Identical Solutions Research Articles

Isolated Cardiac Ryanodine Receptor Function Varies Between Mammals.

Concerted robust opening of cardiac ryanodine receptors' (RyR2) Ca2+ release 1oplasmic reticulum (SR) is fundamental for normal systolic cardiac function. During diastole, infrequent spontaneous RyR2 openings mediate the SR Ca2+ leak that normally constrains SR Ca2+ load. Abnormal large diastolic RyR2-mediated Ca2+ leak events can cause delayed after depolarizations (DADs) and arrhythmias. The RyR2-associated mechanisms underlying these processes are being extensively studied at multiple levels utilizing various model animals. Since there are well-described species-specific differences in cardiac intracellular Ca2+ handing in situ, we tested whether or not single RyR2 function in vitro retains this species specificity. We isolated RyR2-rich heavy SR microsomes from mouse, rat, rabbit, and human ventricular muscle and quantified RyR2 function using identical solutions and methods. The single RyR2 cytosolic Ca2+ sensitivity was similar across these species. However, there were significant species differences in single RyR2 mean open times in both systole and diastole-like solutions. In diastole-like solutions, single rat/mouse RyR2 open probability and frequency of long openings (> 6ms) were similar, but these values were significantly greater than those of either single rabbit or human RyR2s. We propose these in vitro single RyR2 functional differences across species stem from the species-specific RyR2 regulatory environment present in the source tissue. Our results show the single rabbit RyR2 functional attributes, particularly in diastole-like conditions, replicate those of single human RyR2 best among the species tested.

Topology of 2D Dirac operators with variable mass and an application to shallow-water waves

A Dirac operator on the plane with constant (positive) mass is a Chern insulator, sitting in class D of the Kitaev table. Despite its simplicity, this system is topologically ill-behaved: the non-compact Brillouin zone prevents definition of a bulk invariant, and naively placing the model on a manifold with boundary results in violations of the bulk-edge correspondence (BEC). We overcome both issues by letting the mass spatially vary in the vertical direction, interpolating between the original model and its negative-mass counterpart. Proper bulk and edge indices can now be defined. They are shown to coincide, thereby embodying BEC.The shallow-water model exhibits the same illnesses as the 2D massive Dirac. Identical problems suggest identical solutions, and indeed extending the approach above to this setting yields proper indices and another instance of BEC.

Investigating science identity classifications of rural high school students: a person-centered approach

ABSTRACT The construct of science identity has been gaining attention across various domains in the educational arena. To date, however, no studies have used a person-centered quantitative approach within science identity research that is based upon traditional identity theory. Hence, there is an absence of a theoretical underpinning of the number of science identity classes that might be derived from using person-centered techniques or descriptive dialogues of such classes. Due to this gap in the research and the potentially significant impact of science identity on students’ pursuit of STEM studies and subsequent careers, our project team tested the Science Identity Scale rooted in traditional identity theory with a group of rural high school students. Using latent class analysis, an optimal 4-class science identity solution emerged that reflected the four traditional identity statuses – Achieved, Foreclosed, Moratorium, and Diffused. These classifications predicted student science career interest but also suggested the existence of social inequalities for low socioeconomic students, Latinxs, and African Americans. More study is needed to investigate classification stability over time and to identify factors that contribute to existing social inequalities, thereby providing insight into the effective cultivation of students’ science identities and culminating in greater STEM persistence with less inequality.

ВОЗДУШНЫЙ РЕЖИМ ВЫСОТНЫХ ЗДАНИЙ

The air regime of multi-stores buildings is formed under the influence of wind pressure, air per-meability of enclosing structures, and the characteristics of the functioning of ventilation systems. The complex task of ensuring standardized air parameters in high-rise buildings is quite complex due to the presence of the stack effect, the action of which in the cold season leads to an increase in infiltration and energy consumption. In design practice, infiltration calculations are carried out using engineering methods that do not provide identical solutions. To assess the impact of in-filtration on the air regime of unique buildings, numerical calculations or modeling in wind tun-nels are used, which have a certain degree of reliability. The paper reviews the work on the influ-ence of the stack effect on the location of the neutral axis of the building and infiltration. One of the main measures to reduce infiltration is the use of façade structures with low air permeability. The selection of façade structures is more reliably carried out taking into account test results. Ex-perimental data are presented for determining the air permeability of a fragment of a modular fa-cade and their comparison with the regulatory requirements of the Russian Federation and differ-ent countries. The discrepancy between the calculation results using engineering methods and test results is shown. It is proposed to use the volume flow coefficient to determine the volume of infil-tration air when the pressure difference changes over a wide range. Tested structures can be rec-ommended for high-rise buildings to ensure the required tightness.

Development of Thermodynamic Criteria for Determining the Composition of Duplex Stainless Steels with High Corrosion Resistance.

One of the most popular methods for ranking duplex stainless steels (DSSs) and predicting their corrosion properties is the calculation of the pitting resistance equivalent number (PREN). However, since DSSs are two-phase materials with a significant fraction of secondary phases and precipitates, the application of the PREN can be highly limited. This article attempted to use a new approach to describe the corrosion resistance of these steels. The corrosion resistance of two DSSs of the same class was investigated. Under identical solution heat treatments in the temperature range of 1050-1200 °C, the crevice corrosion resistance of one steel increased, while that of the other decreased. It was demonstrated that the amounts of austenite and ferrite changed similarly in these steels, and the different corrosion resistances were associated with the behaviors of secondary phases: niobium carbonitride and chromium nitride. SEM-EDS analysis was conducted to analyze the redistribution of elements between phases in both cases, showing good agreement with the thermodynamic modeling results. The PREN was calculated for each phase depending on the treatment temperature, and a method for calculating the effective PREN (PRENeff), accounting for phase balance and secondary phases, was proposed. It was shown that this indicator described corrosion properties better than the classical PREN calculated for the average steel composition. This study demonstrated how the calculation of critical temperatures (the temperature of equal amounts of ferrite and austenite, the temperature of the beginning of chromium nitride formation, and the temperature of the beginning of σ-phase formation) could describe the corrosion resistance of DSSs. Maximum possible deviations from these temperatures were defined, allowing the attainment of the required corrosion properties for the steels. Based on the conducted research, an approach for selecting new compositions of DSSs was proposed.

Low bandgap fused-ring electron acceptors based on π-expended asymmetric benzotrithiophene core: Regulating aggregation and photovoltaic performance by side chain isomerization

Asymmetric molecular design strategy has received increasing attention in the development of fused-ring electron acceptors (FREAs). Benzo [2,1-b: 3,4-b’: 5,6-b”] trithiophene (asym-BTT) with intrinsically asymmetric and electron-rich π-plane is an ideal unit to construct asymmetric FREAs, whereas asym-BTT-based FREAs are still very limited. Herein, two asymmetric FREAs based on the π-expended asym-BTT fused-core with para-hexylphenyl and meta-hexylphenyl side chains (p-FABTT and m-FABTT) have been developed. Owing to strong electron-donating ability and planar configuration of π-expended asym-BTT fused-core, two acceptors exhibit effective intramolecular charge transfer and intermolecular interaction, leading to near infrared absorption above 900 nm with narrow bandgaps of around 1.34 eV. Although the same π-conjugated backbones of two acceptors afford the nearly identical energy levels and solution absorptions, side chain isomerization leads to significant differences in film absorption, molecular stacking orientation and crystallinity. In neat film, the m-FABTT with meta-hexylphenyl side chains exhibits slightly redshifted absorption with stronger 0-0 absorption peak from J-aggregation compared to p-FABTT with para-hexylphenyl side chains. More orderly molecular stacking and stronger π-π interactions with shorter π-π stacking distance in both the neat film and active layer can be observed for m-FABTT. When blended with donor polymer D18, m-FABTT exhibits broadened spectral region and proper phase separation morphology for effective exciton dissociation and charge transport. Therefore, the OSCs device based on m-FABTT achieves an optimal PCE of 7.14 % with a higher JSC of 15.39 mA cm−2 and an improved FF of 57.96 % as comparing with p-FABTT-based device (a PCE of 4.81 % with a JSC of 11.67 mA cm−2 and a FF of 48.51 %).

Neogene drainage reorganization of Longzhong Basin driven by growth of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau: A Sr isotope hydrological perspective

AbstractThe Tibetan Plateau uplift has significantly influenced Asian geomorphic and climate patterns. Drainage evolution across the plateau and its surroundings as the consequence of such changes in landscape and climate provides an opportunity to understand the growth of the Tibetan Plateau. However, the evolution history of major drainage areas around the Tibetan Plateau is largely unknown. Here, we reconstructed the evolution of drainage patterns of the Cenozoic Longzhong Basin in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau since the India–Asia collision using palaeo‐water solute 87Sr/86Sr ratio records from its subbasins. Higher solute 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the Lanzhou and Xining Basins and their consistent temporal variations before ca. 22 Ma as well as lower solute 87Sr/86Sr ratios in the Linxia Basin collectively indicate a relatively steady drainage pattern of the integrated Longzhong Basin. A diverse evolution of the solute 87Sr/86Sr ratio in the Lanzhou and Xining Basins after ca. 22 Ma suggests that there was a drainage reorganization, characterized by the division of one into multiple catchment centres, in response to the growth of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Subsequently, the identical solute 87Sr/86Sr ratios in the Lanzhou and Xining Basins were further approached at ca. 16 Ma, and the rise in the solute 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the Linxia and Tianshui Basins occurred at ca. 9–8 Ma, indicating two subsequent changes in solute composition induced by the middle Miocene uplift and late Miocene dust expansion, respectively. Our reconstructions of Cenozoic hydrological evolution in the Longzhong Basin indicate accelerated basin segmentation and drainage adjustment with solute change in response to the growth of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau during the Neogene.

The Role of Cloud Service Brokers: Enhancing Security and Compliance in Multi-cloud Environments


 The goal of this study is to put encryption key management strategies into practice while taking legal restrictions and the necessity for data accessibility into account. In order to reduce the danger of unauthorized access to cloud resources, this article explores the creation of Identity and Access Management (IAM) solutions that successfully apply role-based access control and abide by the least privilege principle. The advancement of digital business is both facilitated and disrupted by the usage of cloud technologies. Spending on cloud computing platforms and infrastructure is expected to rise significantly, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 30% predicted for the period between 2013 and 2018. In comparison, the corporate IT industry as a whole is anticipated to develop at a rate that is quite slow—5%. Additionally, an increasing number of businesses—precisely 85%—are seeing the benefits of using several cloud platforms to boost employee productivity, encourage collaboration, and spur corporate innovation. Regulations and standards are quite complicated, with possibilities for repetition and occasionally discrepancies. Utilizing existing standard models, patterns, architectures, and best practices is one efficient way to manage the difficulties brought on by compliance complexity, uncertainties, and overlaps. Examining regulatory practices and looking for overlaps have been efforts.

Preparation, nano-mechanics and particle deposition behavior of thin, antifouling hydrogel coatings

Hydrogels based on hydrophilic, crosslinked polymer networks can reduce surface contamination in aqueous environments and continue attracting research interest due to their low adhesion, biocompatibility and tunable properties. In particular, sub-micron hydrogel films can potentially screen a surface from interaction with foulant colloids and microorganisms without compromising original functions, such as water permeation in membranes. This study focuses on the preparation of thin hydrogel films with the goal of understanding their adhesive and micromechanical properties, as well as factors affecting the dynamics of microparticle deposition on such films, mimicking the initial stages of surface fouling with colloids, microparticles and microorganisms. For this purpose, a simple procedure was developed to simultaneously crosslink and covalently anchor multi-arm-PEG precursors to a surface to form a submicron coating as a representative model. The effects of synthetic parameters and external conditions on adhesion and viscoelasticity were studied by force spectroscopy using polystyrene colloidal probes. The same particles were also employed in macroscopic deposition experiments in a parallel plate flow cell under identical solution conditions. Microscopic adhesion and elasticity were unaffected by the hydrogel crosslinking density and by salinity, but strongly affected by solution pH and dwell time, whereas macroscopic deposition was strongly affected both by salinity and by pH. These differences were ascribed to the effect of long-range double-layer forces, involved in deposition but absent in measurements of adhesion and elasticity. The results highlight the differences and similarities between the two types of measurements and underlying phenomena, as a step towards the understanding and rational design of soft antifouling coatings.

Metals in Callitriche cophocarpa from small rivers with various levels of pollution in SW Poland.

The anthropogenic impact of metals on aquatic environments is a risk for biota, and thus their levels must be controlled. Callitriche cophocarpa Sendtn. belongs to a genus with a potential for accumulation of elevated metal levels. Thus, it may provide consolidated evidence of contamination. Therefore, the aim of this investigation was to determine Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in this species collected together with water and bottom sediments from rivers with various levels of pollution. Of these rivers, one less polluted and one more polluted was selected for the collection of C. cophocarpa for an experiment to compare its Cu and Zn concentration potential. Both metals were supplemented at concentrations 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.05, 0.08 and 0.14mg L-1 of Cu as CuSO4 × 5H2O and 0.4, 0.6, 0,9, 1,35, 2.03 and 3.04mg L-1 of Zn as ZnSO4 × 7H2O, and in the binary design containing (mg·L-1) 0.01Cu + 0.4Zn, 0.02Cu + 0.6Zn, 0.03Cu + 0.9Zn, 0.05Cu + 1.4Zn, 0.08Cu + 2.03 Zn and 0.14Cu + 3.04Zn. The upper concentrations of Cr, Cu, Mn and Zn in C. cophocarpa shoots from both types of rivers as well as of Ni and Pb in shoots from more polluted rivers were higher than the values typical for toxicity thresholds with no visible harmful effects, which may indicate accumulation abilities of C. cophocarpa for these metals. Both roots and shoots of C. cophocarpa may be included in the group of macroconcentrators for bottom sediments with respect to Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn and deconcentrators of Pb. Greater accumulation of most metals in roots than in shoots indicates their restricted mobility and translocation by C. cophocarpa to shoots.C. cophocarpa from the less polluted river and exposed to all experimental solutions contained significantly higher levels of Cu and Zn than that from the more polluted river exposed to identical experimental solutions. The plants collected from the more polluted river influenced by surplus of metals and living under chemical stress could probably limit further accumulation by developing a resistance mechanism. Cu and Zn contents in C. cophocarpa were higher when treated with separate metals than for binary treatment both in the more and less polluted river.Such research presenting the impact of a combination of metals could be important for understanding and explaining the interactions of these elements which may influence their bioavailability in nature as well as importance in the evaluation of the risk of environmental toxicity.

A Maximum Entropy Resolution to the Wine/Water Paradox.

The Principle of Indifference ('PI': the simplest non-informative prior in Bayesian probability) has been shown to lead to paradoxes since Bertrand (1889). Von Mises (1928) introduced the 'Wine/Water Paradox' as a resonant example of a 'Bertrand paradox', which has been presented as demonstrating that the PI must be rejected. We now resolve these paradoxes using a Maximum Entropy (MaxEnt) treatment of the PI that also includes information provided by Benford's 'Law of Anomalous Numbers' (1938). We show that the PI should be understood to represent a family of informationally identical MaxEnt solutions, each solution being identified with its own explicitly justified boundary condition. In particular, our solution to the Wine/Water Paradox exploits Benford's Law to construct a non-uniform distribution representing the universal constraint of scale invariance, which is a physical consequence of the Second Law of Thermodynamics.

Simple algorithm for judging equivalence of differential-algebraic equation systems

Mathematical formulas play a prominent role in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) documents; understanding STEM documents usually requires knowing the difference between equation groups containing multiple equations. When two equation groups can be transformed into the same form, we call the equation groups equivalent. Existing tools cannot judge the equivalence of two equation groups; thus, we develop an algorithm to judge such an equivalence using a computer algebra system. The proposed algorithm first eliminates variables appearing only in either equation group. It then checks the equivalence of the equations one by one: the equations with identical algebraic solutions for the same variable are judged equivalent. If each equation in one equation group is equivalent to an equation in the other, the equation groups are judged equivalent; otherwise, non-equivalent. We generated 50 pairs of equation groups for evaluation. The proposed method accurately judged the equivalence of all pairs. This method is expected to facilitate comprehension of a large amount of mathematical information in STEM documents. Furthermore, this is a necessary step for machines to understand equations, including process models.

User-centric security analysis of MitID: The Danish passwordless digital identity solution

MitID is the new electronic identification (eID) solution in Denmark. It provides access to many online services, including online banking, insurance, taxes, and health information. In this paper, we analyze the security of the new solution from the user experience perspective concerning Denial of Service (DoS), Social Engineering (SocEng), and other possible attacks that can be mounted without special privileges or obtaining unauthorized access. Our analysis shows that, even though the solution is of paramount importance to the Danish online infrastructure, the analyzed version did not adequately defend against simple attacks targeting specific users. With simple automated scripts, we were able to prevent a targeted user from authenticating for a period of 9 days; and show how an attacker can collect information to mount convincing SocEng attacks aiming at identity theft. Our findings were disclosed to the affected parties in December 2021, and since then, the solution has been updated two times. The first update in January 2022 rendered the SocEng attacks ineffective. However, due to the inherent design trade-offs, targeted DoS attacks were still unmitigated. The second update was in June 2023 and appears to address all of our findings.

Dynamic reorientation of tidally locked bodies: Application to Pluto

Planets and moons reorient in space due to mass redistribution associated with various types of internal and external processes. While the equilibrium orientation of a tidally locked body is well understood, much less explored are the dynamics of the reorientation process (or true polar wander, TPW, used here for the motion of either the rotation or the tidal pole). TPW dynamics can be non-trivial and are important for predicting the patterns of TPW-induced surface fractures, as well as for assessing whether enough time has passed for the equilibrium orientation to be reached. The only existing and relatively complex numerical method for an accurate evaluation of the reorientation dynamics of a tidally locked body was described in a series of papers by Hu et al. (2017a,b, 2019). Here we demonstrate that an identical solution can be obtained with a simpler approach, denoted as oω||mMIA, because during TPW the tidal and the rotation axes closely follow respectively the minor and the major axes of the total, time-evolving inertia tensor of the body. Motivated by the presumed reorientation of Pluto, the use of the oω||mMIA method is illustrated on several test examples. In particular, we vary the load sign and the mass of the host body and analyze whether TPW paths are curved or straight. When tidal forcing is relatively small, the paths of negative anomalies (e.g. basins) towards the rotation pole are highly curved, while positive loads may reach the sub- or anti-host point straightforwardly. The obtained behavior is explained by the relative timing of longitudinal and latitudinal reorientation. Our results suggest that the Sputnik Planitia basin cannot be a negative anomaly at present day, and that the remnant figure of Pluto must have formed prior to the reorientation. Finally, the presented method is complemented with an energy balance that can be used to test the numerical solution and to quantify the changes in orbital distance due to TPW. A new release of the custom written code LIOUSHELL that is used to perform the simulations is made freely available on GitHub.

Value Sensitive Design for Self-Sovereign Identity Solutions: Conceptual Investigation of uNLock Use Case

This paper aims to address the research gap in ethical design frameworks for self-sovereign identity (SSI) solutions. We present a case study of value sensitive design (VSD) conceptual investigation applied in the context of SSI-based solutions for the sharing of medical credentials uNLock. We evaluate the applicability and quality of VSD application on the basis of 5 criteria. We validate these findings by comparing the results of the original report with the studies presenting empirically informed insights from the deployment of SSI solutions for the presentation of medical credentials. We identify a problem of “value branching” particular to SSI solutions that can lead to the overinflation of the set of relevant values. We outline the affordances and limitations of the conceptual VSD investigation in our case study. We further reflect on the limits of general SSI principles and argue that the ethical design of SSI solutions always requires context-specific evaluative frameworks.

Analytical Solution of Transient Heat Conduction through a Hollow Cylindrical Thermal Insulation Material of a Temperature Dependant Thermal Conductivity

The one-dimensional, cylindrical coordinate, non-linear partial differential equation of transient heat conduction through a hollow cylindrical thermal insulation material of a thermal conductivity temperature dependent property proposed by an available empirical function is solved analytically using Kirchhoff’s transformation. It is assumed that this insulating material is initially at a uniform temperature. Then, it is suddenly subjected at its inner radius with a step change in temperature. Four thermal insulation materials were selected. An identical analytical solution was achieved when comparing the results of temperature distribution with available analytical solution for the same four case studies that assume a constant thermal conductivity. It is found that the characteristics of the thermal insulation material and the pressure value between its particles have a major effect on the rate of heat transfer and temperature profile.

Analytic solution of fractional order Pseudo-Hyperbolic Telegraph equation using modified double Laplace transform method

Abstract The Pseudo-Hyperbolic Telegraph partial differential equation (PHTPDE) based on the Caputo fractional derivative is investigated in this paper. The modified double Laplace transform method (MDLTM) is constructed for the proposed model. The MDLTM was used to obtain the analytic solution for the pseudo-hyperbolic telegraph equation of fractional order defined by the Caputo derivative. The proposed method is a highly effective analytical method for the fractional-order pseudo-hyperbolic telegraph equation. A test problem was presented as an example. Based on the results, it is clear that this method is more convenient and produces an analytic solution in fewer steps than other methods that require more steps to have an identical analytical solution. This paper claims to provide an analytic solution to the fractional order pseudohyperbolic telegraph equation order using the MDLTM. An analytical solution leads to an exact, closed-form solution that can be expressed in mathematical functions or known operations. Obtaining analytic solutions to PDEs is often challenging, especially for fractional order equations, making this achievement noteworthy.

Data Subjectivation - Self-sovereign Identity and Digital Self-Determination

The purpose of this paper is to explore the philosophical implications of the Self-sovereign identity (SSI), considered one of the most prominent examples in which the process that we define as data subjectivation takes place. We will begin by examining the technical side of the SSI model and then delve into the concepts of identity and sovereignty, which are crucial for defining digital identity. We will explain how these concepts must be understood within a broader theoretical framework that we refer to as data subjectivation. This framework acknowledges the emergence of a new digital subject defined through the materialisation of data, which determines an individual’s rights and powers in their digital life. We scrutinise this process starting from the concept of “virtual materiality” and from the relationship between the physical world and the virtual world defined by Katherine Hayles. We will show that, to achieve the promises that are often associated with the SSI model, such as a decentralised and trusted web inhabited by digitally “sovereign” users, we must frame the vision put forth by the SSI as a socio-technical imagery. We sketch how this discourse can be oriented by employing the idea of digital self-determination, trying to frame the open questions of powers and rights in digital spaces linking the SSI and the process of data subjectivation. Finally, we show how a purely technical solution to the goal of a user that “owns” their data cannot be feasible, and we encourage further exploration of the inextricable links between the technological development of digital identity solutions and the political values that shape them.

A reconstructed feasible solution-based safe feature elimination rule for expediting multi-task lasso

Multi-task lasso (MTL) is an effective algorithm to handle multi-task problems. By introducing ℓ2,1-norm, it can realize joint feature selection across a group of related tasks. But it is time-consuming when handling high-dimensional problems. Motivated by the row sparsity of the optimal solution, an improved safe feature elimination rule termed IEDPP is proposed to accelerate the training process. It could delete most of the redundant features before we solve the problem. Then the computational efficiency will be improved since only a reduced problem should be solved. Moreover, the properties of the projection operator and the reconstructed feasible solutions ensure the safety of the proposed method. That is to say, it will derive an identical optimal solution to the original problem both in theory and in practice. But our IEDPP could only be used once before solving, there are still some redundant features that are not deleted. Therefore, we further propose an integrated IIEG-ML rule by combining IEDPP with GAP. Then, more and more redundant features could be deleted as the algorithm converges. Moreover, by embedding IIEG-ML into the grid search method, the whole training process will be accelerated. Finally, an improved Nesterov's method is used to solve the reduced problems. Experimental results on different datasets confirm the effectiveness of our method.

Analytical Solution of Transient Heat Conduction through a Hollow Spherical Thermal Insulation Material of a Temperature Dependant Thermal Conductivity

The one-dimensional, spherical coordinate, non-linear partial differential equation of transient heat conduction through a hollow spherical thermal insulation material of a thermal conductivity temperature dependent property proposed by an available empirical function is solved analytically using Kirchhoff’s transformation. It is assumed that this insulating material is initially at a uniform temperature. Then, it is suddenly subjected at its inner radius with a step change in temperature. Four thermal insulation materials were selected. An identical analytical solution was achieved when comparing the results of temperature distribution with available analytical solution for the same four case studies that assume a constant thermal conductivity. It is found that the characteristics of the thermal insulation material and the pressure value between its particles have a major effect on the rate of heat transfer and temperature profile.