Ido Ekiti Research Articles

Antibiotics Susceptibility Profile of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Species Using Selected 3rd Generation Cephalosporins Antibiotics Against Humans and Poultry Faeces in South West, Nigeria

Introduction: Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) isolates are among the most common bacterial pathogens associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) where animals are known to be the major reservoir of NTS despite improvements in hygiene and sanitation. Aim: This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of non-typhoidal salmonella species from humans and poultry faeces in Ido-Ekiti using selected 3rd generation cephalosporin antibiotics. Study Location and Duration: The study was carried out at Federal Teaching Hospital Ido Ekiti for 3months between July 2023 and September 2023. Methodology: A total of 300 faecal samples were collected (100 from humans and 200 from poultry) by random sampling and analyzed by enriching on Selenite F broth and cultured on XLD agar using standard method. Faecal samples were identified using morphology, microscopic and biochemical characteristics. Antibiotic susceptibility test determined using disc diffusion method. Results: The prevalence of NTS in human and poultry sources were 9% and 11.5% respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility test revealed high resistance rates to 3rd generation Cephalosporins antibiotics among the poultry isolates, especially to Cefuroxime, Cefotaxime and ceftriaxone at 86.9%, 65.2% and 82.6% respectively while Ceftazidime at 88.9% only had an high resistance from human samples as compared to the poultry samples. Conclusion: The study confirmed that poultries in Ido Ekiti are likely major sources of resistant NTS, and this poses a potential hazard to the public, especially those living close to the poultry and those rearing them.

Molecular Epidemiology of Fluoroquinolones Resistance Genes among Non-typhoidal Salmonella Species from Humans and Poultry Faeces in Ido-Ekiti, Ekiti State

Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) strains are among the most common bacterial pathogens associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) where animals are known to be the major reservoir of NTS despite improvements in hygiene and sanitation. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and basis of fluoroquinolone resistance genes in non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) recovered from human and poultry fecal samples in Ido Ekiti. The study used a total of 300 fecal samples,100 from humans and 200 from poultry sources. Faecal samples were cultured using Selenite F broth and XLD agar. Isolates were identified using morphology, biochemical tests, and molecular characterization. Antibiotic susceptibility were determined using disc diffusion test. Plasmid extraction and curing were done using alkaline lysis and Ethidium Bromide. Phylogenetic relatedness was determined using the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean. The results revealed that 10.7% of NTS were identified, with 9% from human and 11.5% from poultry sources. High resistance to ofloxacin (77.8%) was observed in both human and poultry samples. S. enteritidis from human sources had a concomitant presence of two qnr genes (qnrA and qnrS) at 20%, while only qnrS (60%) was detected from poultry sources. Statistically significant risk factors for NTS infection among human included the consumption of poultry products and the use of untreated poultry droppings. The study identified Qnr resistance gene in ESBL producing S. enteritidis from both human and poultry sources in Ido Ekiti and are plasmid borne, establishing the role of plasmids in the acquisition, and spread of antibiotic resistance of fluoroquinolones.

Effect of Nonfinancial Incentives on Efficiency Performance in The Nigeria Public Sector

The strategies of deploying nonfinancial incentives to bring the best performance out of employees of organizations have received global attention. It was however discovered that the sensitive sector as the public sector had not been thoroughly engaged to know why public workers show no enthusiasm in their productivity. This study, therefore, examined the effect of nonfinancial incentives on efficiency performance in the Nigeria public sector with a specific focus on their use of recognition and award, training and development, and flexible work model. A survey research design was used in the study. The population of the study is 2,880 employees of Federal Teaching hospital Ido Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria as of 1 st January, 2022. The systematic sampling technique was used to select 360 employees as the study's sample. Data were collected from primary sources using a well-structured questionnaire. The reliability and validity of the research instrument were tested using the Cronbach Alpha reliability test. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression. The results revealed that recognition and award, training and development, and a flexible work model exhibited a significantly positive effect on efficiency performance. The study, therefore concluded that the efficiency performance of employees in the Nigeria public sector will increase at the instant of nonfinancial incentives. It is recommended that government should embrace nonfinancial incentives as bait to improve the efficiency performance of Nigeria public servants. Keywords: Recognition and Award, Training and Development, Flexible Work Model. JEL Classification Codes: A13, G14, B10. DOI: 10.7176/RJFA/14-2-05 Publication date: January 31 st 2023

Antenatal-care knowledge among women of reproductive age group in Ido Ekiti, Nigeria

BACKGROUNDMaternal mortality plagues much of the low- and low-middle-income countries. There were 303,000 maternal deaths in 2015, representing an overall global maternal mortality ratio of 216 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. 99% of all maternal deaths occur in developing countries. The knowledge of antenatal care is an important factor affecting maternal mortality rates. OBJECTIVEThis study aimed to assess the extent of knowledge of antenatal-care services among women of reproductive age in Ido Ekiti, a rural town in South West Nigeria. STUDY DESIGNThis cross-sectional study was conducted among 299 women in the reproductive age group, ie, from the ages of 18 to 49 years. Data were collected with a set of self-administered questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 25. This study was conducted in Ido Ekiti, a town in the Ido-Osi local government area. RESULTSMost respondents were between 31 and 40 years of age. Most respondents (96%) were educated. 95.6% of the participants in this study were aware of antenatal-care services. 98.7% of the respondents acknowledged that weight and height measurements, abdominal examination, blood tests, and administration of folic acids were carried out during antenatal-care visits. 97.3% had excellent knowledge of the service. CONCLUSIONMost respondents were aware of antenatal care and had excellent knowledge of its components. This is indeed a positive finding and is likely because of the high literacy levels, access to electronic media, and the location of 3 public health facilities in the town. Continuous education of women by relevant stakeholders and policymakers on antenatal care should be ensured to maintain the current state and replicate similar findings in other rural areas across Africa.

Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of bacteria isolated from urinary tract infection in Federal Teaching Hospital Ido Ekiti

The problem of antibiotic resistance remains a major concern among the patients and health care provider. This study was carried out therefore to determine the antibiotics resistance susceptibility pattern bacteria with urinary tract infections among patients attending Federal Teaching Hospital Ido-Ekiti. A total of 200 patients suspected of having a UTI were recruited for the study. The urine samples were cultured on Cysteine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient Agar (CLED) and the colonies were identified using colonial morphology and biochemical test. Antibiotics susceptibility testing was carried out using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion techniques. Out of 200 urine samples analysed 82 (41.0%) yielded significant bacteria growth belonging to 4 different genera with Escherichia coli having the highest isolation rate 42 (81.2%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 16 (19.5%), Staphylococcus aureus 14 (17.0%) and Klebsiella aerogenes 10 (12.1%). Female patients had the highest isolation rate of 48 (58.5%) compare to their male counterpart with 34 (41.5%) isolation rate. Age group 31-40yrs had the highest isolation, rate of 20 (24.4%). The antibiotic resistance pattern exhibited by all the bacteria ranged from 14.3% to 90.5%. Gentamicin exhibited the least resistance rate. However, antibiotics resistance is frightening; therefore, there is a need for antibiogram before prescription of antibiotics for the treatment of urinary tract infection.

Seroprevalence Of Rubella Virus Antibodies Among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Clinic in Ekiti State

Rubella virus infection poses a great threat to the foetus whose mother acquires the infection. This study was therefore carried out to determine the seroprevalence of rubella virus IgM antibodies among the pregnant women attending Federal Teaching Hopsital, Ido Ekiti. One hundred and ninety two (192) sera were collected from pregnant women and screened for rubella virus IgM antibodies. A structured questionnaire was administered to subjects to obtain socio-demographic data. The sera samples were analysed using Enzymes Immunosorbent Assay (EIA) IgM rubella kit. Out of 192 pregnant women screened, 6(3.1%) subjects were sero-positive. Age group 31-35years recorded the highest prevalence 3(1.56%). Pregnant women with tertiary education had the highest prevalence of 4(2.08%) among different educational level; civil servants have a prevalence of 4(2.08%) compared with other occupational status. However, prenatal screening and post-partum is highly encouraged to detect congenital rubella syndrome. There is also a need to include rubella screening as part of the routine procedure for the expectant mother.

Outcome of Teenage Pregnancy in a Low Resource Setting: A Comparative Study

Background: Teenage pregnancy constitutes a high-risk pregnancy due to possible physical, psychological, socio-economic and increased obstetric risks associated with it. These risks though equally present in the older pregnant women are probably less when compared with teenagers. Thus perinatal outcome of pregnancies in these groups of patients varies. Objective: To compare the socio-demographic characteristics, pattern of pregnancy complications and perinatal outcome of pregnancy among primigravid teenagers and older primigravid women. Method: A comparative study was carried out among 58 primigravid teenagers and equal numbers of adult primigravidae at Federal Teaching Hospital, Ido Ekiti, Nigeria over five year period between January 2008 and December, 2012. Their socio-demographic characteristics, booking status, pregnancy complications, estimated gestational age at delivery, mode of delivery, post-partum morbidities, neonatal birth weight and perinatal mortalities were obtained from their case notes. Results: Deliveries by teenagers accounted for 2.48% of all deliveries during the period under review. Teenage age was significantly associated with unmarried status (P in both groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Pregnancy and deliveries in teenagers are high risk. Therefore, sex education as well as access to reproductive health information and care will help reduce the occurrence of unwanted pregnancies and their lasting impact on teenagers, their families, and the society.

IPESI: A Traditional (Informal) Way of Crime Control among Ekiti People of South West Nigeria

This paper examines how a traditional festival amongst Ekiti people serves as an informal way of crime and deviant control. The study investigates how the festival is been done in other part of Ekiti Communities apart from the study site. The roles performed by the festival in checkmating peoples attitude towards crime was also discussed in the study. Ido Ekiti, Ekiti State Southwest, Nigeria was the study location. The name ‘IPESI' was interpreted as the festival of criminals and deviants among the people of Ekiti though this paper established that different community has their own name to the festival. Purposive sampling method was adopted for the study. In gathering the data, qualitative method was adopted in which participant observation method was used. Five Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) were undertaken among the leaders in the study site. In addition two FGDs were conducted among the community youths and the elders in Ido Ekiti. The findings revealed that the yearly festival is one of the way in which crime and deviant behaviour have been controlled in the community. It was established from the study that songs of numerous types, irritating characters were established against the victim(s) during the festival. Also it was revealed from the study that the festival is been attached to a particular festive period in some communities i.e. Ileya period, Easter period, or Xmas/New year; while some designate a particular period for the festival. From the findings it was shown that five to seven days is assigned as a period of celebration of the festival. It was equally established that people respect this method of crime control more than the formal method because it even involved the family members of the victim, and it has a negative impact on both the victim and the family presently and in future. It was established that the festival serves as a direct way by which the societal members get involved in criminal justice of the community as a result of different rites performed during the festival.

Degree of Anaemia and Severity of HIV Infection in HIV Patients on Art and Art-Naive

Background: Anaemia is a very common finding in patients living with HIV/AIDS, particularly in patients with advance stage. The frequency and severity of anaemia in HIV-patients increased with the decline in CD4 counts as HIV disease is progresses. Aim: To determine the degree of anaemia and severity of HIV infection in HIV patients on ART and ART-naive. Methodology: This Study was carried out at Federal Teaching Hospital (FETHI), Ido Ekiti, Nigeria. One hundred (100) HIV positive subjects on ART and one hundred (100) HIV positive subjects ART naive were the study population. Six millilitres (6 ml) of whole blood was collected from each consented subject, 3 ml was dispensed into 5 ml K2EDTA bottle for immediate analysis of haemoglobin concentration, CD4 count, CD8 count and HIV screening. The remaining 3 ml of blood was dispensed into plain bottle, allowed to clot and centrifuged at 2500 revolution per minute for 5minutes to extract the serum into another plain bottle, stored at -400°C for the analysis of erythropoietin and viral load. Results: HIV ART-naive and ART subjects had prevalence of 57% normocytic normochromic anaemia and 55% macrocytic normochromic anaemia respectively. Prevalence of severe anaemia in ART-naive and ART subjects were 56 and 16 respectively. Mean values of CD4, CD8, CD4/CD8 and EPO in Hb 13.0 g/dL among ART-naive and ART subjects. Conclusion: Degree of anaemia and severity of HIV-infection was higher in HIV-infected ART-naive compared to HIV-infected on ART.

Seroprevalence of HCV and HIV Antibodies in Tuberculosis Confirmed Patients in Ekiti State, Nigeria

This study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of HCV and HIV antibodies in TB confirmed patient attending the Federal Medical Centre (FMC), Ido Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. A total of 500 tuberculosis confirmed patients were selected by random sampling. Their blood samples were collected and assayed for HCV and HIV antibodies using Clinotech diagnostic Anti-HCV detection test and Abbot determine HIV ½ in conjunction with Chembio HIV ½ STAT-PAK assay kit respectively. Out of 500 TB patients tested, 10(2.0%), 21(4.2%) and 3(0.6%) tested positive to HCV, HIV, and HCV/HIV antibodies respectively. Age group 36-45 was the most prevalence of HCV, HIV, and HCV/HIV antibodies with P-value 0.000, 0.000 and 0.002 respectively. The associated risk factors were alcoholism 14 (45.2%), being the highest identified risk factor, followed by previous unprotected sex, multiple sex partner, previous blood donor, previous transfusion, tattoos, and history of the Sexually transmitted disease being the least risk factor 3 (9.68%). The degree of disparity in regards to HCV, HIV and co-exists of HCV/HIV antibodies between 302 male and 198 female that participated were not statistically significant. (P-value 0.531, 0.549,and 0.824 for HCV, HIV and HCV/HIV antibodies respectively).These findings confirmed that both HCV and HIV can co-exist in TB patients, and may increase the risk of antituberculosis drug-induced hepatotoxicity, if overlooked, there will be a greater risk for TB patients, and these infections will continue to spread through the associated risk factors. However, in managing the TB patients, there is a need to screen for Anti- HCV, as it has been for HIV antibody.

IMMUNOGLOBULINS AND LIPID PROFILE OF CHILDREN WITH SICKLE CELL ANEMIA IN EKITI STATE, NIGERIA

Objective: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a hereditary blood disorder characterized by an abnormality in the oxygen-carrying hemoglobin and associated with some acute and chronic health problems such as severe infections, severe pain (sickle cell crisis), and stroke. The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of immunoglobulins (Ig) and the lipid profile in children with SCD in Ekiti state, Nigeria.Methods: Samples of 200 children (120 sickle celled and 80 healthy children) between the ages of 1–8 years old were collected from Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado Ekiti and Federal Medical Centre, Ido Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. Plasma Ig (IgM and IgG) and lipid profile (total cholesterol [TC], high-density lipoprotein [HDL], low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very LDL (VLDL), and triacylglycerol [TG]) were evaluated in patients’ blood sample using standard established methods. The results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis (P<0.05).Results: Sickle-celled children showed a significant reduction in the levels of Ig (IgM and IgG). Furthermore, TC, LDL-C, VLDL-C, and TG showed significant higher value whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly reduced in sickle-celled patients compared with nonsickle-celled patients.Conclusion: It is understood that sickle cell is detrimental to immunoglobins and metabolic profile. These biochemical makers determined were implicated in children with sickle cell anemia.

Topical ear drop self-medication practice among the Ear, Nose, and Throat patients in Ido Ekiti, Nigeria: A cross - sectional study.

Background:Self-medication is a common habit in our country; Nigeria, especially among patients with otorhinolaryngological disorders. Medication when taken wrongly may bring dire consequences to the individual, such as masking developing diseases and may cause many other undesirable effects. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and to analyze topical ear drop self-medication practices among respondents attending the Ear, Nose, and Throat Clinic of Federal Teaching Hospital Ido Ekiti, Nigeria.Design and Methodology:A 6-month hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted among patients who were seen in the Ear, Nose, and Throat facility of Federal Teaching Hospital, Ido Ekiti from July to December 2016 to determine topical ear drop self-medication practices. A pretested semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtained information from respondents.Results:A total of 162 respondents out of 493 patients seen during the study had otological problems. Of which 107 (66%) respondents had engaged in self-medication with topical ear drops. Their ages ranged between 2 and 83 years with a mean age of 36.6 ± 19.1 years. There were 75 males and 87 females. The major reason for self-medication was that their ailments were minor in about 40.2% and the most common indication for self-medication was ear blockage with hearing impairment (33.6%). Pharmacy/chemist shops (42%) were major sources of information for those that self-medicated. Chloramphenicol and gentamycin were the major drugs that were used by the respondents.Conclusion:Majority of the respondents in this study practiced self-medication using different topical ear drops. Major source of information on the topical ear drops used was from pharmacy/chemist shops. There is a need for adequate public health education to create awareness among people on the danger of self-medication and to enact or enforce the law to reduce access to over the counter drugs. Healthcare should be made available and avoidable at primary health-care level.

Hormonal Imbalance in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (Pcos) in Teaching Hospitals in Ekiti State, Nigeria

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders of women at reproductive age and the major cause of anovulatory infertility. The aim of this study is to determine hormonal imbalance in women with PCOS in teaching hospitals in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Samples of 110 females (50 freshly diagnosed PCOS subjects and 60 healthy subjects) between the ages of 25 - 45 years old were collected from Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado Ekiti and Federal Teaching Hospital, Ido Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. Serum Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Total Testosterone, Prolactin, Progesterone, Estradiol and Insulin were evaluated in subjects’ blood sample using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis (p > 0.05) when compared with the healthy control group. Hormonal values obtained in this study indicates hormonal imbalance in PCOS. Further investigation into novel helpful markers is required as it might help in achieving the therapeutical target in PCOS management research.

Prevalence and Predictors of Depression among Adolescents in Ido Ekiti, South West Nigeria

Background: Depression among adolescents has been recognized as a public health problem all over the world. In Nigeria, as in most developing countries, there is a need for more research on the epidemiology of adolescent depression as this will guide prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Objectives: The study sought to determine the one month prevalence and predictors of depression among a sample of in-school adolescents in a rural region in South West Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a cross sectional descriptive survey among 540 secondary school students randomly selected from the six secondary schools in the study area using a Socio demographic Questionnaire and the Patient Health Questionnaire modified for Adolescents. Subsequently, a proportion of them were interviewed with the Kiddies Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. Results: Data were analyzed using the SPSS version 17. Respondents were aged 10 - 19 years (mean age was 14.07 ± 1.84). The one month prevalence of depression among the study population was 16.3% (using weighting method). Logistic regression analysis showed that death of a mother (OR = 11.786, 95% CI, 1.990 - 23.184), being from a polygamous family (OR = 5.781, 95% CI, 3.253 - 24.371), low socioeconomic class (OR = 6.222, 95% CI, 4.705 - 23.379), having a single parent (OR = 2.236, 95% CI, 0.869 - 11.786), having witnessed frequent violence (OR = 12.411, 95% CI, 0.516 - 29.851) and positive history of sexual abuse (OR = 0.203, 95% CI, 0.003 - 0.529) were significantly and independently associated with depression in this sample of adolescents. Conclusion: The one month prevalence of adolescent depression within the study population is slightly higher than what has been reported in other parts of the world. Therefore, there is a need for government to design and implement policies which can help to prevent, detect early, and treat depression among youths especially in rural areas.

Association of hypertension and obesity with HIV and antiretroviral therapy in a rural tertiary health center in Nigeria: a cross-sectional cohort study

BackgroundThere are few studies from Nigeria and Africa regarding the contribution of obesity and hypertension to cardiovascular risk in HIV-infected patients. This study investigates the prevalence of hypertension and obesity and their association with HIV infection and antiretroviral treatment (ART).MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional cohort study in a rural tertiary health center in Nigeria. The data collected included demographic variables, blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), monthly income, educational attainment, HIV status and ART treatment, duration of treatment, and CD4 T-lymphocyte count.ResultsA total of 403 participants met the inclusion criteria. There were 153 (38.0%) HIV-negative subjects (42.5% male, 57.5% female; mean age: 35.5±7.6 years), 120 (29.8%) HIV-positive drug-naïve subjects (42.5% male, 57.5% female; mean age: 36.5±9.1 years), and 130 (32.2%) HIV-positive subjects taking antiretroviral drugs (33.1% male, 66.9% female; mean age: 38.6±8.0 years). The prevalence of hypertension was 13.7% in HIV-negative subjects, 19.0% in HIV-positive drug-naïve subjects, and 12.3% in HIV-positive ART subjects. The prevalence of obesity was 15.9% in the HIV-negative group, 3% in the HIV-positive drug-naïve group, and 8% in the HIV-positive ART group. Multivariate regression analysis showed no relationship between hypertension and HIV status (P=0.293) or ART status (P=0.587). In contrast, BMI showed a strong relationship with HIV status (odds ratio: 0.281; 95% confidence interval: 0.089–0.884; P=0.030) but not with ART status (P=0.593). BMI was a significant predictor of hypertension.ConclusionHIV or ART status was not associated with hypertension. HIV infection was associated with a lower BMI, and a lower prevalence of obesity compared with HIV-negative subjects.

The Influence of Sex, Marital Status, and Tenure of Service on Job Stress, and Job Satisfaction of Health Workers in a Nigerian Federal Health Institution

The study examined some demographic factors that interact to influencing the satisfaction that nurses and doctors derive from their jobs. One hundred and ninety one (191) professionals, comprising of one hundred and two (102) nurses and 89 doctors were drawn from Federal Medical Centre, Ido Ekiti in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Perceived Stress Scale developed by Cohen (1983) and Minnesota satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) developed by Weise, Davis, Lofquist and England (1967) were employed to assess job stress and satisfaction respectively. Analysis of data was done using Independent t-test and one way ANOVA. Three hypotheses were tested to show the effects of the demographic factors on job satisfaction. The result shows that job satisfaction is influenced by marital status [t (189) = 10.17, p<.05]; sex [t(189)= 5.61, p<.05] and tenure of service (F (2,188) = 115.6, p<.05). Also, job stress has a significant effect on the job satisfaction among nurses and doctors. Findings were discussed in relation to the existing literature on the influence of demographic variables on job satisfaction.Key words – Job Stress, Job Satisfaction, Psychology, Health

Prevalence of Filaria Worm Amongprospective Blood Donors Attending a Tertiary Health Institution In Southwestnigeria

The prevalence of microfilaria parasite was carried out among prospective blood donors at Federal Medical Centre (FMC) in Ido Ekiti, Nigeria. A total of 863 blood samples were examined for the parasite using microscopic diagnosis method. 22(2.5%) samples were positive for different species of microfilaria with highest prevalence observed in Loa loa. All the 22 microfilaremia subjects were male donors and were asymptomatic with highest prevalence among the blood group O Rhesus D positive (77.3%). Age group 21-30 years were more infected with filarial worm. The results therefore indicate that there is possible warning of problematic transfusion filariasis in this study location as there might be misdiagnosis of the parasite among blood donors and this call for the attention of the relevant authority that blood donors should be adequately screened for microfilaria parasite before such blood is transfused to avert its consequences on the recipients, hence the need for the study. Keywords: prevalence, Filarial worm, blood donor

Prevalence and outcomes of cancers in Ekiti State, southwest Nigeria.

e12553 Background: There is an increase in the prevalence of cancer in Nigeria with a change in disease pattern from predominantly infectious to one with both communicable and non-communicable diseases. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence and outcomes of cancers in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Methods: This was a review of the data on patients diagnosed with cancers in Ekiti State as recorded in the database of the Cancer Registry of the Federal Medical Centre, Ido Ekiti between 2007 and 2012. The data was obtained from the cancer registry of the hospital and analysed with SPSS version 15 using descriptive statistics. Results: There were 612 diagnosed cancer patients on record in the cancer registry within the five-year period under review. Most (67.6%) were females, 97.1% belonged to the Yoruba ethnic group, 93.5% were Christians, and 86.6% were married while 13.2% were single and 0.2% were separated. The site most commonly affected was the breast (14.6%) followed by the prostate gland (14.1%), cervix (6.9%), ovary (6.8%), uterus (3.1%) and the stomach (1%). Also, the commonest morphological type of cancer seen was adenocarcinoma (8.5%). The highest levels of education were tertiary, secondary and primary education for 47.4%, 30.2% and 15.2% of the patients respectively while 7.2% had no formal education. Of all the patients seen, 85.3% were symptomatic and 14.7% were not while 79.7% were alive, 2.1% dead and the outcome for 7.6% of the patients was unknown at the time of this survey. Conclusions: The prevalence of cancer is increasing with many of the patients not being able to afford the drugs for treatment. More needs to be done by all stakeholders to encourage early screening and diagnostic measures, reduce exposure to risk factors for cancers and subsidize or waive treatment costs for patients.

Epistaxis in Ido Ekiti, Nigeria: A 5-year review of causes, treatment and outcome

Background: Epistax is a common otorhinolaryngological emergencies worldwide. This study determined the pattern, causes/risk factors, treatment and outcome of nasal bleeding in Ido Ekiti, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of patients managed for epistaxis in the Federal Medical Centre, Ido Ekiti, Nigeria, from January 2005 to December 2010. Information on demographic characteristics, clinical presentation and management of epistaxis was obtained from the hospital medical records . Results: A total number of 69 patients with epistaxis were seen out of which 57 with complete data was studied. The male to female ratio was 1.7:1. Their ages ranged from 2 to 81 years, with a mean age of 44.1 years ± 20.9 SD. There were bimodal peak age groups at 21-30 and 61-70 years. Idiopathic causes of epistaxis accounted for 42.1% followed by trauma, associated hypertension, tumors, septicemia and anticoagulant therapy. The right nasal cavity was involved in 57.9%. Anterior bleeding accounted for 43 (75.4%). Majority of our patients were managed with anterior nasal packing. Surgical measures carried out included resection/clearance of nasal tumors. About 8.8% of patients had blood transfusion. Conclusion: Idiopathic and trauma from road traffic injuries were the most common causes/risk factors for epistaxis in this study. Majority of our patients were managed conservatively with anterior nasal packing.

Bacteriological agents of chronic discharging ears and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern in Ido - Ekiti, Nigeria

To identify bacterial agents of chronic discharging ear and determine their antibiotic sensitivities pattern in Ido - Ekiti, Nigeria. Swab specimens of each chronically (>8 weeks) discharging ears of patients with chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) presenting to the Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) clinic of the Federal Medical Centre, Ido Ekiti were bacteriologically cultured aerobically and the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the recovered organisms determined by the modified Kirby-Bauer disc-diffusion method over a three year period starting from January 2005. Seventy eight patients with CSOM whose age ranged between 3 months and 85 years were seen during the study period with 73.1% of them having unilateral disease and majority were children < 15 years (71.8%). Out of 99 ear swabs that were examined, 87.9% were culture positive with 90.8% yielding a single isolate. Coliforms (34.7%) were the most frequent isolated group of organisms. Other isolates included Staphylococcus aureus (26.3%), Proteus spp (24.2%), Pseudomonas spp (9.5%) and Klebsiella spp (5.3%). Sparfloxacin and ciprofloxacin showed highest activity on all the isolates unlike cefuroxime and ceftiaxone to which all isolates were resistant. Chronic discharging ear is caused by bacteria agents most sensitive to quinolones but resistant to cefuroxime and ceftiaxone. Treatment of patients with CSOM in Ido-Ekiti with the quinolones is recommended except where contraindicated.