recipient citizens.

РЫНОК ТРУДА: СЕГОДНЯ И ЗАВТРА

The article discusses issues related to both the current state of the labor market in Russia and in the future. The characteristic of the main components of the labor market is given: the number of people employed in the economy, the number of actively seeking work, the number of unemployed. The ratio of the number of laidoffs and the number of employees hired is considered. Reasons for dismissal of employees are revealed. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of employment conditions: full and part-time. A specific place is devoted to labor migration issues. The number of labor migrants with a work permit and working under patent conditions is disclosed. The problems of illegal labor migration are considered. The problems of unemployment, including those related to raising the retirement age, are highlighted. A view of the changing situation on the labor market in connection with the digitalization of the economy is proposed. Emphasis is placed on the need to train relevant specialists who will be most in demand in the future labor market. In addition, measures are proposed for employers in attracting highly qualified specialists.

Functional Aspects of the Development of International Tourism

The article is devoted to functional aspects of international tourism development. Substantial lagging in the functional provision of the development of the international tourism market has been established due to such negative aspects as the lack of planned measures, substantial accumulation of tourist flows, absence of relevant security of tourists, incompliance of infrastructure, illegal labor migration, and an increase in the number of force majeure events. All these factors make it necessary to expand a network of travel agencies so that they are able to cooperate with public authorities. It has been proven that international tourism has become a key segment of the modern global market, in the structure of which tourism services play a key role. The impressive scope of international tourism operations has been identified, spanning most countries of the world and drawing close attention to the problems related to the regulation of international tourism services at all levels (national, supranational, and global).

Causing Reasons and Results of Migration in Georgia (In the context of gender)

Migration is one of the most important global problem. Voluntary migration is going with a rapid pace, what is promoted with the development of technology, the access of information, diversification of labor market. In Georgia, in the first years of independence, obtained in 90-ies of the last centuries, labor migration appeared. The main factor of intensive migration is worsening of socio-economic conditions and living standards of Georgian population.
 As a result of legal and illegal labor migration, healthy workforce – young people are migrating from Georgia. The largest number of emigrants is distributed in the age group between 25 – 35. Demographic aging appears in the country.
 In 1990-ies, in Georgia, on the background of difficult economic and political situation, it has been significantly increased the scale of external migration and as a result of it, the number of Georgian population has been reduced since 1993 year. The number of population consisted of 4929,9 thousand men in accordance with the 1st of January, 1994 year and by the 1st of January, 2018 year – the number of population was determined with 3729.6 thousand men. For the last 24 years, the number of population was reduced with 1200,3 thousand men and one of the main factor of it is migration processes. The number of emigrants in dynamics is growing and among them, the number of women is high.
 The reason why they`re going to emigration is poverty of Georgia, employment problem, also the income is low from households, what forces the woman (and man as well) to go to other country to work.
 The labor market in Georgia is so saturated that women are engaged in the least profitable sectors – such as health care, service sector, education. Their incomes are so low that they`re forced to emigrate.
 Most of the citizens, emigrated from Georgia send the money to their family members, what gives these families minimal social guarantees.
 Despite of many disadvantages, emigration is somehow positive process, especially for the developing countries, for which it`s very important international money transfer.
 The distribution of emigrated women and men according to the countries gives us an interesting picture. Women are mostly in the countries, where it`s easier for them to be employed (caretakers), most women are in Greece, Turkey and Italy, Most men are in Ukraine. In total, the highest number of emigrants are in Russia.
 Despite of the fact that, there`s not an exact answer on the question, what kind of influence has money transfer on economic growth, on the level of household of remitters, their contribution can be very important on education, health care and capital in order to improve accessibility.

К ВОПРОСУ О ФОРМИРОВАНИИ МЕХАНИЗМОВ ОРГАНИЗОВАННОГО НАБОРА ТРУДОВЫХ МИГРАНТОВ В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

Creating mechanisms for the organized attraction of foreign workers is one of the actively developing areas of the migration policy of the Russian Federation. Its main tasks are the elimination of illegal labor migration, the prevention of offenses of migration and labor legislation. Organized attraction makes the labor market “transparent” for its participants and contributes to the observance of their legal rights.

LEGAL GROUNDS FOR THE PERFORMANCE OF WORK BY CITIZENS OF UKRAINE ABROAD

The article examines the legal grounds for the performance of work by Ukrainian citizens abroad. For example, this is the conclusion of an employment contract with a foreign employer. Some reasons for illegal labor migration are indicated. Attention is focused on new terminology: "informal employment", "informal economy", "undeclared work", "illegal work", "hidden work". Various approaches of the states to the decision of a question on illegal labor migration, including concerning Ukraine are specified.

Recent Reform of the Chinese Employment-stream Migration Law Regime

The Chinese employment-stream migration law regime recently underwent fundamental reformation. The introduction of a unified work permit for foreign nationals issued by the local bureaus of the State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs constitutes a significant institutional and procedural change that trims procedures and clarifies competences. Further, the new classification scheme divides foreign nationals into three categories according to their academic qualifications, professional experience, and income, and is supplemented by a points system. The main objective of the scheme is to establish a modern migration law and policy system that will attract highly skilled global talent. Applying a doctrinal approach, this study analyzes the most recent policies and legal reform measures pertaining to the employment-related migration system. It discusses changes to that system against the backdrop of other factors affecting the legal status of foreign nationals in China such as the resident permit system, naturalization, labor standards, social insurance, legal remedies, the legalization of illegal labor migration, and the legal framework for integrating foreign employees into society.

СИБИРСКИЙ ВЕКТОР ТРУДОВОЙ МИГРАЦИИ: ТЕНДЕНЦИИ ПОСЛЕДНИХ ЛЕТ

<p align="justify">В статье анализируются масштабы, направления и последствия трудовой миграции в регионах Сибири и Российской Федерации, рассматривается ее динамика в ситуации экономического спада, отмечаются положительные и отрицательные последствия международной трудовой миграции, а также угрозы и риски нелегальной трудовой миграции. Отмечены возрастающие масштабы миграционной активности населения, изменение состава мигрантов, география и цели их перемещений. Представлена динамика численности иностранных граждан, имеющих разрешение на работу в РФ и Сибирском федеральном округе. </font>

Чинники та наслідки міграційного руху в Україні.

In the article the author investigates the factors and implications of the migration movement in Ukraine. It is established that the main problems of migration in Ukraine are: the prevalence of illegal labor migration; increase of volumes of long-term labor migration; increasing the participation of young people in domestic and international migration; an increase in the number of inhabitants from the northern, eastern and central Ukraine, which are characterized by a higher level of readiness for long-term emigration (the psychological side – as those who have already made the first step to this, the economic premise – the loss of real estate, work, stable income, etc.); increasing negative socio-economic and demographic consequences. In the article systematized the main factors influencing the migration movement in Ukraine in two periods – 2010-2014 and 2014-2017. The factors influencing the content are differentiated in groups: demographic, socio-economic, socio-psychological, normative, legal, political, for each group of factors the consequences of migration processes for the country are determined. It was proved that in 2010-2014 the factors influencing the migration movement were: the gradual reduction of life expectancy at the background of a low standard of living, poor living conditions and wages, professional and qualitative imbalance in the country’s labor market, low level of satisfaction with quality and standard of living in the country, ineffective system of public administration, insecurity from abuse of power structures, and in 2014-2017, factors such as: feeling insecurity and uncertainty in the future against the background of a loss of a stable life the sense of manifestations of social isolation by internally displaced persons, despondency to state support, imperfect and untimely decisions on the protection of the sovereignty of the state and support of internally displaced persons, low level of national security. In order to address the specific problems inherent in the migration processes in Ukraine, in the article proposes directions for improving the existing migration policy.

Відповідальність за незаконну трудову міграцію: міжнародно-правові підстави

Відповідальність за незаконну трудову міграцію: міжнародно-правові підстави

Demographic Potential of the Far East

To overcome and reverse constant population outflow from the Far East, the author offers ways of addressing migration problems, such as establishing better conditions for reproduction, creating high-paying jobs, and improving border control system to prevent illegal labor migration.

Вклад трудовой миграции в экономику России: методы оценки и результаты

The author explores the contribution of labour migration to the Russian economy. The analysis of the system of admission of foreign citizens to the Russian labour market is given. The extent of legal and illegal labour migration is reviewed. The author identified socio-economic causes and the employment of undocumented workers, the sectoral structure of employment of migrants in Russia, regional peculiarities of obtaining patents for migrants. Three methods for assessing the contribution of migrant workers in the Russian economy are presented.

ТРАНСКОРДОННІ АСПЕКТИ СОЦІАЛЬНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ КОНВЕРГЕНЦІЇ РЕГІОНІВ: ЄВРОІНТЕГРАЦІЙНИЙ КОНТЕКСТ

The current stage of European integration of Ukraine is determined by the intensification of partnership relations with the EU in the all planes of socio-economic interaction. In particular, it concerns development of cross-border cooperation and capacity of cross-border markets potential. Because of that the problems of cross-border cooperation between Ukraine and EU today becomes more urgent. One of the key criteria of successful cross-border cooperation between Ukraine and the EU is the alignment of proportions of economic development on different sides of the border. In this sense, an important indicator of the quality of transboundary cooperation is cross-border convergence of regions. It reflects the socio-economic effect from implementation of transboundary projects and plays an important role in the context of leveling the existing threats and challenges of cross-border economic, social and information security. Alignment the quality of life and standards of economic development on different sides of the border eliminates a number of risks associated with the spread of destructive forms of cross-border cooperation, such as smuggling at cross-border markets, illegal labor migration, corruption at the border crossing etc. The priority instrument of transboundary convergence spreading is the institutionalization of cross-border space. First of all it concerns the formation of the legal support, oriented to the deployment of convergent processes. In addition, institutionalization concern such key elements of transboundary cooperation as the functioning of cross-border institutions, the eradication of transboundary institutional dysfunction, and a decrease the level of transaction costs of participants of cross-border markets. Important way to stimulation of cross-border convergence is the formation of joint cross-border brands for each of cross-border regions between Ukraine and the EU. On this basis, should be developed appropriate strategies for development of cross-border markets. Such strategies should ensure the maximum use of socio-economic potential of corresponding cross-border regions, and also should form grounds for the spread of convergent processes within them.

Labour migration and its impact on Ukraine’s economic development

The author analyses the phenomenon of labour migration in Ukraine and its impact on the country’s economic development. Its positive consequences include more foreign currency flowing into Ukraine due to the remittances from the labour immigrants, as well as opportunities for the working population to improve its financial situation. Among its negative effects are the reduction of the population of Ukraine and the instability of its social security system. Some recommendations to address the issues of labour migration are also provided, which include, i.a., job creation, a reduction of the shadow economy and a continuous analysis of the scale of illegal labour migration from Ukraine.

¿Fin de las fronteras? La migración indocumentada de México hacia Estados Unidos

This is an analysis of trends in illegal labor migration between Mexico and the United States from 1924 to 1986. Data are primarily from the 1984 Encuesta a Trabajadores Indocumentados Devueltos de Estados Unidos, supplemented by more recent studies.

The state control of migration in Uzbekistan and the some aspects of its further improvement

In this article, we analyzed migration management process in the Republic of Uzbekistan, the possibilities of migration and employment of Uzbek citizens abroad, and reviewed the state measures on creation of new workplaces for reduction of illegal labor migration. Moreover, we analyzed the basic streams of emigration and reasons of its illegal character, role of the state bodies in regulation of migration and identified the main problems in their activity. The concrete directions and actions for further improvement of the state control system of migration in the Republic are also shown by the author

The Role of Informal Institutions in U.S. Immigration Policy: The Case of Illegal Labor Migration from Kyrgyzstan

Immigration is a sensitive topic on the American political, social, and economic agenda. Globalization as well as the end of the Cold War have meant that people are on the move worldwide as never before. Millions of people from poor countries migrate to richer ones to provide better lives for themselves and their families through legal and illegal channels. Heated debates surround this subject. A dramatic divide persists between proponents, who equate immigration policy with civil rights, and opponents, who cite the burden of illegal immigration on public education and public welfare systems. The author argues that informal institutions involved in migration processes, such as migrant smuggling networks, explain why the current crisis persists. The role of informal institutions is examined by focusing on those who migrate from Kyrgyzstan to the United States seeking low‐wage labor. The author generalizes how formal and informal institutions interact in the processes of migration and how informal institutions decisively influence immigration‐related policies in the United States.

Illegal Economic and Transit Migration in the Czech Republic: A Study of Individual Migrants' Behaviour

This article examines the essential features of international migration and the illegal working activities of migrants in the Czech Republic, with a closer insight into the processes of trafficking and smuggling. The research is based on semi-structured interviews with 63 illegal migrants, both from countries of the former Soviet Union (mainly Ukraine) and developing countries in 2005 and 2006. The main conclusion of the analysis is that, in many ways, the situation of illegal labour and transit migration in the Czech Republic is similar to that in countries with a longer experience as target countries for immigration.

Foreign Workers and Law Enforcement in Japan

1. Preliminary Remarks 2. Phenomenology of the illegal Labour Migration to Japan 3. Some Historical Preliminaries 4. Prelude: The Japayuki Question 5. The Early Stages of a Process of Irregular Migration: The Increase of Male illegal Workers 6. The Debate Concerning a Formal Policy on Guest-Workers 7. Migrant Workers and Criminality 8. The Media and Criminality