Identical Processes Research Articles

Time, Space, Gravity and Spacetime Based on Yangton & Yington Theory, and Spacetime Shrinkage Versus Universe Expansion

Wu’s Particle is proposed as the building block of all Matters, therefore Time and Length can be measured by the Period and Size of the circulation of Wu’s Particle. For a local event, object and process, the Time, Length and Velocity measured by the Period and Size of Wu’s Particle have equal values as that of the identical events, objects and processes occurred at different locations measured by the corresponding Periods and Sizes of Wu’s Particles. However, for a remote event, object and process, the Time, Length and Velocity change with the Period and Size of Wu’s Particle at observation. For an event, object and process occurred in a large Gravitational Field and an ancient Universe, Time runs slower, Length gets longer and Velocity is smaller observed on Earth. As a result, light travels at lower speed with lower frequency and larger wavelength from a large Gravitational Field known as Gravitational Red Shift; also from a star of a few millions light years away known as Cosmological Red Shift. Spacetime is a four dimensional system based on the Period and Size of Wu’s Particle. Since the Period and Size of Wu’s Particle change with Gravitational Field and Concentration of Higgs Bosons, Spacetime is a function of Gravitational Field and Concentration of Higgs Bosons. In Wu’s Particle, Time is proportional to 3/2 power of Length which is named as “Wu’s Spacetime Theory”. Furthermore, instead of “Universe Accelerating Expansion Theory” which is based on the non-existing Dark Energy, “Spacetime Accelerating Shrinkage Theory” is proposed to explain the accelerating expansion of the Universe.

Experimental study of unstructured porous media inserts for water recovery in a reduced scale, crossflow cooling tower

The objective of this paper is to report the experimental performance of a novel water recovering system applied to a crossflow cooling tower. For that, a lab-scale experimental setup was built such that it closely resembles the detailed geometry of an actual cooling tower and operates based on identical transport phenomena processes and regimes. To recover the process water evaporated by the cooling air, the experimental apparatus designed, which was 1:20 of a real cooling tower, was assisted by an array of copper tubes installed on both sides of the tower, where cold fluid was circulated by an independent loop. Therefore, immediately after cooling the heated process water, saturated air is forced through the cooled copper tubes partially condensating the process water present in it, which was then reintroduced to the process water loop, returning the cooling air back to the ambient with a lower water content. The experimental setup was tested with four different configurations: (i) without condensating copper tubes, namely “benchmark” configuration, (ii) with copper tubes, (iii) with copper tubes surrounded by a non-structured porous media (i.e., metal foam), which serves as surface area enhancer and (iv) with finned copper tubes surrounded by a non-structured metal foam. The results obtained clearly show that, on average, up to 10% of process water can be recovered through direct condensation. Furthermore, the results also indicate that the use of a non-structured porous media such as tape-like metal foams can significantly improve the water recovering process.

Abstract B1-46: How collection, processing and storage of PBL samples impact the measurement of telomerase activity

Abstract Introduction: Activation of telomerase and telomere lengthening in patient peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) is associated with longer survival in cancer patients. There are few studies to date that have measured telomerase activity in clinical PBL samples, and it is unclear how initial collection and processing of PBL samples impact the measurement of telomerase activity. In this study, we assessed if telomerase activity measurement varies based on the method of blood collection, processing and storage. Methods: We first collected whole blood drawn in EDTA tubes from two healthy patients that were then processed three different ways. The first whole blood sample was spun down and the buffy coat was pipetted from the top of the red blood cells, and then placed directly into the -80°C freezer. The next two whole blood samples were isolated using an ACCUSPIN™ tube, which utilizes density gradient separation to recover the PBL without contamination of red blood cells. The resulting PBL from these two samples were suspended in freezing media containing RPMI and DMSO, with one sample also containing penicillin streptomycin glutamine, and then both samples were stored in liquid nitrogen following a slow freeze. We then measured enzymatic telomerase activity in each of the three PBL samples from the two different patients. Results: We detected a comparable level of telomerase activity in all three PBL samples. These findings indicate that telomerase activity can be measured in buffy coat samples from patients independent of how the samples were processed and stored. Conclusions: These findings are important because many biorepositories may not have collected or processed PBL samples by identical processes, therefore not allowing direct comparison across samples. Additionally, our finding that telomerase activity levels are comparable between PBL samples containing red blood cells and those processed using an ACCUSPIN™ tube is valuable because it eliminates the necessity for the extra cost of the ACCUSPIN™ tube, freezing media, antibiotics and use of liquid nitrogen storage tanks. Future studies will focus on the determining the relationship of telomerase activity between the PBL, normal colon and cancer tissue in colorectal cancer patients. Citation Format: Ruth A. Johnson, Brooke R. Druliner, Jill Washechek Alleto, Donna Felmlee Devine, Xiaoyang Ruan, Russell Vanderboom, Lisa A. Boardman. How collection, processing and storage of PBL samples impact the measurement of telomerase activity. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Computational and Systems Biology of Cancer; Feb 8-11 2015; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(22 Suppl 2):Abstract nr B1-46.

The mouse antibody heavy chain repertoire is germline-focused and highly variable between inbred strains.

The human and mouse antibody repertoires are formed by identical processes, but like all small animals, mice only have sufficient lymphocytes to express a small part of the potential antibody repertoire. In this study, we determined how the heavy chain repertoires of two mouse strains are generated. Analysis of IgM- and IgG-associated VDJ rearrangements generated by high-throughput sequencing confirmed the presence of 99 functional immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (IGHV) genes in the C57BL/6 genome, and inferred the presence of 164 IGHV genes in the BALB/c genome. Remarkably, only five IGHV sequences were common to both strains. Compared with humans, little N nucleotide addition was seen in the junctions of mouse VDJ genes. Germline human IgG-associated IGHV genes are rare, but many murine IgG-associated IGHV genes were unmutated. Together these results suggest that the expressed mouse repertoire is more germline-focused than the human repertoire. The apparently divergent germline repertoires of the mouse strains are discussed with reference to reports that inbred mouse strains carry blocks of genes derived from each of the three subspecies of the house mouse. We hypothesize that the germline genes of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice may originally have evolved to generate distinct germline-focused antibody repertoires in the different mouse subspecies.

Sludge Reduction by H2O2 Oxidation with Fe/MgO Catalyst.

This study aimed to determine whether catalytic pretreatment can be used as a method to reduce the amount of wastewater sludge. In this study, H2O2 oxidation in the presence of a heterogeneous Fe/MgO catalyst was added to the pretreatment step. Initially a laboratory-scale test showed a TCOD (total chemical oxygen demand) was reduced 27.4% during catalytic oxidation compared to 2.1% in a catalyst-free option. Catalytic pretreatment was then evaluated in a bench-scale flow-loop test. Two bench systems were composed of identical serial processes that included anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion, and coagulating sedimentation. The only difference between the two processes was whether catalytic pretreatment of sediment sludge was used or not. Results showed that catalyst-free oxidation TCOD gradually increased from 4200 to 7800 mg/L while catalytic oxidation maintained TCOD values at 4200 ± 200 mg/L. In addition, catalytic pretreatment reduced total nitrogen from 46.9 to 41.0 mg/L and phosphate from 3.1 to 2.3 mg/L.

Efficient ethanol production from dried oil palm trunk treated by hydrothermolysis and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis.

BackgroundOil palm trunk (OPT) is a valuable bioresource for the biorefinery industry producing biofuels and biochemicals. It has the distinct feature of containing a large amount of starch, which, unlike cellulose, can be easily solubilized by water when heated and hydrolyzed to glucose by amylolytic enzymes without pretreatment for breaking down the biomass recalcitrance. Therefore, it is suggested as beneficial to extract most of the starch from OPT through autoclaving and subsequent amylolytic hydrolysis prior to pretreatment. However, this treatment requires high capital and operational costs, and there could be a high probability of microbial contamination during starch processing. In terms of biochemical conversion of OPT, this study aimed to develop a simple and efficient ethanol conversion process without any chemical use such as acids and bases or detoxification.ResultsFor comparison with the proposed efficient ethanol conversion process, OPT was subjected to hydrothermal treatment at 180 °C for 30 min. After enzymatic hydrolysis of PWS, 43.5 g of glucose per 100 g dry biomass was obtained, which corresponds to 81.3 % of the theoretical glucose yield. Through subsequent alcohol fermentation, 81.4 % ethanol yield of the theoretical ethanol yield was achieved. To conduct the proposed new process, starch in OPT was converted to ethanol through enzymatic hydrolysis and subsequent fermentation prior to hydrothermal treatment, and the resulting slurry was subjected to identical processes that were applied to control. Consequently, a high-glucose yield of 96.3 % was achieved, and the resulting ethanol yield was 93.5 %.ConclusionsThe proposed new process was a simple method for minimizing the loss of starch during biochemical conversion and maximizing ethanol production as well as fermentable sugars from OPT. In addition, this methodology offers the advantage of reducing operational and capital costs due to minimizing the process for ethanol production by excluding expensive processes related to detoxification prior to enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation such as washing/conditioning and solid–liquid separation of pretreated slurry. The potential future use of xylose-digestible microorganisms could further increase the ethanol yield from the proposed process, thereby increasing its effectiveness for the conversion of OPT into biofuels and biochemicals.

Gene expression profiles reveal effect of a high-fat diet on the development of white and brown adipose tissues

Because of the recent discovery of brown adipose tissues tissue in adult humans, brown adipose tissues have garnered additional attention. Many studies have attempted to transform the precursor cells within the white adipocyte cultures to Brite (brown-in-white) cells by using genomic modification or pharmacological activation in order to determine the therapeutic effect of obesity. However, genome-scale analysis of the genetic factors governing the development of white and brown adipose tissues remains incomplete. In order to identify the key genes that regulate the development of white and brown adipose tissues in mice, a transcriptome analysis was performed on the adipose tissues. Network analysis of differentially expressed genes indicated that Trim30 and Ucp3 play pivotal roles in energy balance and glucose homeostasis. In addition, it was discovered that identical biological processes and pathways in the white and brown adipose tissues might be regulated by different genes. Trim30 and Ucp3 might be used as genetic markers to precisely represent the stage of obesity during the early and late stages of adipose tissue development, respectively. These results may provide a stepping-stone for future obesity-related studies.

Mineralized tissues in dinosaurs interpreted as having formed through metaplasia: A preliminary evaluation

Evolutionary biologists define “metaplasia” as the permanent transformation of a cell identity, and there are many examples of such transformations in living vertebrates (e.g., chondrocytes transforming directly into osteoblasts). These metaplasias have been observed during the mineralization of “ossified” tendons of living birds. In the present study, we examined “ossified” tendons in Bubo and Meleagris and used the characteristics of these metaplastic tissues to recognize them in several non-avian dinosaur taxa. The fossilized skeletal elements that form our sample are varied and include hadrosaurian tendons and a nasal bone, an ankylosaur tail club “handle”, sauropod neural spines, and some dromaeosaur tail rods. The extant avian mineralized tendons were formed of a primary tissue (analogous to primary bone) and secondary reconstructions (SRs; analogous to secondary osteons). Both were composed of fiber bundles (or fascicles) that were closely packed together and separated by arc-shaped spaces in cross-section. When viewed longitudinally, they were arranged in a herringbone pattern. There is no evidence of osteocytes within the primary tendon matrix; what was previously interpreted as osteocyte lacunae are instead arc-shaped spaces between fiber fascicles, and tissue immediately surrounding vascular spaces is dense, avascular and apparently hypermineralized. Mineralization of fibers began centrally and moved in a centrifugal direction. In the non-avian dinosaurs examined, primary and secondary tissue structures were virtually identical to those found within the avian mineralized tendons. Indeed, (1) they were densely fibrous; (2) they showed fiber fascicles separated by arcuate-shaped spaces when viewed transversally, and (3) they were arranged in a herringbone pattern longitudinally. SRs differ from typical Haversian systems in possessing highly irregular borders, suggesting destruction of the fibrous matrix and formation of initial vascular spaces was accomplished perhaps by phagocytosis or enzymatic lysis with subsequent remodeling by fibrocytes, fibroblasts, or an as of yet unknown cell type. Osteocytes with canaliculi were only observed in “mature” SRs, found deep within the elements (and never close to their external borders). Because fossilized primary and secondary tissue structures were identical to those found within the avian mineralized tendons examined, it is likely that identical processes are responsible for their formation. Biomechanical properties were also likely similar, potentially affording carbon fiber-like, trauma-resistant properties to the “ossified” tendons and nasal bones of hadrosaurs, the tail “handles” of ankylosaurs, and the tail rods of dromaeosaurs. In contrast, the primary tissue from a sauropod mineralized nuchal ligament appears to be made of hypermineralized fibrocartilage, but the SRs interdigitating with the hypermineralized fibrocartilage resemble the reconstructions observed in the other fossil skeletal elements and likely formed by the same processes. Since no osteocyte lacunae were observed in any of these dinosaurian primary tissues, we hypothesize that the fossilized cranial and skeletal elements examined here formed through metaplastic transformation (perhaps from fibroblasts) rather than by periosteal and intramembranous ossification. This study suggests that alternative modes of mineralization might be more abundant in non-avian dinosaurs than previously reported.

Investigation of Physically Unclonable Functions Using Flash Memory for Integrated Circuit Authentication

Flash memory devices are investigated to confirm their application as physically unclonable functions (PUFs). Inherent fluctuations in the characteristics of flash memory devices, even with identical fabrication processes, produce different outputs, which are useful for device fingerprints. A difference in programming/erasing efficiency arises from a widely distributed threshold voltage. However, statistical fluctuations in the threshold voltage represent an advantage for PUF applications. The characteristics of PUFs, such as their unclonability, uncontrollability, unpredictability, and robustness, are investigated using fabricated flash memory devices. A simulation study is performed to support the experimental results and to show that the unpredictability is induced by variations in the gate dielectric thickness.

Optimal Scheduling of Collaborative Sensing in Energy Harvesting Sensor Networks

In this paper, we consider a collaborative sensing scenario where sensing nodes are powered by energy harvested from the ambient environment. In each time slot, an active sensor consumes one unit amount of energy to take an observation and transmit it back to a fusion center (FC). After receiving observations from all of the active sensors in a time slot, the FC aims to extract information from them. We assume that the sensing utility generated by the observations is a concave function of the number of the active sensing nodes in that slot. Our objective is to develop a sensing scheduling policy so that the time average utility generated by the sensors is maximized. We first consider an offline setting, where the energy harvesting profile over duration <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="TeX">$[0,T-1]$</tex-math></inline-formula> for each sensor is known beforehand. Assuming infinite battery capacity at sensors, we show that the optimal scheduling structure has a “majorization” property, and propose a procedure to construct a collaborative sensing policy with the identified structure explicitly. We then consider an online setting, under which the energy harvesting profile is available causally. Assuming the energy harvesting processes at individual sensors are independent but not necessarily identical Bernoulli processes, we show that the expected long-term time average sensing utility has an upper bound under any feasible scheduling policy satisfying the energy causality constraints. We then propose a randomized myopic policy, which aims to select a number of sensors with the highest energy levels to perform the sensing task in each slot. We show that the time average utility generated under the proposed policy converges to the upper bound almost surely as time <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="TeX">$T$</tex-math></inline-formula> approaches infinity, thus it is optimal. The corresponding convergence rate is also explicitly characterized.

On the representation of thermodynamic processes

We discuss the representation of thermodynamic processes in diagrams. Although the idea that it is impossible to represent non-quasistatic processes is correct and consensual, it is surprising that we sometimes find in the literature such processes represented somehow, in contradiction with, for instance, the concept of equilibrium state. At other times, the justification given for process representation does not help clarify the difference between reversible and quasistatic processes. In this paper we address the errors inherent to such procedures and also, paradoxically, propose the representation of non-quasistatic processes using the concept of identical processes.

Early Permian–Late Triassic Magmatism in the Tuotuohe Region of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau: Constraints on the Tectonic evolution of the Western Segment of the Jinshajiang Suture

Abstract:In this paper we present new zircon U–Pb ages, whole‐rock major and trace element analyses, and zircon Hf isotopic data for magmatic rocks in the Tuotuohe region of the western segment of the Jinshajiang suture. Our aim is to constrain the Early Permian–Late Triassic tectonic evolution of the region. Zircons from the magmatic rocks of the Tuotuohe region are euhedral–subhedral in shape and display fine‐scale oscillatory zoning as well as high Th/U ratios (0.4–4.6), indicating a magmatic origin. The zircon U–Pb ages obtained using LA–ICP–MS are 281 ± 1 Ma, 258 ± 1 Ma, 244 ± 1 Ma, and 216 ± 1 Ma, which indicate magmatism in the Early Permian–Late Triassic. A diorite from Bashihubei (BSHN) has SiO2= 57.18–59.97 wt%, A12O3= 15.70–16.53 wt%, and total alkalis (Na2O + K2O) = 4.46–6.34 wt%, typical of calc‐alkaline and metaluminous series. A gabbro from Bashibadaoban (BSBDB) belongs to the alkaline series, and is poor in SiO2 (45.46–54.03 wt%) but rich in A12O3 (16.19–17.39 wt%) and total alkalis (Na2O + K2O = 5.48–6.26 wt%). The BSHN diorite and the BSBDB gabbro both display an enrichment of LREEs and LILEs and depletion of HFSEs, and they have no obvious Eu anomaly; they have relatively low MgO contents (2.54–4.93 wt%), Mgs# values of 43 to 52, and low Cr and Ni contents (8.07–33.6 ppm and 4.41–14.2 ppm, respectively), indicating they differentiated from primitive mantle magmas. They have low Nb/U, Ta/U, and Ce/Pb ratios (1.3–9.6, 0.2–0.8, and 0.1–18.1, respectively), and their initial Hf isotopic ratios range from +9.6 to +16.9 (BSHN diorite) and +6.5 to +12.6 (BSBDB gabbro), suggesting their primary magmas were derived mainly from the partial melting of a mantle wedge that had been metasomatized by subduction fluids. Taking all the new data together, we conclude that the western and eastern segment of the Jinshajiang suture regions underwent identical processes of evolution in the Early Permian–Late Triassic: oceanic crust subduction before the Early Permian, continental collision during the Early–Middle Triassic, and post‐collisional extension from the Late Triassic.

Integrative re-use systems as innovative business models for devising sustainable product–service-systems

Re-use implies recovering items from the waste stream to use them in identical or similar processes, mostly at consumer level. Currently, re-use is restricted to niches, but by 2020 the European Commission wants to mainstream re-use as a waste management option to increase resource efficiency. Ecologically oriented work integration social enterprises focussing on re-use (re-use ECO-WISEs) might help accomplish as they not only intend to re-integrate marginalised people into the labour market, but provide comprehensive re-use services (e.g. repair) and thus constitute a novel kind of Sustainable Product–Service System (SPSS). This paper contributes to a scientific framework for re-use ECO-WISEs by linking existing theoretical knowledge on SPSS to novel knowledge from three cases representing the variety of re-use ECO-WISEs in Austria. For analysis we use the so-called Business Model Canvas, adding a comprehensive stakeholder consideration. Results show that re-use ECO-WISEs contribute to all three dimensions of sustainability by helping reduce waste and increasing resource productivity and by providing jobs and affordable goods for disadvantaged people. Full implementation, however, will need additional efforts from all stakeholders involved, including the ECO-WISEs themselves, but also public authorities and society at large.

Spin relaxation in Cu and Al spin conduits

We study the spin relaxation in Al and Cu spin conduits embedded in non‐local spin valve nanostructures. Measuring the key spin transport properties, we determine the spin and charge diffusion constants as well as the spin flip time. By varying the temperature, we find that the maximum of the non‐local spin resistance change occurs at finite temperatures with a clear difference between Al and Cu. In particular, we find that the maximum of the non‐local spin signal in Al is less pronounced and occurs at lower temperatures compared to Cu suggesting that the self‐passivating Al surface plays a role. Having fabricated devices with both materials in identical processes, we can attribute the differences unambiguously to the differences in the spin current conduit materials properties rather than the fabrication process.

Source mechanism of Vulcanian eruption at Tungurahua Volcano, Ecuador, derived from seismic moment tensor inversions

Source mechanisms of explosive volcanic eruptions are critical for understanding magmatic plumbing systems and magma transport. Tungurahua is a large andesitic stratovolcano where seismoacoustic data has been recorded over several years. In May 2010, an energetic eruption cycle began with a midsize Vulcanian explosion followed by swarms of explosive eruptions. The five-station seismoacoustic network recorded significant seismic and infrasonic signals from the explosions. Source mechanisms of 50 explosion earthquakes associated with Vulcanian explosions during this eruptive period are investigated here. The source centroid locations and geometries of explosive signals in the 10–2 s band were determined by full-waveform moment tensor inversion. The observed waveforms are well explained by a combination of volumetric moment tensor components and a single, vertical, downward force component. The source centroids are positioned about 1.5 km below and about 320 m north of the active crater. Eigenvalue and eigenvector analysis indicates that the source geometries can be described by a subhorizontal, thin ellipsoid representing a sill-like magma accumulation. Resultant source time histories show a repetitive sequence of inflation and deflation from event to event, indicating identical source processes frequently occurred over the period. The inflation/deflation in the deep source region may be the result of crack opening. Volatile bubble growth at depth opens a pathway for gases to escape and triggers shallow explosions at the summit crater. The associated downward single force is interpreted as an exchange of linear momentum between the source and the surrounding region during the escaping gas flow.

Multiple Time-Scales in Adès's Rings

MULTIPLE TIME-SCALES IN ADÈS’S RINGS DANIEL FOX INTRODUCTION HOMAS ADÈS OFTEN SPEAKS about his music in scientific or physical terms, be it “the magnetic forces of notes” or the importance of “responding to temperature.”1 He claims that “Berlioz has brought us into the Modern world of relativity and uncertainty.”2 Adès’s music often conveys the sense of a natural process unfolding. Simple, identical processes unfolding at varying rates create expansions and contractions of harmonies in pitch space. Despite a sometimes overwhelming level of detail, one feels the physical causality behind the movement of notes. The aim of this paper is to argue that a scientific understanding of an extended physical metaphor unifies the processes at work in Rings, the first movement of Adès’s violin concerto Concentric Paths (2005).3 The metaphor of celestial motion is offered to us on the cover of the score and in the composer’s program notes. T Multiple Time-Scales in Adès’s Rings 29 COLOR, INSTRUMENT, AND PROCESS Adès has spoken of Kurtag and Ligeti as “inventors of colour and instruments—not in the sense of actual musical instruments, but an ‘instrument’ being a complex of timbre and interval and harmony and rhythm, which could be an implement that you could use. . . .”4 Dominic Wells points us to the “relationship between the opening of Arcadiana (Adès’s first string quartet, 1994) and that of Ligeti’s Violin Concerto, which also begins with open fifths. . . .”5 Adès’s violin concerto also opens with an ostinato of open fifths (see Examples 1A and 1B). However, Ligeti’s piano Etude No. 6 Automne à Varsovie offers a more extensive model for the musical processes in Rings. Example 2 shows the opening bars (re-notated for analytical purposes) of Automne à Varsovie. The octave Ebs form a perfect crystal. The Fb in m. 2 introduces an impurity into the crystal, and the rest of the piece details the reaction of the crystal to this impurity: the disturbance propagates through the crystal, deforming it into a quasi-crystal.6 The final bars of Automne à Varsovie present the final collapse of the crystal structure. All that is left is the chromatic descent that was initiated by the impurity. We will find in Rings an elaboration on this process. Rings opens with energetically alternating D6s and G4s in the solo violin, supported thinly in the orchestra (see Example 3).7 In the second measure, when Flute 2 tries to leap down a perfect fifth from D6 to G5, instead of a perfect twelfth to G4, there is too much energy in the system, and it overshoots slightly to F#5. Flute 1 leaps from D6 EXAMPLE 1A: THE OPENING MEASURES OF LIGETI’S VIOLIN CONCERTO LIGETI KONZERT FOR VIOLIN AND ORCHESTRA COPYRIGHT © 1990, 1992 BY SCHOTT MUSIC GMBH & CO. KG. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. USED BY PERMISSION OF EUROPEAN AMERICAN MUSIC DISTRIBUTORS COMPANY, SOLE U.S. AND CANADIAN AGENT FOR SCHOTT MUSIC GMBH & CO. KG. EXAMPLE 1B: THE OPENING MEASURES OF RINGS 30 Perspectives of New Music to B4 and thus the tetrachord [67E2] 4-20(0158) is introduced. At m. 3 the soloist begins a rapid arpeggiation of this [67E2] chord within the span of G4 to D6 (see Example 4).8 This pitch set, a GMaj7 chord, remains stable for mm. 4 and 5. Similar to the introduction of the Fb in m. 2 of Ligeti’s Automne à Varsovie, when Flute 2 introduces the F#5 in m. 2 of Rings, it creates instability in the pitch-class G; G develops a tendency to decay to F#. In m. 6 the instability in G–F# spreads: the D6 in the solo part slips to C#6 (this is reinforced in the orchestra). None of the pitches in [67E2] EXAMPLE 2: THE OPENING MEASURES OF LIGETI’S AUTOMNE À VARSOVIE LIGETI ETUDES POUR PIANO, BOOK 1 COPYRIGHT © 1985 BY SCHOTT MUSIC GMBH & CO. KG. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. USED BY PERMISSION OF EUROPEAN AMERICAN MUSIC DISTRIBUTORS COMPANY, SOLE U.S. AND CANADIAN AGENT FOR SCHOTT MUSIC GMBH & CO. KG. EXAMPLE 3: THE OPENING MEASURES OF RINGS INTRODUCE THE TETRACHORD [67E2] Multiple Time-Scales in Adès...

ALIX and the multivesicular endosome: ALIX in Wonderland

In yeast and mammalian cells, endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) assist in sorting ubiquitinated proteins into intralumenal vesicles (ILVs) of multivesicular endosomes (MVEs) for degradation in the lysosome/vacuole. In mammalian cells, ESCRTs also drive other topologically identical membrane deformation processes, including cytokinesis, exosome release, and virus budding. Although the ESCRT-associated protein ALIX regulates these mammalian cell-specific functions, it was believed to be dispensable for receptor sorting into ILVs, unlike its yeast homolog Bro1. Despite these differences, recent evidence suggests ALIX and Bro1 share common properties in cargo sorting and ILV formation. We review these commonalities and discuss the role of ALIX in operating 'behind the mirror' during ILV back-fusion with the limiting membrane. We also propose models of how ALIX and some ESCRTs regulate the back-fusion process.

MOSFET-ONLY TWO-STAGE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS WITH MILLER COMPENSATION: DESIGN AND FABRICATION IN NANO-SCALE CMOS

Nano-scale area-efficient MOS devices are employed in this article to stabilize high-speed operational amplifiers (opamps) for those applications that deal with negative feedback. As an alternative choice, metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors cannot be integrated in every technology as they require additional process masks. Moreover, these components suffer from large silicon area. In this paper, considerations of a successful MOSFET-only amplifier design are highlighted and described. These considerations make it possible to fabricate these amplifiers for a nano-scale digital system-on-chip (SoC). Circuit-level simulations include comparison between MOS capacitors (MOSCAPs) with MIM capacitors (MIMCAPs) in two identical processes. The efficiency of the given design considerations are also validated through simulation in 90-nm CMOS technology. A MOSFET-only amplifier is designed as the main part of a 5 MS/s sample-and-hold. Using the proposed design techniques, the MOSFET-only amplifier with Miller compensation recovers 51% silicon die with respect to a MIMCAP amplifier for identical signal-to-noise-plus-distortion (SNDR) ratio.

Numerical analysis of parallel replica dynamics

Parallel replica dynamics is a method for accelerating the computation of processes charac- terized by a sequence of infrequent events. In this work, the processes are governed by the overdamped Langevin equation. Such processes spend much of their time about the minima of the underlying poten- tial, occasionally transitioning into different basins of attraction. The essential idea of parallel replica dynamics is that the exit distribution from a given well for a single process can be approximated by the distribution of the first exit of N independent identical processes, each run for only 1/N -th the amount of time. While promising, this leads to a series of numerical analysis questions about the accuracy of the exit distributions. Building upon the recent work in (C. Le Bris, T. Lelievre, M. Luskin and D. Perez, Monte Carlo Methods Appl. 18 (2012) 119-146), we prove a unified error estimate on the exit distributions of the algorithm against an unaccelerated process. Furthermore, we study a dephasing mechanism, and prove that it will successfully complete.

On the connection between Hamming codes, Heapsort and other methods

A connection between Hamming codes and Heapsort is shown, namely, that they can both be derived, the first from straightforward error correcting codes and the second from a simple sorting method, using almost identical derivation processes. It is then demonstrated that the same process can work for other well-known methods. This might trigger similar derivations in the future.