Dialect Dictionary Research Articles

Na bezrybiu i rak ryba. Językowo-kulturowy obraz raka w polszczyźnie

<p>Artykuł jest próbą rekonstrukcji językowo-kulturowego obrazu raka (Astacus astacus) w polszczyźnie. Wzorem Słownika stereotypów i symboli ludowych pod red. Jerzego Bartmińskiego wykorzystano informacje etymologiczne, a także dane zawarte w słownikach współczesnego języka polskiego, dawnej polszczyzny i gwarowych (w tym zasób frazematyki), teksty folkloru oraz przekazy etnograficzne. Na podstawie tak dobranego materiału udało się sformułować następującą definicję raka „Rak to czerwone stworzenie z ostrymi, służącymi do obrony szczypcami, a także długimi wąsami, małe i małowartościowe, pokryte pancerzem, nieowłosione i nieopierzone, o wielu odnóżach i oczach zlokalizowanych w tylnej części ciała, żyjące w wodzie (rzekach i stawach), w wykopanych przez siebie norach. Nie wiadomo, gdzie spędza zimę. Szczypie, porusza się wspak, niezgrabnie i powoli, nie wydaje głosu, wgryza się w ciało swojej ofiary, powodując jej śmierć. Najbliższa jest mu ryba. Raki dla mięsa, którego dostarczają w niewielkiej ilości, są poławiane przez ludzi, a następnie pieczone lub gotowane. Uchodzą za wykwintne pożywienie. Części ciała raka są lekarstwem na wiele chorób. Rakowi przypisuje się związki ze sferą podziemną”.</p>

Analogie między kobietą ciężarną i cielną krową

<p>Artykuł jest próbą ukazania analogii, które w języku polskim oraz w polskiej kulturze ludowej zachodzą między cielną krową i ciężarną kobietą. Podobieństwa te nie były do tej pory przedmiotem naukowych rozważań. W artykule omówiono je, opierając się na danych leksykalnych ze słowników (ogólnych i gwarowych) języka polskiego oraz danych kulturowych, wyekscerpowanych z XIX- i XX-wiecznych źródeł etnograficznych. Na podstawie tak dobranego materiału udało się pokazać szereg analogii – podobną konceptulizację ciąży kobiety i krowy oraz tożsame wartościowania ciężarnych samic, analogiczne praktyki przeciwdziałania bezpłodności, dyrektywy kulturowe, związane z ciężarną kobietą i cielną krową oraz zabiegi mające ułatwić poród czy późniejsze oczyszczenie, w kolejności także praktyki „prowokowania” oraz „zgadywania” płci mających się narodzić dzieci czy zwierząt. Przeniesienie zespołu praktyk związanych z poszczególnymi częściami okresu okołoporodowego kobiety na zwierzę świadczy, po pierwsze – o dużym znaczeniu krowy dla dawnego mieszkańca wsi, po drugie – ustanawia kulturową ekwiwalencję między ciężarną krową i ciężarną kobietą.</p>

The Survival of Shakespeare’s Language in English Dialects (on the Basis of EDD Online)

ABSTRACTOn the occasion of Shakespeare’s death 400 years ago and given his affinity to the “common people”, the question is raised of the survival of his vocabulary in English dialect words as represented by Joseph Wright’s English Dialect Dictionary (EDD; 1898–1905), which is still the best source on the areal distribution of dialect in the UK and overseas from 1700 to 1904, with some likelihood of validity even today. With the help of software recently launched (EDD Online), this paper counts the Shakespeare words that survived in English dialects, and records their distribution across works, time and place. The results generally testify to their ubiquity in the dialects of the UK and most English-speaking overseas countries, but also reveal reliefs across historical periods and countries. As a by-effect, the paper familiarises readers with some of the fascinating research possibilities provided by the EDD Online interface.

RANCANGAN KAMUS IDIOM BAHASA INDONESIA BERBASIS ANDROID BAGI PEMBELAJAR BIPA

BIPA learners during this experience many difficulties when learning Indonesian. One such obstacle is the understanding of the idiom premises. This idiom comprehension problem occurs because the idiom seldom or even not found in the language in other countries. In order to make a foreign learners understand the specific vocabulary and idioms, teachers usually use the image as a tool. Based on these problems, the researchers had the idea to develop a product in the form of Indonesian idiom dictionary to resolve the issue. Dictionaries are designed an android-based monolingual dictionary idiom that contains the terms of its practicality.

The role of encyclopedic world knowledge in semantic transparency intuitions of idioms

This article reports on the role pragmatic inferencing plays in accounting for the ways in which native speakers perceive and interpret the semantic transparency of idioms. Although previous studies have suggested that semantic transparency intuitions of idioms are partly motivated by the conceptual metaphors that underlie them (Gibbs 1992; Gibbset al.1997), findings from other studies (Keysar & Bly 1995, 1999) have raised questions concerning the arbitrariness of such intuitions. This study seeks to further address the discussion on the nature of semantic transparency by examining the role of pragmatic inferencing and encyclopedic world knowledge for understanding how native speakers interpret the relationship between the literal parts and figurative meanings of metaphorical idioms. To this end, semantic transparency ratings were elicited among fifteen native speakers of English for 222 metaphorical English idioms. Furthermore, raters provided qualitative support by justifying their ratings for a smaller subset of 30 idioms. These initial results were then triangulated by a follow-up exploratory study surveying etymological notes from a number of idiom dictionaries. The findings suggest that pragmatic inferencing via encyclopedic world knowledge plays an important role for the non-arbitrary way in which native speakers perceive the semantic transparency of idioms.

The Biography and Contributions of Professor ‘Aun al-Sharif Qasim al-Sudani

This research work emphasizes on the biography, publications and contributions of the Sudanese prominent scholar ‘Aun al-Sharif Qasim who born in the North of Al-Khartoum, the capital of the republic of Sudan in 1933 A.D.He wrote many books in Arabic language and his famous book “A Dictionary of Colloquial Dialect in Sudan” specially deals with the studies on the Sudanese Colloquial Arabic language and its impact on the literary Arabic language. Likewise he wrote in literature and language and enriched his scholastic life with many publications. This research work tries to convey the most important book and to give a short thought on it.

아랍어 숙어의 관용성과 숙어의 효과적 교육 전략

This study aims to present some strategies for teaching the students Arabic idioms. Arabic idioms can be defined as expressions whose meaning is not predictable from the usual meanings of its constituent elements, as kick the bucket or hang one’s head, or from the general grammatical rules of a language, as the table round for the round table, and that is not a constituent of a larger expression. In linguistics, idioms are usually presumed to be figures of speech, contradicting the principle of compositionality. That compositionality is the key notion for the analysis of idioms is emphasized in most accounts of idioms. This principle states that the meaning of a whole should be constructed from the meanings of the parts that make up the whole. In other words, one should be in a position to understand the whole if one understands the meanings of each of the parts that make up the whole. The strategies presented in this paper are based on the definitions or the linguistic peculiarities of idiom, mainly from the syntactic and semantic points of view. It’s worth mentioning that recently Arab linguists are showing unprecedented interests in idiomatic expressions and compiling the dictionary of Arabic idioms.

The New Etymological Dictionary of Hungarian Idioms and Proverbs

Abstract After briefly surveying the research carried out in Hungary on the origin of sayings, proverbs and adages, this paper introduces and exemplifies the way the new Hungarian phraseological etymological dictionary has been compiled. It subsequently presents excerpts from the dictionary that will expound on the origin of 1800 set phrases and statistically analyses the linguistic, cultural-historical, historical, literary, ethnographic and intercultural background of the Hungarian set phrases included in the dictionary.

Ill Wishes in Russian Dialect Dictionaries: Issues of Lexicographic Interpretation

This article considers issues of field collection and lexicographic interpretation of a number of words, which can be found in Russian ill wishes, such as imprecations, threats, and invectives. There are some differences in how dialect dictionaries define ill wishes, and represent their variants, as well as in singling out of the main word, defining grammar characteristics of ill wishes elements, etc. But the main difficulty that can make the data of dialect dictionaries unreliable is that there are “phantom” words and, more importantly, “phantom” meanings of these words. Sometimes authors of dictionaries involuntarily demonise the characters acting in ill wishes: lexemes denoting agents are given alien mythological semantics (Vyatka Region — н ó готь ‘dill’, Kursk Region — ос á д ‘house spirit’, Novgorod Region — касть ‘dillry’, тур ‘dill’, etc.). Such mistakes can originate while gathering material, when there are few fixations. This prevents researchers from seeing the ways of compression obscuring the form of imprecations. Besides, in some cases, such mistakes arise in the course of further lexicographic interpretation. The authors of dictionaries do not have full information about the functioning and the semantics of a word, and, consequently, they rush to conclusions “taking it out” of an idiom in which the word exists, and attribute a systemic linguistic status to it, “mythologising” its denotation (which may not exist at all).

Binomials in Russian Speech: Semantic Types and Objective and Subjective Frequency

This article studies the functioning of a particular type of collocations in Russian speech, whose elements are typically connected by means of coordination. The purpose of the article is to reveal the correlation between the objective and subjective frequency of binomials and the discursive variation of this parameter, as well as the types and nature of the idiomatisation of their meaning. The analysis is conducted with reference to texts from the Russian National Corpus, main corpus, and newspaper, oral, and poetic subcorpora, along with data from dictionaries of idioms and psycholinguistic questionnaires. The analysis is based on the methods of corpus linguistics (at the stages of material selection and objective frequency count); psycholinguistics (at the stage of subjective frequency count); and distributive analysis. The authors also employ statistical methods to analyse the obtained data. The analysis helps the authors determine and describe the composition of binomials: the units are ranked according to the average and discursively determined frequency of their usage in Russian speech. The authors also determine the scope of variation of the discursively determined frequency of binomials in the oral, newspaper, and poetic subcorpora. They single out the most frequent binomials, whose functional characteristics are discursively independent, as well as binomials, whose frequency depends on the type of discourse. The results of the objective frequency data analysis are compared with data on subjective awareness of their frequency by native speakers of the Russian language. The authors use the scaling method to establish the subjective frequency of binomials during a psycholinguistic survey. When drawing a functional and semantic typology, the authors contrast groups of binominals according to the presence or absence of secondary idiomatic meanings and their types (formed on the basis of relations of generalisation and metonymy) on the one hand, and metaphor on the other. A list of polysemantic binomials is compiled. The study helps reveal the prevalence of binomials that do not develop polysemy, whose functioning in the text is not associated with the idiomatisation of their meaning based on metaphorical or metonymic transfers or generalisation. Semantic types of binomials are characterised in terms of their frequency. The received data are used to test the hypothesis about the correlation between the degree of semantic cohesion of the components of binomials and the development of polysemy and their frequency. As a result, a positive correlation is found between frequency and the development of polysemy.

К изучению архаической лексики в «Причитаниях северного края» Е. В. Барсова

The vocabulary represented in Northern Lamentations collected by E. V. Barsov is still poorly exa­mined and studied by linguists and folklorists, which is a very important problem, yet unsolved. Many words in this collection cannot be found in dialect dictionaries, which means that they are not seen by dialectologists, etymologists and ethnolinguists, though their structure, semantics, etymology and geography could be of interest for researchers. These words can be considered archaic, as they disappeared from speech at least in the second half of the 19 th century, and give the possibility to see rituals and rites that are “behind” them. This vocabulary implements archaic semantic models, embodies ancient metaphors and peculiarities of the archaic way of thinking and, of course, needs interpretation. The article consists of two sketches, in which the author considers some words from Barsov’s lamentations. The first sketch refers to semantic dialecticisms – derivatives from the verb pakhat’ : gorepashnitsa , ‘self-denomination of a widow / orphan’, popakhat’ , ‘ to sweep the grave on the Trinity Sunday’, spakhat’sya, ‘to show interest, attention, to care’. It has been established that the word gorepashnitsa is a derivative of the word pakhat’ (to plough) and functions in the frames of the Russian North archaic semantic transition model ‘to work hard’ → ‘to suffer’. The words popakhat’ and spakhat’sya originate from the word pakhat’ in a more ancient general Slavic meaning ‘to sweep’. The second sketch analyzes the context meaning of the verb otlit’ , , which we meet in one of the lamentations as a part of a prayer: “O Lord, save thy bad people, pour off, o Lord, to these evil people, Meet them, o Lord, on the Second Advent”. One of the versions says that this verb in this context embodies the notion of the feud (to be more precise – of the mutual spill of the “valuable” liquids); another version refers to magical rites with the spillage of water and / or wax.

Семантична опозиція горі – долі в говірках південно-західного наріччя української мови

While the lexemes горі and долі express opposite meanings, they mostly retain the identity of a semantic entity. The article analyses more than 300 micro-contexts of the function of these lexemes from dialectological sources. The semantics and grammar of lexemes are studied in the light of the functioning and action of the words in “live” contexts where they act as adverbs and prepositions. This article reviews lexicographical interpretation of words. The semantic structure of lexemes in the South-Western dialects of Ukrainian language is modelled.The analysed units represent the semantics and features typical of the South-Western dialects of the Ukrainian language. The sources of research are dialect dictionaries and texts (from 19th c. until now), regional linguistic atlases, records of the dialectal speech made by the author and other researchers. The dialectal data are provided in comparative tables of the lexemes’ semantics.

Digitalni resursi za proučavanje makedonskih dijalekata

The paper presents a database of digital data for the study of the Macedonian language and its dialects, which is the result of collecting the material for the Macedonian dialectological atlas and the General Slavic Linguistic Atlas. In addition to the general overview of the dialect differentiation of the Macedonian language, including the different phases and the factors influencing it, the individual dialects are also presented, and a special part devoted to the most important characteristics for the differentiation of the Macedonian language - phonological, prosodic and morphological characteristics. Researchers also can download a Questionnaire. The Questionnaire has a list of problems related to phonology, morphology, word-formation, and syntax, which is supported by many examples, thus completing an inventory of relevant language problems based on the phonological, morphological and syntactic maps of the future issue of Atlas. In addition to giving researchers insight into the text of dialects, a digital map of the Macedonian dialects has been created, representing an interactive collection of about 300 texts and 25 audio files on the map. Also, a digital dictionary of Macedonian dialects is given, which allows the researcher to get information about the form in which the requested lexeme was recorded at certain research points. There are also data about the research points: the name of the research point, the previous and the present name of the municipality in which it is located, the dialect and the speech in the research point, the population, the interest of the inhabitants, the religion, whether the village has a school and when was the first time it is mentioned. Finally, the Small Atlas of the Macedonian Dialects is also available, which is a map of Macedonia with marked research points according to the research points indicated in the General Slavic Linguistic Atlas.

Лексикографирование социальных номинаций (опыт создания идеографического словаря)

The problem of description of nominative sets in dictionary of social vocabulary of ideographic type is discussed. The purpose of creation of such dictionary is seen in the development of a comprehensive description of the words, calling the facts, objects, relations, interactions from the social sphere. The author reports that for this purpose linguistic units are extracted from the dictionaries of literary language, slang and dialects in different historical periods. It is indicated that the value of forming ideography is in the search and description of linguistic facts, not yet committed to existing dictionaries. The new material is taken primarily from newspaper journalism, which refers to important social and political issues. The rules for the selection of social categories on the basis of the analysis of assertive and presuppositional zones of word meaning are described. The methods of compiling dictionary entries and including illustrative material is explained. It is shown that the analysis of contexts identifies the examples of actualization of shades of meaning, connotations, optional semes, marking the belonging to the category of social vocabulary. In other cases, “social” forms nuclear part in the structure of language unit meaning. A fragment of the nominations of ideograph “mass action against the official authorities,” including linguistic facts from different time periods and linguistic idioms.

Z dziejów Słownika gwar polskich Jana Karłowicza. Kartoteka i działania wydawnicze

From the History of Jan Karłowicz’s Słownik gwar polskich (‘A Dictionary of Polish Dialects’). Card Index and Publishing EffortsThe paper is devoted to the card index to Jan Karłowicz’s Słownik gwar polskich ‘A Dictionary of Polish Dialects’ which was identified by the end of May 2017th and is currently stored at the Archive of Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Polish Academy of Learning in Cracow. The index provides indirect information about the creation of the first general dictionary of Polish dialects, and principally about the lexicographic method employed by Karłowicz. It is also a testimony to an ambitious, though eventually unrealized lexicographic project that was Wielki słownik języka polskiego ‘A Great Dictionary of Polish’ which was meant to comprise general Polish and dialectal vocabulary, and also include the etymological aspect. Archival materials related to the history of publication of the card index are a slice of the history of Polish dialectology which is all the more important in that it exposes the beginnings of this field.

К этимологической интерпретации севернорусских слов со значением ‘врать, обманывать’ (влг. колы́жить, арх. древúть, влг. обрязáнить, новг. чмурúть и др.)

The article is devoted to the search for the etymological interpretation of some words with the semantics of lies and deceit. Material for the study were the Russian dialectal lexemes functioning mainly in the Russian North (Vologda, Arkhangelsk and Novgorod dialects). In some cases the author refers to unpublished field records of a card file of the Dictionary of dialects of the Russian North, stored at the Department of Russian Language, General Linguistics and Speech Communication, Ural Federal University. Interpreted words were not previously considered in the etymological literature or have disputable interpretation that ensures the relevance and novelty of the research. Among the analyzed lexemes are dialect words kolyzhit’ ‘to lie’, drevit’ ‘to talk nonsense, to lie’, obryazanit’ ‘to deceive, to cheat’, chmurit’ ‘to pretend, to deceive’, gnezdit’ ‘to lie’, oturit’ ‘to cheat’, each of which is the subject of a separate part of the article. These words are considered as a part of the enclosing etymological-derivational nests. The analysis involves a typological semantic and derivational parallels, the author also refers to the motivational models of nomination, that contributes to the reliability of the results.

Русские заимствования в Словаре диалектов сибирских татар Д.Г. Тумашевой

Русские заимствования в Словаре диалектов сибирских татар Д.Г. Тумашевой

The power of sound in L2 idiom learning

Corpus analyses of learners’ dictionaries of English idioms have revealed that 11% to 35% of English figurative idioms show either alliteration ( miss the mark) or assonance ( get this show on the road), depending on the type considered. Because English multiword combinations, particularly idiomatic expressions, present a huge challenge even to advanced learners, techniques for helping learners come to grips with this part of the lexicon should be welcomed. A quasi-experiment was conducted to investigate whether interword phonological similarity (specifically, alliteration and assonance) facilitates the delayed recall of the forms of common second language (L2) English figurative idioms which were not known at pretest. Twenty-six advanced-level EFL learners learned significantly more phonologically similar, or ‘sound-repeating’, idioms than phonologically dissimilar control idioms after a treatment designed to raise awareness of phonological similarity and to direct learners’ attention toward occurrences of it. Learners in a comparison group ( n = 24), who experienced no awareness raising or attention direction, recalled more non-sound-repeating control idioms than sound-repeating ones. We conclude that the presence of sound-repetition in idioms makes the forms of those idioms relatively easy to recall, but only when learners experience appropriate awareness raising and attention direction. It appears that the techniques of awareness raising and attention direction did not hinder learning of the control idioms.

ДИАЛЕКТОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ БАЗА МАШИННОГО ФОНДА БАШКИРСКОГО ЯЗЫКА КАК ИНСТРУМЕНТ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ БАШКИРСКОГО ДИАЛЕКТНОГО КОНТИНУУМА

This article deals with the problem of development of the dialectological base of the Machine fund of the Bashkir language. Along with the written monuments, folklore material, dialect is one of the most important sources for the study of the historical development and formation of the literary language. The main task of dialectologists is not only the collection but also the storage of dialect materials of the Bashkir language. Taking into account the importance of translation of dialect materials in electronic format and opening of free access to a wide audience to the information provided, the staff of the Laboratory of Linguistics and Information Technologies of the Institute of History, Language and Literature of the Ufa Scientific Center established a dialectological base as a part of the Machine fund of the Bashkir language consisting of three separate databases — lexical database, the database of dialectological atlas and textological database. The lexical database includes information about the dialectal lexicon of the Bashkir language. The database was developed on the basis of dialectal dictionaries compiled and published by the staff of the Institute of History, Language and Literature. The volume of the database is more than 52 000 dialectal units. The database of dialectological atlas is developed on the basis of materials of Dialectological atlas of the Bashkir language. The database allows to select the types of linguistic phenomena (phonetic, morphological, syntactic, lexical), for each type specific isoglosses were identified. Isoglosses allocated 250 strong points of the republic and neighboring regions. The textological database represents illustrative materials collected during numerous expeditions by the staff of the Institute of History, Language and Literature. To date, the database contains more than 500 texts in all dialects of the Bashkir language. Introduced in dialectological base material forms the basis of synchronic and diachronic study of the language features of dialects and sub-dialects of the Bashkir language.

Shakespeare and Warwickshire Dialect

The article investigates whether Shakespeare used Warwickshire, Cotswold or Midlands dialect, focusing on the sources of recent claims by Bate, Kathman and Wood, most of which derive from early dialect dictionaries compiled by 18th and 19th century antiquarians. It determines that all of these claims – frequently used as a defence against the Shakespeare authorship question – fall into four categories: those based on errors of fact, well-known or widely-used words, poetic inventions, and those derived through circular reasoning. Two problems are identified. Firstly, the source texts on which these dialect claims rest were written two- to three-hundred years after the plays, by which time language-use would not only have evolved, but would have been influenced by Shakespeare. Secondly, the continuing academic taboo surrounding the authorship question has meant that these claims, though easily refuted by searching the Oxford English Dictionary and the digitized texts of Early English Books Online, have gone unchallenged in academia. It demonstrates that querying the validity of arguments derived from an assumed biography can — without in any way disproving that the man from Stratford wrote the body of works we call ‘Shakespeare’ — lead to a better understanding of the way Shakespeare actually used language, and the meanings he intended.