Identify Reference Points Research Articles

The Global Track Concept for Assessment of Engaging Hill-Sachs Defects in Anterior Shoulder Instability

Background: The glenoid track concept is used to determine preoperatively whether a Hill-Sachs defect is engaging or not. Currently, the glenoid track concept relies on measurements of bony structures as well as on the confines and elasticity of the rotator cuff as a reference point, which varies extensively among individuals and therefore limits the reliability and accuracy of this concept. Purpose: To evaluate the reliability of the global track concept, which determines the angular distance of the Hill-Sachs defect from the center of the articular surface of the humeral head as a new reference point with the help of an automated image analysis software and 3-dimensional analysis of the humeral head. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Computed tomography scans of 100 patients treated for anterior shoulder instability with different sizes of Hill-Sachs defects were evaluated manually by 2 orthopaedic surgeons independently using the software OsiriX as well as automatically by using a dedicated prototype software (ImFusion). Obtained manual and automated measurements included the Hill-Sachs length, Hill-Sachs width, and Hill-Sachs depth of the defect; the Hill-Sachs interval (HSI); and the glenoid width for the glenoid track concept, as well as the angular distance of the Hill-Sachs defect from the center of the articular surface of the humeral head (global track concept). The reliability of the different measurement techniques was compared by calculating intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Results: There was a significant difference for all obtained parameters comparing manual and automatic measurements. For manually obtained parameters, measurements referring to bony boundaries (glenoid width, Hill-Sachs length, and Hill-Sachs width) showed good to excellent agreement (ICC, 0.86, 0.82, and 0.62, respectively), while measurements referring to soft tissue boundaries (HSI and glenoid track; ICC, 0.56 and 0.53, respectively) or not directly identifiable reference points (center of articular surface and global track) only showed fair reliability (ICC middle excursion, 0.42). When the same parameters were measured with the help of an automated software, good reliability for the glenoid track concept and excellent reliability for the global track concept in the middle excursion were achieved. Conclusion: The present study showed that the more complex global track measurements of humeral defects are more reliable than the current standard HSI and glenoid track measurements. However, this is only true when automated software is used to perform the measurements. Clinical Relevance: Future studies using the new proposed method in combination with an automated software need to be conducted to determine critical threshold values for defects prone to engagement.

The Graphic Legacy of Oleksandr Bogomazov: General Overview and Artist’s Notes in Some Thoughts on Graphics

The study presents a general overview of the graphic work and the publication of theoretical notes about the graphics of the Ukrainian artist O. K. Bohomazov. There are features of graphic works in different periods of creativity, which are noted, there are stylistic features of works of different periods,which are analyzed. Graphic works give an opportunity to trace all stylistic changes and identify reference points in the evolution of the artist’s work. Sketches allow to trace the stages of work on the creation of picturesque easel paintings. The graphic heritage of O. Bohomazov is really diverse. There are characteristic symbolist motifs and plots, which can be traced in the early graphics. Magazine graphics of 1908-1912 provide samples of the Art Nouveau style. In the works of this period, the line gives the picture maximum decorativeness. Fascination with color linocut gave the artist the opportunity to experiment with changing the psychological state of objects depending on the color change. At the turn of 1912-1913, a radical stylistic change takes place in O. Bohomazov’s work: the generalized decorativeness and linear rhythms of the modern style give way to the dynamics of futurism. While working at the Kyiv Art Institute in 1922–1930, Oleksandr Bohomazov taught painting and drawing as formal and technical disciplines. He taught in his educational programs the physical and psychological properties of colours and their interaction. The graphics of the late period of the artist’s work acquired a neo-realistic objectivity in the spirit of "New objectivity" (Die Neue Sachlichkeit).

Application of computer vision to identify reference points for assessing postural disorders

The use of computer vision to determine reference points on the human back is a relatively new approach in medicine. The relevance of this study is due not only to the need to develop new methods and approaches in determining postural disorders, but also to the growing interest in the development and application of artificial intelligence in medicine. This study is devoted to the creation and training of a neural network to find reference points of the back when diagnosing postural disorders. In this study, we use a set of ready-made neural network tools that are freely available. Training was carried out on models of photographed volunteers to determine the reference points of the back. The results of the study indicate that, as part of the study, a search was made for alternative (reference points) that determine the geometry of the back using developed neural network algorithms. It was shown that the accuracy of point detection by a neural network trained on more than 2400 grouped photographs reaches 85%, which indicates a good determination of object boundaries and their classification. The use of computer vision to identify reference points for assessing postural abnormalities can bring significant benefits to medical practice. This tool may be more accurate and efficient than traditional diagnostic methods, as well as more accessible and convenient for the patient. In addition, the use of neural networks can speed up the diagnostic process and reduce research costs.

OGC P14 A quantitative method to enhance endoscopic measurement

Abstract Background Upper gastrointestinal white light endoscopy is the most used procedure for assessing upper gastrointestinal tract condition and identification of various types of lesions. The characteristics of lesions may influence subsequent treatment steps. Among these characteristics, the size of a lesion plays a crucial role in determining the surveillance interval, appropriate resection method and predicting the risk of malignancy. Visual size estimation is highly subjective although this is the method currently used in clinical practice. Another important characteristic is the lesion location, which is currently estimated using the markers on the scope. However, in the stomach the endoscope may be curved to visualise the lesion, making location measurements inaccurate. Identifying the accurate location of the lesion is important for surgical planning and help in deciding the extent of surgical resection required. We aimed to improve endoscopic measurements by developing a quantitative method that can provide lesion size and location measurements in an accurate, objective, contactless and automatic way during endoscopy procedure. Methods A miniaturised electromagnetic tracking sensor was places inside the instrument channel of the endoscope to trace the pose of the camera scope. An algorithm based on feature points tracking was used to identify reference points on each image of interest; a triangulation technique was then used to determine the size of a lesion and its precise location with respect to desired anatomical landmark. Surgeons only require to take two different pictures of the lesion and one single picture of any anatomical landmark that they are interested in knowing the size and location information. At the same time corresponding tracking information were recorded for each captured image. Using these images and recorded tracking information (i.e. position and orientation), our proposed method computed the size of the lesion and its distance with respect to the selected anatomical landmark. The proposed quantitative endoscopy method was tested using a simulated plastic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy model with an artificial lesion. Results 10 different image sets of the same lesion were processed using the model of the upper gastrointestinal tract. A first picture was captured as soon as the endoscope had passed the gastroesophageal junction; two additional images were then captured from different angles when the scope was close to the lesion. The artificial lesion was a rounded shape lesion (diameter 12mm) placed 15.2 cm from gastroesophageal junction. Using the proposed method, the estimated distance from the gastrointestinal junction 15.17 ± 0.51 cm (mean ± SD); the assessed size was 12.76 ± 0.83 mm. The difference between the mean of 10 measurements and the actual values were 2.28 mm for the distance and 0.76 mm for the lesion size. The root mean square error was 5.14mm (distance) and 1.12 mm (size). Conclusions We have developed a quantitative endoscopy method and validated its accuracy in a simulated plastic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy model. This method may potentially be better than the deep learning approaches which require a huge amount of training data set. Our method can also compute the size directly whereas deep learning based algorithms can only classify the lesion into different size groups. There is also no limitation for the size of the lesion, as our method is tool independent. Using the same method and configuration the lesion can be accurately localised, which is also clinically important. The magnitude of error of the proposed quantitative endoscopy method is clinically acceptable and has the potential to highly improve the efficiency of endoscopic diagnosis and enhance patient outcome.

Notes on the current state and prospects of the children's social movement in Russia

The current state of children's social movement in Russia in the genre of scientific notes is analysed in the article. The characteristic of the Russian Schoolchildren's Movement is given, peculiarities of the All-Russia "Young Army" National Military Patriotic Social Movement Association are highlighted, and specific processes in the Russian scouts’ organisations are described. The relevance of the Association of Children's Movement Researchers, of which Anatoliy Kirpichnik was one of the initiators, for the analysis of the state and prospects of children's social movement is emphasised. Scenarios of children's social movement development – "Limit", "Step Forward", "Getting Stuck" and "Scattering" – are presented to the reader on the basis of the conducted analysis of the current state of the said (forecast lag up to 2030). The social and socio-psychological factors that may influence the realisation of one or the other scenario are named. The conclusion that the existence of children's public associations is inevitability in modern society is made; the "meeting" of the interests of the state (as well as society) with the basic characteristics of adolescence – desire to manifest adulthood and need for personal and group self-actualisation – being the basis of the above mentioned. It is emphasised that the basic oppositions in which children's social movement will exist and change, include the activity of the state (on which social activity depends), whether social processes are more or less ideological, whether the state is oriented towards managing real processes in children or towards imitative activity. It is noted that the scenario method of analysing processes in the children's social movement makes it possible to identify reference points and indicators around which state and social policy in the space of the children's movement can be built.

SOCIO-LABOR RELATIONS IN GLOBAL TURBULENCE: A VIEW THROUGH THE PRISM OF SOCIAL SECURITY

Introduction. Today's turbulence is constantly changing socio-labor relations, which is manifested in the spread of atypical forms of employment, narrowing of social security of workers, the formation of a new world division of labor, which ultimately affects the sustainability of development as a country, employee welfare. Such transformations proportionally change the level of social security of the country and workers, but the vector of these changes is not always aimed at improvement. Unfortunately, the existing theoretical and methodological approaches to assessing the condition of socio-labor relations do not allow to predict deeper changes and consequences for the further development of society, the country, so it is important to explore them through the prism of social security. Purpose. The aim of the article is to study the transformations of socio-labor relations under the pressure of the new socio-economic reality (pandemic COVID-19) and the possibility of implementing their adaptive mechanisms to maintain a sufficient level of social security. Method (methodology). The methodological basis of the study is formed by general scientific methods - analysis, generalization, theoretical foundations of the concepts of decent work, social responsibility and green economy. The assessment of socio-labor relations in the context of their ability to form the preconditions of social security was carried out according to the author's method, which allows to identify reference points for the emergence of risks and dangers. Analytical calculations were performed using statistical methods, using official statistical reports of international organizations, scientific developments of leading scientists in the field of social security and the essence of social and labor relations. Results. The connection between the development of social and labor relations and the formation of preconditions for social security is revealed. Calculated objective indicators of socio-labor relations that directly affect the level of social security, such as financial well-being of employees, the potential for human capital development (wage potential) and the risks of job loss, as well as subjective indicators - life satisfaction, mental health and confidence in the future (development, income expectations). It was found that the social partners in Ukraine have not been able to achieve a high level of collaboration, so the current model of socio-labor relations does not fully provide sufficient social security for workers and the country.

Соизучение языка и культуры в российской и китайской методиках преподавания иностранных языков (русский язык как иностранный; китайский язык как иностранный)

The purpose of the study is to trace in a comparative aspect the development of the language and culture co-learning idea in methodological works by Russian and Chinese researchers. The paper shows similarities and differences of approaches in the implementation of the language and culture co-learning idea in the process of foreign language teaching; considers views of scholars and teaching methodology experts on the issue of forming the necessary competencies in students who learn foreign languages. Scientific novelty of the study lies in identifying reference points in the approaches taken by Russian and Chinese teaching methodology experts regarding the role of foreign language learning in the context of culture, in clarifying the scope of the concept of “linguocultural competence” in relation to philological education and training of future philologists; in introducing ideas of Chinese researchers who have not been previously published in Russian into the Russian-language scientific discourse. As a result of the study, the author has outlined the important points of convergence of methodological views on language and culture co-learning, on which new methodologies of teaching Russian as a foreign language to Chinese students can be based, drawing on the traditions adopted in the Chinese foreign language teaching methodology.

Consistency of expert opinions on localization of the reference points for studying a soft tissue face profile in digital teleradiological images of the skull lateral projection

The aim of the study is to identify the consistency of expert opinions when manually identifying the reference points positions for studying the soft-tissue face profile in digital teleradiological images of the skull lateral projection. The study involved 11 orthodontists having a 1 to 8 year experience. They localized the reference points manually, using the software with image enhancement options. Each doctor processed 100 X-ray images of the skull lateral projection. Totally, 1100 positions were identified (11 parameters in 100 images). The average position of 11 manual localizations was taken as the baseline. Then, manually identified positions were automatically compared with the basic localization. We have a good consistency of expert opinions when determining the reference points of the soft-tissue face profile. Herewith, the highest consistency of expert opinions is observed for soft-tissue reference points of the upper and lower lips (LL and EN points) with the average variation coefficients equal to 0.557726 and 0.566349 respectively; and the lowest consistency is observed for the hard tissue point Po with the average variation coefficient of 0.819904. Despite rather serious shortcomings in determining separate points (such as Or, DT, Po) in teleradiological images of the lateral skull projection, the method for determining soft-tissue profilometric reference points gives satisfactory results for more than 85.87% cases. In general, the method can be considered clinically reliable. However, the means and methods for identifying reference points require improving.

Risk assessment of chlorinated paraffins in feed and food.

The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of chlorinated paraffins in feed and food. The data for experimental animals were reviewed and the CONTAM Panel identified the liver, kidney and thyroid as the target organs for the SCCP and MCCP mixtures tested in repeated dose toxicity studies. Decreased pup survival and subcutaneous haematoma/haemorrhage were also identified as critical effects for an MCCP mixture. For the LCCP mixtures tested, the liver was identified as the target organ. The Panel selected as reference points a BMDL 10 of 2.3 mg/kg bw per day for increased incidence of nephritis in male rats, and of 36 mg/kg bw per day for increased relative kidney weights in male and female rats for SCCPs and MCCPs, respectively. For LCCPs, a reference point relevant for humans could not be identified. Due to the limitations in the toxicokinetic and toxicological database, the Panel concluded that derivation of a health‐based guidance value was not appropriate. Only limited data on the occurrence of SCCPs and MCCPs in some fish species were submitted to EFSA. No data were submitted for LCCPs. Thus, a robust exposure assessment and consequently a complete risk characterisation could not be performed. A preliminary risk characterisation based only on the consumption of fish was performed, and the calculated margins of exposure suggested no health concern for this limited scenario. The Panel noted that dietary exposure will be higher due to the contribution of CPs from other foods. The Panel was not able to identify reference points for farm animals, horses and companion animals. No occurrence data for feed were submitted to EFSA. Therefore, no risk characterisation could be performed for any of these animal species.

Emergence of Digital Economy in the Old Industrial Regions of the South of Russia

The informatization and digitalization are an element of the national strategy today; they set a new development paradigm of the Russian state, economy and society. These processes have a special importance for old industrial regions of Russia as they are directed to the creation of new business standards, recovery of the industrial sector at a new technological basis. The goal of the article consists in studing the process of the emergence of digital economy in the old industrial regions of the South of Russia (Rostov and Volgograd regions) for identifying reference points, “narrow places” and basic ways for their leveling. The analysis carried out in the article results in the conclusion that the development of digital society in the old industrial regions of the South of Russia in general has the same tendencies as in the whole country. In particular digitalization is actively penetrating into the sphere of public administration and also financial sector, but, however, in the authors’ opinion, the potential for the IT industry development in the regions of the South of Russia is underestimated. The key directions of creating conditions for the leadership of industrial companies of the southern old industrial regions are as follows: government support of developing technology intensive businesses; developing the geography of industrial business together with stimulating the demand for “clever” products; encouraging the use of new breakthrough technologies in the sphere of artificial intelligence; extensive use of Internet technologies and mobile gadgets in business and operational models of enterprises, etc.

A study of developments and applications of mixed reality cubicles and their impact on learning

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to report on developments and applications of mixed reality cubicles and their impacts on learning in higher education. This paper investigates and presents the cost effective application of augmented reality (AR) as a mixed reality technology via or to mobile devices such as head-mounted devices, smart phones and tablets. Discuss the development of mixed reality applications for mobile (smartphones and tablets) devices leading up to the implementation of a mixed reality cubicle for immersive three dimensional (3D) visualizations.Design/methodology/approachThe approach adopted was to limit the considerations to the application of AR via mobile platforms including head-mounted devices with focus on smartphones and tablets, which contain basic feedback–to-user channels such as speakers and display screens. An AR visualization cubicle was jointly developed and applied by three collaborating institutions. The markers, acting as placeholders acts as identifiable reference points for objects being inserted in the mixed reality world. Hundreds of participants comprising academics and students from seven different countries took part in the studies and gave feedback on impact on their learning experience.FindingsResults from current study show less than 30 percent had used mixed reality environments. This is lower than expected. About 70 percent of participants were first time users of mixed reality technologies. This indicates a relatively low use of mixed reality technologies in education. This is consistent with research findings reported that educational use and research on AR is still not common despite their categorization as emerging technologies with great promise for educational use.Research limitations/implicationsCurrent research has focused mainly on cubicles which provides immersive experience if used with head-mounted devices (goggles and smartphones), that are limited by their display/screen sizes. There are some issues with limited battery lifetime for energy to function, hence the need to use rechargeable batteries. Also, the standard dimension of cubicles does not allow for group visualizations. The current cubicle has limitations associated with complex gestures and movements involving two hands, as one hand are currently needed for holding the mobile phone.Practical implicationsThe use of mixed reality cubicles would allow and enhance information visualization for big data in real time and without restrictions. There is potential to have this extended for use in exploring and studying otherwise inaccessible locations such as sea beds and underground caves. Social implications – Following on from this study further work could be done to developing and application of mixed reality cubicles that would impact businesses, health and entertainment.Originality/valueThe originality of this paper lies in the unique approach used in the study of developments and applications of mixed reality cubicles and their impacts on learning. The diverse composition in nature and location of participants drawn from many countries comprising of both tutors and students adds value to the present study. The value of this research include amongst others, the useful results obtained and scope for developments in the future.

‘Rationality’ in Collective Escape Behaviour: Identifying Reference Points of Measurement at Micro and Macro Levels

Background. Evacuation behaviour of human crowds is often characterised by the notion of ‘irrational behaviour’. While the term has been frequently used in the literature, clear definitions and methods for measuring rationality do not exist. Objective. Here, we suggest that rationality, in this context, can alternatively and more effectively be formulated as a question of ‘optimal behaviour’. Decision optimality can potentially be measured and quantified. The main challenges, however, include (i) distinctly identifying the level at which we measure optimality, and (ii) identifying proper reference points at each level. Methods. We differentiate between optimality at the individual (i.e., micro) and the system (i.e., macro/aggregate) levels and illustrate how certain reference points can be established at each level. We suggest that, at the micro level, optimality of individual decisions can be quantified by comparing the outcome of each individual’s decision to those of their ‘nearly equal peers’. At the macro level, optimality can be measured by simulating the system using parametric numerical models and measuring the system performance while altering the behavioural parameters compared to their empirical estimates. Results. Having applied these methods, we observed that variation in micro level decision optimality rises rapidly as the space becomes more heavily crowded. As crowdedness increases in the environment, the difference between ‘good’ and ‘bad’ decisions becomes more distinct; and suboptimal decisions become more frequent. In other words, optimality at individual level seems to be moderated by the level of crowdedness. At the macro level, numerical simulations showed that, for certain exit attributes (like exit congestion), extreme marginal valuations (or preferences) were optimal, whereas for certain other attributes (like exit visibility), intermediate levels of valuation were closer to the optimal. In most cases, the natural observed (or estimated) tendency of evacuees (at the aggregate level) was not quite at the optimum level, meaning that the system could improve by modifying individuals’ marginal valuations of exit attributes. Applications and Recommendations. These results highlight the importance of guiding evacuation decisions particularly in heavily crowded spaces. They also theoretically illustrate the potential benefit of influencing/modifying people’s evacuation strategies, so they make decisions that are collectively more efficient. A crucial step to this end, however, is to identify what optimum strategy is and under what circumstances people are likelier to make suboptimal decisions.

LANDMARKS EVALUATION WITH USE OF QR-CODE FOR POSITIONING INDOOR ENVIRONMENT

Abstract: People tend to lose their sense of direction in closed environments and the role of indoor maps is to assist the user in navigating in these spaces, through understanding the environment, identifying reference points or positioning. Among the several forms of achieving positioning in indoor environments, this research used the method based on image recognition through identification of QR-Code labels, because of their low cost, easy implementation, and because their accuracy is not affected by the environment. As such, this article presents the use of QR-Code markers affixed to possible reference points to determine user positioning in an indoor environment using a mobile device. This study seeks to discover which are the most appropriate sites for placing QR-Codes in an environment, by evaluating what reference points and what type thereof are most used in indoor environments. This study is therefore based on the hypothesis that if initial positioning is obtained only through reference points this is sufficient for users to orient themselves. Through analysis of the results obtained from navigation tasks done by users we were able to obtain data regarding elements most cited as references. The results show that people orient themselves in distinct ways in the same environment and use as their main reference points structural elements of the environment such as stairways, lifts, and decision-making points; in general structural reference points were those most used to support orientation and navigation.

Analyzing on the location of the bicipital groove for alignment in shoulder arthroplasty of Chinese.

Many anthropometric studies of the normal glenohumeral relationship have been performed for the implant design and to identify reference points for the correct placement of the prosthesis in glenohumeral joint replacement. However, whether those implantation marks, which adopted from European or American, can achieve the same precision to Eastern Asian, specifically Chinese is still unknown. One hundred eighty healthy were scanned using CT. Their humeri were measured to determine humeral head retroversion and its relation to the location of the bicipital groove. The angle between the transepicondylar axis and the line connected the centre of the head sphere and the lateral lip point of the bicipital groove, and the plane through the humerus shaft axis and the lateral lip of the bicipital groove in the horizontal plane were measured and denoted by angle-α and angle-β, respectively. The biceps distance (BD) from the lateral lip of the bicipital groove proximally to the axis of humeral head in the horizontal plane was also measured. The average angle α and β was 40.08° (±11.15°) and 42.19° (±12.64°). The average BD was 7.15mm (range 0.87-13.94mm; SD 2.55mm). The linear relationship between humeral head retroversion and the bicipital groove angle α can expressed as α=0.7125×retroversion+24.8128 (R2=0.5956). If the centre of the lateral aspect of the stem has a posteriorly offset of 20° from the lateral lip of the bicipital groove, the component would have a proximal 20° of retroversion. The results indicate that the bicipital groove can be used as a landmark for prosthetic stem positioning in shoulder arthroplasty. Moreover, it is different from the current standard technique of cutting the proximal humerus at 30° of retroversion with the epicondyles or forearm used as a guide.

Estimation of biometric parameters from cattle rump using free-hand scanning and a 3D data processing algorithm

ABSTRACTThe quantity and quality of phenotypic data recovered from farm animals became a bottleneck for breeding programmes, and new tools are required to overcome this problem. This study evaluated the use of a portable structured light scanner and a 3D modelling to recover biometric information of the rump region in cattle. Virtual 3D models were created based on coordinates extracted from the points-cloud obtained through reverse engineering. A MATLAB algorithm was implemented to identify reference points, which were used to automatically calculate rump width, length, and angle. Results were compared to measurements performed directly in vivo and in the 3D models. There was no difference among rump parameter values obtained among biometry methods, though an interaction with body condition score was observed for rump width. The algorithm allowed evaluating correlations within biometric parameters, as well as extracting silhouettes of selected areas to evaluate differences caused by the mobilisation of subcutaneous fat.

Adaptive Sampling of RF Fingerprints for Fine-Grained Indoor Localization

Indoor localization is a supporting technology for a broadening range of pervasive wireless applications. One promis- ing approach is to locate users with radio frequency fingerprints. However, its wide adoption in real-world systems is challenged by the time- and manpower-consuming site survey process, which builds a fingerprint database a priori for localization. To address this problem, we visualize the 3-D RF fingerprint data as a function of locations (x-y) and indices of access points (fingerprint), as a tensor and use tensor algebraic methods for an adaptive tubal-sampling of this fingerprint space. In particular using a recently proposed tensor algebraic framework in [1] we capture the complexity of the fingerprint space as a low-dimensional tensor-column space. In this formulation the proposed scheme exploits adaptivity to identify reference points which are highly informative for learning this low-dimensional space. Further, under certain incoherency conditions we prove that the proposed scheme achieves bounded recovery error and near-optimal sampling complexity. In contrast to several existing work that rely on random sampling, this paper shows that adaptivity in sampling can lead to significant improvements in localization accuracy. The approach is validated on both data generated by the ray-tracing indoor model which accounts for the floor plan and the impact of walls and the real world data. Simulation results show that, while maintaining the same localization accuracy of existing approaches, the amount of samples can be cut down by 71% for the high SNR case and 55% for the low SNR case.

An Automated Surveying and Marking System for Continuous Setting‐out of Tunnels

AbstractSetting‐out is a crucial and frequently repeated process in construction and civil engineering. It is carried out by qualified operators who, making use of surveying stations, identify reference points to guide workers in their tasks. In this paper, we focus on the particular case of setting‐out road/train tunnels and propose a system that automatically performs the setting‐out operation of the tunnel section to be perforated. The presented system, called Tunnel Continuous Setout (TCS), integrates a scanning device that surveys the excavation front and a laser projector that continuously displays the actual tunnel section computed as the intersection between the surveyed terrain and the planned tunnel section. Thus, the topographer intervention is only required for the precise positioning of the TCS device at the beginning of each working stretch, which depends on the operational range of its components (limited to 25 meters in the current implementation). A prototype of the TCS system has been employed in a real construction site proving its benefits and advantages with respect to the traditional setting‐out techniques.

On the evolution of translations from Serbian into Romanian

Abstract Our paper outlines an updated picture of the translations from Serbian into Romanian, and also points out the most common concepts belonging to the most notorious translators and the specific particularities of their translation manners. The goal of our research is to identify reference points in the evolution of translations, i.e. from theories to methods and procedures of translation. Thus, we intend to evaluate the contribution of some translators as well as to mention some general aspects that characterize their methodology. Among the aspects that we are going to research are the level of adequacy and representativeness of their translations, and the way in which they apply the functional principle of preserving the information from the original.

Guidelines for developing formal harvest strategies for data-poor species and fisheries

There has been extensive literature discussion regarding data-poor assessments, but considerably less on harvest strategies for data-poor fisheries. There is also a large body of work around harvest strategy development for data-rich fisheries. However, there has been little discussion or specific guidance regarding the process of developing and implementing formal harvest strategies for data-poor fisheries. We outline such a process, illustrated using case studies of data-poor Australian Commonwealth fisheries. The process comprises: (1) compile and review available information; (2) identify possibly indicators; (3) identify reference points for key indicators; (4) select an appropriate harvest strategy and decision rules; (5) if possible, formally evaluate whether the harvest strategy options are likely to achieve the management objectives; and (6) implementation. While this approach is similar to that for data-rich cases, there is less statistical or estimation detail within each step. Even with minimal capacity, the guidelines outlined here, backed by even the simplest form of management strategy evaluation, provide an approach that should enable harvest strategies to be proposed and associated monitoring to be implemented. Monitoring requirements may be explicitly built into harvest strategies via trigger reference points and control rules related to data-collection. While prior formal evaluation provides the best basis for testing the efficacy of a harvest strategy, there remains disparity between the corresponding required capacity and what many agencies and institutions worldwide are capable of providing. Thus, the extent to which harvest strategies may be effectively evaluated and implemented remains an unresolved challenge for data-poor fisheries, but one whose resolution is predicated, at least in the first instance, on adequate monitoring.

Fully automated localization of multiple pelvic bone structures on MRI.

In this paper, we present a fully automated localization method for multiple pelvic bone structures on magnetic resonance images (MRI). Pelvic bone structures are currently identified manually on MRI to identify reference points for measurement and evaluation of pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Given that this is a time-consuming and subjective procedure, there is a need to localize pelvic bone structures without any user interaction. However, bone structures are not easily differentiable from soft tissue on MRI as their pixel intensities tend to be very similar. In this research, we present a model that automatically identifies the bounding boxes of the bone structures on MRI using support vector machines (SVM) based classification and non-linear regression model that captures global and local information. Based on the relative locations of pelvic bones and organs, and local information such as texture features, the model identifies the location of the pelvic bone structures by establishing the association between their locations. Results show that the proposed method is able to locate the bone structures of interest accurately. The pubic bone, sacral promontory, and coccyx were correctly detected (DSI > 0.75) in 92%, 90%, and 88% of the testing images. This research aims to enable accurate, consistent and fully automated identification of pelvic bone structures on MRI to facilitate and improve the diagnosis of female pelvic organ prolapse.