Idle Conditions Research Articles

Design of Smart Door Closer System with Image Classification over WLAN

A dual purpose system is presented in this paper which serves not only as a door closer, but is equally effective for surveillance purposes. The currently deployed surveillance systems store a large amount of data, thereby consuming large memory spaces. The novel feature illustrated in this paper is that object identification and classification is performed for a desired area, along with controlled access. This system uses a neural network based learning algorithm before providing any instruction for the hardware. The system is innocuous except when object is identified in the surrounding area through motion detection and facial recognition techniques, thereby preventing large storage of unclassified video frames. In idle conditions, the system will work only as a surveillance system with object detection classifiers. The results can be stored on remote server for backup for security purpose.

Non-Linear Modeling and Parameter Identification of Semi-Active Engine Mounts With Air Spring

Abstract Car manufacturers have been motivated to apply semi-active engine mounts to ensure superior performance in vibration attenuation during idle condition and better ability to isolate vibration which is generated by engine unbalanced force at high frequencies. This paper develops a non-linear lumped parameter model of semi-active engine mounts with air spring that focuses on the non-linearity of the rubber diaphragm and the air chamber. Then, the main rubber dynamic stiffness parameters are identified through experimental approaches with a novel-designed test rig. Other parameters including effective pumping area, main rubber spring bulge stiffness, fluid channel inertia and resistance, rubber diaphragm, and air-chamber parameters are attained through finite element analysis (FEA). Supported by the identified lumped parameters, the non-linear mathematical model could be simulated. In addition, the dynamic characteristics of the semi-active engine mount are tested through the original test rig. Therefore, comparing with the tested dynamic characteristics, the simulation result can validate the developed model and thus facilitate the structure design of the semi-active engine mount.

Online ANN-based fault diagnosis implementation using an FPGA: Application in the EFI system of a vehicle

In this research, fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) scheme for isolating the damaged injector of an internal combustion engine is formulated and experimentally applied. The FDD scheme is based on a temporal analysis (statistical methods), as well as in a frequency analysis (fast Fourier transform) of the fuel rail pressure. The arrangement of the scheme consists of three coupled artificial neural networks (ANNs) to classify the faulty injector correctly. The ANNs were trained considering five different scenarios, one scenario without fault in the injection system, and the other four scenarios represent a fault per injector (1 to 4). The Levenberg–Marquardt (LM), BFGS quasi-Newton, gradient descent (GD), and extreme learning machine (ELM) algorithms were tested to select the best training algorithm to classify the faults. Experimental results obtained from the implementation in a VW four-cylinder CBU 2.5L vehicle in idle operating conditions (800 rpm) show the effectiveness of the proposed FDD scheme.

Influence of Fluidic Control in a Staged Lean Jet Engine Burner on Combustor Performance

To improve the turn-down ratio of a lean combustor, which has the greatest potential for reducing NOx emissions from jet engines, fuel staging is commonly employed. To further extend the stable operation range, air staging with a fluidic element is also considered. The influence of fluidic control on combustion was analyzed to better understand fluidic element-burner interactions. The pressure loss of each fluidic element was determined by measuring the pressure at the element exits. The effect of fluidic control on the atomization, fuel distribution, and flow field was investigated using optical, noninvasive techniques. The combustion performance of the burner with the fluidic element was evaluated using exhaust gas analyses. The pressure losses of the swirlers and fuel mixers were varied depending on the bleed air from the fluidic element. Under the idle condition, the reduction of pressure loss in the pilot fuel mixer resulted in inferior atomization due to the reduced gas velocity around the fuel film, which had a positive effect on lean blowout. Under the cruise condition and the staged mode, the reduction of the pilot air flow increased the equivalence ratio of the lean pilot stage and resulted in higher combustion efficiency.

Experimental Investigation of Wall Wetting Effect on Hydrocarbon Emission in Internal Combustion Engine

In naturally aspirated Spark Ignition engine, about 60-80% of total unburned hydrocarbon emissions are produced during initial stage of vehicle operation under cold start or warm up condition. Wall wetting is predominant effect occurs in idle and part load conditions due to impingement or condensing of un-vaporized fuel droplets around the intake wall, combustion chamber liners and top of the piston. These deposits can cause incomplete combustion which will impact on increase in total hydrocarbon emissions. In this study, wall wetting parameters like fuel density, intake duct geometry, wall film thickness, wall film height, mixture preparation, fuel vaporization has been investigated theoretically by considering droplet evaporation and temperature model for cylinder wall film through mathematical equations. The main objective is to control equivalence ratio and to maintain surface temperature is the most effective way to reduce unburnt hydrocarbon emissions due to cold start wall wetting during steady state and transient conditions. This methodology was carried out on four stroke single cylinder Spark Ignition engine, where additives were used with gasoline fuel of different proportions which could intern reduce the intake and combustion chamber deposits during steady state and transient conditions. This experimental analysis was analyzed at different speed and load conditions. Based on these experimental results, Hydrocarbon emissions were reduced by nearly 40% in steady state and 30% in transient state. It is observed that, bi-fuel injection strategy can be implemented for injecting an ample amount of additive in to cylinder before compression stroke at 110 deg of crack angle during cold start, which it enhances the performance and emission characteristics furthermore.

H2 permeation through N117 and its consumption by IrOx in PEM water electrolyzers

It is considered that the oxidation activity of Ir based anodes on H2 permeating the polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) in PEM water electrolyzers (WE) is poor, resulting in high H2-in-O2 contents at idle or dynamic operating conditions, especially with asymmetric pressure. In the present work, the dependence of H2 permeation on cathode pressure was quantified by the pressure drop method. H2 consumption was detected by chronoamperometry at potentials preceding water splitting. The addition of N2 in the anode outlet gas allowed the on-line monitoring of the mixture composition during idle PEMWE operation by a thermal conductivity sensor. It is found that H2 is effectively consumed with IrOx oxyhydroxide anodes at low current densities, with 75% conversion of the zero-current permeation at cathode pressure of 5 bar and 60 °C. Hence, both H2-in-O2 content and lowest current density at which the H2-in-O2 flammability limit is not exceeded decrease by more than 50%. Current density corrections accounting for H2 consumption and mass transport potential corrections accounting for the enhancement of H2 permeation with current density were implemented. The resulting Tafel slope values suggest that the rate determining step of the oxygen evolution reaction with IrOx oxyhydroxides is a chemical step.

Influence of mass unbalancing of three-cylinder engine on idle vibration based on powertrain model

This paper proposes a model of three-cylinder engine excitation which includes the characteristics of the mass unbalancing. Then, a powertrain model is established to analyze the response of powertrain mounts under different balancing strategy of the mass unbalancing during idle condition. Simulation is performed based on the powertrain model to demonstrate how different balancing strategies of three-cylinder engines influence the design of powertrain mounts.

Two-Way Secure Communication with Multiple Untrusted Half-Duplex AF Relays

In this paper, we analyze the secrecy outage probability (SOP) of a cognitive cooperative radio network in a two-way communication in which two secondary source communicate with each other via multiple untrusted half-duplex amplify and forward relays in the absence of direct link. Due to the cognitive scenario, power is allocated to secondary nodes on the basis of outage constraint of the primary network. In the absence of direct link between two sources, communication completes in two time slots. In the first time slot, both of the sources broadcast the information signal and in the second time slot, a selected relay broadcasts the amplified information signals of both of the sources. Relays being untrusted, they can eavesdrop the message from the information signal. A particular relay, which maximizes the end-to-end secrecy capacity, is selected to broadcast the signal. The selected untrusted relay can only eavesdrop the message and other relays forcefully remain in idle condition. At the untrusted relay, information signals of both of the sources act as a jamming to each other. The selected untrusted relay harvests the energy using a power splitting ratio scheme. We observe the performance of the proposed model in terms of SOP. We find the optimal values of energy harvesting factor at which SOP becomes minimum. Several important parameters such as the impact of number of untrusted relays, primary transmit power, peak transmit power of secondary sources, threshold outage rate of primary receiver and threshold secrecy rate on SOP is indicated. An analytical expression for the SOP has been developed in a single integration form. Numerical results based on analytical expression are verified by MATLAB simulation.

PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN VAPOR CARBURETOR METODE BUBBLING DAN VARIASI BAHAN BAKAR TERHADAP EMISI GAS BUANG PADA MOTOR SUPRA X

<p><em>The objectives of this study were: (1) To investigate the effect of using the Vapor Carburetor Bubbling method on exhaust emissions produced on the Supra X 100 CC motorcycle in 2003, (2) To investigate the effect of using pertalite and pertamax fuels on exhaust emissions in the motorcycle. Supra X 100 CC motorcycles in 2003, (3) To investigate the use of the Vapor Carburetor with the Bubbling method that uses Pertamax and pertalite fuels to exhaust gas emissions on the 2003 Supra X 100 CC motorcycle. This research is a comparative quantitative research with experimental research type. This study used a 2X2 factorial research design. The sample used was the Supra X 100cc motorcycle engine in 2003 with frame number MH1KEVA153K563997 and engine number KEVAE1561218. Data obtained from exhaust emission testing using a Gas Analyzer installed on the exhaust of a 2003 Supra X 100CC motorcycle with a Conventional Carburetor and a Vapor Carburetor at idle engine speed conditions, namely 800 rpm - 1,400 rpm and variations of pertalite fuel variations (RON 90) and Pertamax (RON 92). The test time is 20 seconds after the probe on the Gas Analyzer is inserted into the exhaust. The data analysis technique used in this research is comparative quantitative descriptive. The exhaust emission test was carried out at the Surakarta Work Training Agency (BLK).The results obtained from this study are: (1) The use of the Vapor Carburetor in the Bubbling method produces lower exhaust emissions compared to the Conventional Carburetor on the Supra X 100cc motorbike in 2003. (2) The type of pertalite fuel produces less exhaust emissions in the motorcycle. appeal to Pertamax. (3) The interaction effect of using the type of carburetor and the type of fuel that produces the lowest exhaust gas emissions is the combination of the use of the Vapor Carburetor with the bubbling and pertalite methods, namely 0.43% CO and 280 ppm HC.</em></p><p> </p>

Characterization of particulate matter emitted by a marine engine operated with liquefied natural gas and diesel fuels

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is becoming increasingly popular as a marine fuel as emission regulations become more stringent. However, very little data are available on the particulate matter (PM) emissions of modern marine natural gas engines. In this study, we present a first detailed characterization of the composition of the PM emitted by a modern, in-use, natural-gas-powered vessel. The vessel engines use compression-ignition and only a small amount of diesel fuel as pilot. These engines drive electrical generators, providing propulsion as well as auxiliary power for the vessel. Our emissions characterization includes six different techniques to measure black carbon (BC), including all methods determined as appropriate for measuring BC emissions from ships by the International Maritime Organization, as well as particle size distributions, metal concentrations, and organic particulate emissions. PM emissions differed significantly between idle and at-sea operating conditions. At idle, PM emission factors were primarily organic (approximately 1500mg/kWh), with BC emission factors over two orders of magnitude lower (5.6±0.4mg/kWh). At engine loads above 25%, all emissions were independent of load and substantially lower than at idle, at 4.4±1.7mg/kWh for organics and 0.8±0.2mg/kWh for black carbon. When operated only on diesel fuel, this engine emitted 8-fold more organic PM (38±15mg/kWh) and 37-fold more BC (30±11mg/kWh) at loads above 25%. At idle loads, the diesel-fuel emissions were comparable to the natural-gas emissions. In addition to organics and BC, a third category of non-volatile sub-10-nm particles was identified. A detailed consideration of our measurements indicated that the sources of the organic, BC, and sub-10-nm particles were lubrication oil, diesel pilot fuel, and lubrication-oil metals, respectively. Future studies should seek to quantify the emissions of other dual-fuel engines that will be entering the market.

Probabilistic analysis of offshore wind turbines under extreme resonant response: Application of environmental contour method

Offshore wind turbines can exhibit dynamic resonant behavior due to sea states with wave excitation frequencies coinciding with the structural eigenfrequencies. In addition to significant contributions to fatigue actions, dynamic load amplification can govern extreme wind turbine responses. However, current design requirements lack specifications for assessment of resonant loads, particularly during parked or idling conditions where aerodynamic damping contributions are significantly reduced. This study demonstrates a probabilistic approach for assessment of offshore wind turbines under extreme resonant responses during parked situations. Based on in-situ metocean observations on the North Sea, the environmental contour method is used to establish relevant design conditions. A case study on a feasible large monopile design showed that resonant loads can govern the design loads. The presented framework can be applied to assess the reliability of wave-sensitive offshore wind turbine structures for a given site-specific metocean conditions and support structure design.

Tooth implant prosthesis using ultra low power and low cost crystalline carbon bio-tooth sensor with hybridized data acquisition algorithm

This paper proposes a tiny ultralow-power and low-cost tooth sensor with hybridized data processing algorithm for monitoring implant tooth implant prosthesis performance. In general micro displacement or any fatal damages in prosthesis tooth implant leads to various metabolic alterations in the body. This tiny ultra-low power and low-cost crystalline carbon bio-tooth sensor has been placed on tooth platform to monitor mouth and tooth bio-chemical nature which leads to check the prosthesis volume and its structural modification instantaneously in turn helps doctors to observe the metabolic alterations in the body. This wireless system has data loggers with hardware and software power-saving modes for ultra-lower application for reducing sensor idle state condition has been monitored using a hybridized acquisition algorithm. Clinical Trials of the lab-scale experimental analysis equipped with data logger device are analyzed on 15 patients on various factors such as noise factor, power consumption, accuracy, efficiency, stability and sensitivity of the sensor output characteristic has been recorded.

The Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine During Start-Up Process at Different Altitudes

With increasingly stringent emission regulations, the cold start emissions have become more important than ever. Using a low compression ratio is a feasible way to improve a heavy-duty engine’s efficiency and emissions. However, cold start performance restricts the development of this technology, especially at high altitudes. In response, we conducted a study of the emissions of a heavy-duty low-compression-ratio diesel engine during start-up process at different altitudes. A plateau simulation system controlled the inlet and exhaust pressure to create altitude environments of 0 m, 1000 m, 2000 m, 3000 m, 3750 m and 4500 m. The gas, particulate and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions were analyzed with speed and cycle during the start-up process. The results indicated that cold start performance and combustion characteristics became worse as altitudes increased. The gas and particulate emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), total hydrocarbon (THC) and nitrous oxide (NOX) almost all increased as the engine speed and altitude increased, and was much higher than in idle conditions. The PN and PM emissions in each particle diameter also increased as the altitude increased, which was the same as the nucleation mode and the accumulation mode particles. VOC emissions were also measured, which increased during the start-up process as altitudes increased.

Comparing the performance of a CI engine after replacing the mechanical injector with a common rail solenoid injector

In this investigation, the mechanical injector (four orifices in nozzle) in a compression ignition single-cylinder engine (Daedong with the maximum power of 11 hp) was replaced with a common rail fuel injection system with a solenoid injector (eight orifices in nozzle) and the operation of the engine with both of these injectors was experimentally studied and compared. To do so, the operation of the solenoid injector in two different start of injection timings was analyzed. At first, the injection control system for the common rail solenoid injector system was designed and the ability to control direct injection of the fuel into the combustion chamber in terms of injection pressure, injection duration and the start of injection timing was achieved. After that, the function of the engine in combustion characteristics and emission aspects was investigated. The tests were performed in the fixed speed of 1150 rpm, in idle condition and in the low-load operation with a brake power of 1.22 kW on the engine. With the pressure data from the experiments, the heat release rate, total released energy, start of combustion, ignition delay, combustion duration, combustion efficiency and fuel conversion efficiency were calculated. The results showed that with replacing the mechanical injector with common rail solenoid injector system, in the same injection timing, in order to reach the same brake work in low-load operation, the combustion duration was extended, and also the combustion and fuel conversion efficiencies were increased by 7% and 3%, respectively. Besides, particulate matter (PM) and NOx emissions were reduced.

Numerical research on effect of hydrogen blending fractions on idling performance of an n-butanol ignition engine with hydrogen direct injection

In this paper, a numerical research on an n-butanol ignition engine with hydrogen direct injection was carried out, aiming to observe the effect of hydrogen blending fractions on idling performance. A three-dimensional dynamic mesh model coupled with a detailed chemical kinetic mechanism of n-butanol oxidation were established to investigate the engine combustion process in CFD software CONVERGE. And the numerical model was validated through experiments. The performance of pressure and temperature inside cylinder, HC and CO emissions and formaldehyde and acetaldehyde emissions with four hydrogen fractions were simulated and analyzed. The simulation results showed that in comparison with pure n-butanol, the peak cylinder pressure increased 18.62%, 22.86% and 25.41% at φH2 = 5%, φH2 = 10% and φH2 = 15%, respectively. Meanwhile, the process of heat release can be accelerated and concentrated by hydrogen blending. The HC and CO emissions decreased gradually with the increase of hydrogen fraction. The largest magnitude of reduced HC and CO emissions was at φH2 = 5% as 31.31% and 19.05%, respectively. In terms of unregulated emissions, the acetaldehyde emissions remained a higher level than formaldehyde emissions for all hydrogen fractions at idle condition, and both decreased with the increase of hydrogen fraction. The distribution of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde concentration were closely related to the temperature field inside cylinder. The improvement of acetaldehyde emissions affected by adding hydrogen was more significant than that of formaldehyde emissions. Through hydrogen direct injection, a local hydrogen-enriched area near the spark plug can be formed, which contributed to better combustion performance of n-butanol engine at idle condition.

DEVELOPING FINE PARTICLE FILTERING SYSTEM FOR MOTORCYCLE EXHAUST USING COCO FIBERS

Fine particles from motor vehicle exhaust emissions become a major problem for the environment and human health. This burden requires a new technology of filtering system with highefficiency. However, the filtering system for motorcycle exhaust is still limited. Thus, we developed a new filtration system using coco fibers mixed to tapioca glues with the variation ratio such as 50:50 (Filter 1); 60:40 (Filter 2); 70:30 (Filter 3); and 80:20 (Filter 4). The efficiency is calculated by the ratio of the fine particle concentration in the exhaust emission before and after passing through the filter. The fine particle concentration was measured using a Digital Dust Monitor (Kanomax, Model 3443) when the motorcycle was operating in the idle condition. The fine particle concentration was measured for twenty sampling time. The filter efficiency was tested using three different motorcycles (M1, M2, and M3). The result showed that the filter efficiency was found between 12% and 33% depending on the filter thickness, density, and composition of the coco fiber and the glue.

Effect of diesel/PODE/ethanol blends on combustion and emissions of a heavy duty diesel engine

Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODE) is a promising alternative fuel for diesel engine with high cetane number, high oxygen content and no CC bond, which is beneficial for achieving clean combustion. Furthermore, PODE can be employed as a co-solvent for alcohol/diesel blends, and stabilizes the miscibility of ethanol/diesel blends. In this study, the effects of ethanol/diesel/PODE blends on the combustion and emissions characteristics were studied in a six-cylinder heavy duty diesel engine. The experimental results show that blending ethanol and PODE into diesel can accelerate the combustion rate in late combustion stage at all loads. Blending PODE and ethanol to diesel, the BSFC of blends increase and the BTE of blends are basically same as that of D100 at low and medium loads. As the load increases, the reduction of HC and soot emissions of blends compared with D100 weaken, and the growth of NOX emissions of blends compared with D100 increase. The performance and emissions of different fuels were also evaluated based on the World Harmonized Stationary Cycle (WHSC) test cycle. As the blending ratio of PODE and ethanol increase, the weighted BSFC increases significantly, but the weighted equivalent BSFC increase slightly. The weighted HC emissions decrease and the weighted NOX emissions increase with ethanol/diesel/PODE blends. Blending PODE and ethanol can reduce the weighted CO emissions; however, as the blending ratio of ethanol increases, the decrease trend of weighted CO emissions get weakened, and DPE15 even exhibits increasing trend compared to D100, which is attributed to the increasing CO emissions at cold idle condition. With the blending ratio of PODE and ethanol increasing, the weighted soot emissions are reduce apparently, and the highest reduction ratio is 86.9% for DPE15 fuel.

Grid-Connected Control of Wind Turbine with Differential Speed Regulation Based on Fuzzy Decision Makings

To solve the problem of grid-connected control of differential speed-regulating wind turbines, the wind turbine, transmission chain, speed-regulating motor, and generator model of the unit are constructed using the MATLAB/Simulink platform. The differential speed-regulating control system is designed on the basis of slip-frequency and fuzzy control theories. The speed control function and characteristics on maximum power tracing of wind turbine is tested via simulation. Meanwhile, the experimental bench for the differential speed-regulating wind power system is set up. Test results indicate that the generator speed is controlled by speed-regulating motor with output voltage and frequency that are approximately synchronized with those of power grid under idle load condition. The maximum wind-power utilization coefficient is maintained by fuzzy controller under the rated wind speed. Thus, the accuracy and efficiency of the designed control system is proven and provide important implications for further investigations on the grid-connected control of wind turbines with differential speed regulation.

Acetylene an Potential Alternative Fuel for Stationary Diesel Engine

The present study focuses on incorporation of alternative fuels along with existing internal combustion engines (ICE) without making major modifications. Acetylene has good combustion qualities with auto ignition temperature of 3050C. To increase the use of acetylene as non-petroleum gas in ICE, we carried experimentation on a single cylinder constant speed diesel engine. In this study, direct injection (DI) and constant speed compression ignition (CI) engine tested with pure diesel and diesel-acetylene dual fuel mode. We conducted experiments to study the performance characteristics of DI diesel engine in dual fuel mode by aspirating acetylene gas in the inlet manifold with a flow rate of 2 liters/minute (lpm) of acetylene. Observation recorded that, during idling condition to get the same power output when aspirated with the 2 lpm acetylene, 3.5% less amount of diesel required. For maximum load 9% less amount of diesel required. And 12% less amount of diesel required during partial loading condition. Also, the performance shows increased trend in indicated power and brake power by 1-2%. It was also observed that use of acetylene gas has more influence on emission of CO2. Emission results showed that without a catalytic convertor, 8% decreased amount of CO2 released during idling condition. Similar emission results of engine found during full load condition when acetylene used along with diesel, supporting the health of environment for reduction of global warming.

Routing Path Estimation Based on RWS Method for Competent Energy Dissipation Employing X-Layer Network

In this paper, the implementation of Mobile Error Probability algorithm has been implemented to improve the output efficiency of the sensor nodes in the wireless network environment. According the WSNs is concerned, it’s very important to focus on residual energy of each node. The Mobile Error Probability algorithm support to this very strongly, it ultimately calculates the residual energy corresponding to the consumed energy by the node at each level of the beaconing. This is only applicable for the mobile node depending upon the distance between the nodes. If the distance exceeds the set limit, then only the node sends the beaconing signal else it will be in idle state. Besides, the above concept, the method of RWS is also been implemented to estimate the routing path which can be used for the transmission in minimum stipulated of time. Scheduling algorithm has been used for proper cycling of the node in various modes such as active, idle, sleep and dead conditions. All the above algorithms are been implemented in EQSR, ED as well as proposed model using NS-II simulation through results are also been examined.