Identical Processes Research Articles

A novel integrated hydrogen and natural gas liquefaction process using two multistage mixed refrigerant refrigeration systems

The development and analysis of combined hydrogen and natural gas liquefaction process are reported. Two refrigeration cycles using mixed refrigerants (MRs) are employed. The developed process is capable of generating 290 tons hydrogen and 296 tons liquid natural gas on daily basis. The first refrigeration cycle of the introduced process liquefies 3.5 kg·s−1 normal gaseous hydrogen and 3.5 kg·s−1 normal natural gas at room temperature and 21 bar to −195°C with the consumed power of 0.643 kWh/kgLH2,kgLNG. The second refrigeration cycle cools down the hydrogen and natural gas to −253°C with the consumed power of 1.662 kWh/kgLH2,kgLNG, leading to a lower total consumed power than that of the identical liquefaction processes. The use of novel and appropriately mixed refrigerants based on the configuration, and the thermal design of expanders and heat exchangers fora wide range of temperatures are the innovations of the process. Additionally, the refrigerant compositions of refrigeration cycles are novel. The energy analysis indicated that the coefficient of performance (COP) for the developed process is 0.2442, which is notably high compared with the COP of other identical processes (typically less than 0.1797). The exergy analysis revealed that the overall exergy efficiency of the liquefaction process is 62.54%. Highlight edited A novel integrated hydrogen and natural gas liquefaction process is introduced. The process can generate 290 tons hydrogen and 296 tons liquid natural gas per day. Total power consumptions of the process are 4.165 kWh/kgLH2,kgLNG. Coefficient of performance (COP) for the developed process is 0.2442, which is notably high compared with the COP of other identical processes. Overall exergy efficiency of the liquefaction process is 62.54%.

1185PD - Parallel comparison of 4-1BB or CD28 co-stimulated CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor-T cells for B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma

BackgroundCD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cells with CD28 or 4-1BB (28z CAR-T and BBz CAR-T) have shown great promise to treat relapsed or refractory (r/r) B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL). However, studies comparing the clinical outcomes of 28z CAR-T versus BBz CAR-T are lacking. Analysis of our previous double-arm clinical study of 28z CAR-T and BBz CAR-T in treatment of r/r B-ALL (18 cases for each arm) revealed that BBz CAR-T showed shorter initial response time, higher tumor-killing capacity, higher overall survival rate, longer persistence, and less severe cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity than 28z CAR-T. This study investigated the efficacy and toxicity of both CAR-T types in B-NHL patients. MethodsBBz CAR-T and 28z CAR-T were prepared under identical manufacturing processes. Patients with r/r B-NHL were pre-treated with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide, and infused with 28z or BBz CAR-T. Tumor burden, CAR-T persistence and adverse events were monitored. The CAR-T that induced dose-limiting toxicity in less than one patient was further evaluated based on dose escalation. ResultsSix patients were treated at the dose of 0.75-5×105/kg. Both types of CAR-T cells showed similar antitumor efficacies, with a complete response (CR) rate of 67% within three months. Cytokines including interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-10 were increased after CAR-T infusion. The peak levels of IL-6 and IL-10 were much higher in the 28z CAR-T cohort. Severe cytokine release syndrome (CRS), CAR-T cell related encephalopathy syndrome (CRES) (≥ grade 3), and one death occurred in the 28z CAR-T cohort, resulting in the termination of recruitment of this cohort. Six more patients received BBz CAR-T cells at a dose of 1×106/kg with one-month CR rate of 83% and only grade 1/2 adverse events. ConclusionsBBz CAR-T showed similar antitumor activity, but a more favorable safety profile, compared with 28z CAR-T. This study proved the competence of BBz CAR-T in B-NHL therapy, at least under our manufacturing process. Legal entity responsible for the studyPeking University Cancer Hospital & Institute. FundingImmunochina Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd. DisclosureAll authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Adhesion energy of as-grown graphene on nickel substrates via StereoDIC-based blister experiments

The interfacial interactions between as-grown graphene (G) and its metal substrates play a crucial role in large-scale graphene transfer and governing anticorrosion properties. However, few studies have been conducted on quantifying the adhesion energy of as-grown graphene, especially, in systems such as nickel/graphene (Ni/G) with strong interfacial interactions. In this study, for the first time, a novel full-field three dimensional (3D) blister test via stereo-digital image correlation (StereoDIC) was developed to characterize the interfacial interaction between as-grown graphene on nickel (Ni) and copper (Cu) substrates, respectively. To minimize effects of surface roughness and residue stress on adhesion energy, the graphene growth processes on both Cu and Ni substrates were carefully controlled to assure nearly identical growth processes in terms of temperature, growth time, heating and cooling rates. The adhesion energy of as-grown graphene on Ni was measured to be 6.775±0.556Jm−2, which is more than 7 times higher than that of as-grown graphene on Cu. Instead of van der Waals bonds, the Ni/G interface exhibited adhesion that is close to covalent bonding. We believe that this full-field 3D blister test could be further extended for evaluating strong interfacial interactions between graphene and other metal substrates.

Theory of Event Coding (TEC) V2.0: Representing and controlling perception and action

This article provides an update of the Theory of Event Coding (TEC), which claims that perception and action are identical processes operating on the same codes – event files consisting of integrated networks of sensorimotor feature codes. The original version of the theory emphasized its representational underpinnings, but recent theoretical developments provide the basis for a more integrated view consisting of both the codes that are shared between perception and action in the control processes operating on these codes. Four developments are discussed in more detail: The degree to which the integration and retrieval of event files depends on current goals, how metacontrol states impact the handling of event files, how feature binding relates to event learning, and how the integration of non-social events relates to the integration of social events. Case examples using various versions of the Simon task are used to explain how the new version of TEC explains interactions between perception and action in non-social and social situations.

Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the early Archean mafic crust from the Saglek-Hebron Complex (Northern Labrador)

The Saglek-Hebron Complex located in Northern Labrador, Canada, is one of the oldest granite-greenstone terrains on Earth. It is dominated by granitoids as old as 3.9 Ga and several enclaves of supracrustal rocks. We present here the largest whole-rock major and trace element geochemical dataset (over 100 samples) on the mantle-derived rocks from the Saglek-Hebron Complex to constrain their petrogenesis. The mafic amphibolites are metavolcanic rocks basaltic in composition, have tholeiitic affinities, and exhibit relatively homogeneous compositions with flat rare-earth element profiles. They include incompatible element enriched and depleted compositions, both which appear to be related by fractional crystallization of a gabbroic assemblage within volcanic flows. The enriched mafic rocks exhibit higher Ti contents compared to the more depleted mafic rocks, representing, respectively, evolved liquids and pyroxene-rich cumulate-liquid mixtures. Previous work has suggested the occurrence of two distinct supracrustal units in the Saglek-Hebron Complex, the Eoarchean Nulliak assemblage and the Mesoarchean Upernavik assemblage. Here we report that the petrological and geochemical composition of both assemblages is indistinguishable. This suggests either that the Nulliak and Upernavik metavolcanic rocks represent a single unit, or that they were formed by identical processes in a comparable context, despite an age difference of ∼400 Ma. Contrary to some other early metavolcanic belts, such as the Isua supracrustal belt and Nuvvuagittuq greenstone belt, none of the metavolcanic rocks from the Saglek-Hebron Complex studied here exhibit geochemical compositions that could be reminiscent of suprasubduction environments. The Saglek-Hebron Complex also includes two compositionally distinct groups of ultramafic rocks characterized by different Al/Ti ratios, Fe contents and controlled by olivine fractionation with different Fo contents. Ultramafic rocks from both groups appear to be cumulates derived from distinct parental magmas with a komatiitic basalt composition. One of these parental magmas may be genetically linked through fractional crystallization with the mafic metavolcanic rocks, whereas the other group is more difficult, at least geochemically, to relate to the Saglek-Hebron basaltic rocks.

A major boost to the website performance of up-scale hotels in Vietnam

Abstract The study aims to enhance the customer experience on hotel websites in the context of venue’s booking channels to others. The online filed survey is conducted with 321 internet bookers. The exploratory factor analysis is adopted to analyze the data. The progression of customer satisfaction proceeds in a linear fashion on luxury (ranking from 4-star to 5-star hotels) websites. Moreover, the study reveals how hotel website performance would affect the levels of customer attitude and its sustainable development in the context of perceived e-service quality. The exploratory results show that customer satisfaction in online environment has identical processes in the context of up-scale hotel industry. The female group compared to male group, has more sensitive to perceive the impact of functionality of lodging website in developing customer satisfaction. Caution is advised in generalizing findings of this study due to stratified sampling even though the study confirms results of previously conducted studies. This study provides practical tips for website sustainable progress especially for hotel management to pay more attention to the e-service formation process. Therefore, the appropriate marketing strategy can be established to fill gender specific expectations towards individual degree of customer satisfaction.

Is repetitive negative thinking a transdiagnostic process? A comparison of key processes of RNT in depression, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and community controls

Background and objectivesThe transdiagnostic view of repetitive negative thinking (RNT) claims that different forms of RNT are characterized by identical processes that are applied to disorder-specific content. The purpose of the study was to test whether the processes of RNT differ across major depression disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). MethodsForty-two individuals diagnosed with MDD, 35 individuals with GAD, 41 individuals with OCD, and 35 community controls were asked to think of a typical RNT episode and to rate its processes (core processes; use of mental capacity, unproductivity, abstractness, verbal quality, duration). Ratings were compared across groups using planned contrasts and analysis of variance. ResultsAll individuals with a clinical diagnosis rated the key processes of RNT and avoidance function of RNT as higher than healthy controls. There were no differences between individuals diagnosed with MDD, GAD or OCD on key processes and avoidance function of RNT. LimitationsResults are based on retrospective self-reports, which might restrict validity of the measurements. ConclusionsData support the transdiagnostic hypothesis of RNT. Transdiagnostic prevention and intervention techniques seem highly recommendable given these findings.

Large Fluctuations in Two-Level Systems With Stimulated Emission

We consider a system of $N$ identical independent Markov processes, each taking values 0 or 1. The system describes a stochastic dynamics of an ensemble of two-level atoms. The atoms are exposed to a photon flux. Under the photon flux action, every atom changes its state with some intensities either from its ground state (state 0) to the excited state (state 1) or from the excited state to the ground state (the stimulated emission). The atom can also change the state from the excited to the ground one spontaneously. We study rare events when the big cumulative emission occurs on the fixed time interval $[0,T]$. To this end we apply the large deviation theory which allows one to make asymptotic analysis as $N\to\infty$.

Changes in magnetic order through two consecutive dehydration steps of metal-phosphonate diamond chains.

Hydrothermal reactions of the multitopic ligand 1-hydroxy-1-(piperidin-4-yl)methylidenebisphosphonic acid (hpdpH4) with cobalt or nickel sulfates afforded two new isostructural metal phosphonates, M3II(hpdpH)2(H2O)6·4H2O [M = Co (Co-10H2O), Ni (Ni-10H2O)]. Their structures consist of parallel diamond chains of three MO6 octahedra bridged by the PO3C tetrahedra. Six of the seven oxygen atoms of the ligand are involved in coordination; for two ligands that amounts to 12 bonds for 3 MO6 and the remaining six are occupied by terminal water molecules. In addition, four water molecules sit in between the chains providing H-bonds to the formation of a 3D-net. Thermal analyses show identical two-step dehydration processes involving first the departure of six water molecules followed by the remaining four. A detailed study of the ac- and dc-magnetization as a function of temperature, field and frequency reveals associated drastic changes. The virgin form Co-10H2O is a paramagnet while its partial dehydrated form Co-4H2O is an antiferromagnet displaying canting below TN = 4.7 K and the fully dehydrated form Co is a ferrimagnet (TC = 12 K). Ni-10H2O and Ni-4H2O exhibit long-range ordered antiferromagnetism (TN = 2.7 and 4.0 K, respectively) and also become ferrimagnets (TC = 9.4 K) when fully dehydrated to Ni. The dehydrated samples can be fully rehydrated with the complete recovery of both the structures and magnetic properties.

Clinical Practice Guidelines for Child Sexual Abuse.

Child sexual abuse (CSA) is the involvement of children and adolescents in sexual activities (usually for adult sexual stimulation or gratification) that they cannot fully comprehend and to which they cannot consent as a fully equal, self-determining participant, because of their early stage of development [Box 1]. Open in a separate window Box 1 Defining child sexual abuse

Raman and infrared spectroscopy reveal that proliferating and quiescent human fibroblast cells age by biochemically similar but not identical processes.

Dermal fibroblast cells can adopt different cell states such as proliferation, quiescence, apoptosis or senescence, in order to ensure tissue homeostasis. Proliferating (dividing) cells pass through the phases of the cell cycle, while quiescent and senescent cells exist in a non-proliferating cell cycle-arrested state. However, the reversible quiescence state is in contrast to the irreversible senescence state. Long-term quiescent cells transit into senescence indicating that cells age also when not passing through the cell cycle. Here, by label-free in vitro vibrational spectroscopy, we studied the biomolecular composition of quiescent dermal fibroblast cells and compared them with those of proliferating and senescent cells. Spectra were examined by multivariate statistical analysis using a PLS-LDA classification model, revealing differences in the biomolecular composition between the cell states mainly associated with protein alterations (variations in the side chain residues of amino acids and protein secondary structure), but also within nucleic acids and lipids. We observed spectral changes in quiescent compared to proliferating cells, which increased with quiescence cultivation time. Raman and infrared spectroscopy, which yield complementary biochemical information, clearly distinguished contact-inhibited from serum-starved quiescent cells. Furthermore, the spectra displayed spectral differences between quiescent cells and proliferating cells, which had recovered from quiescence. This became more distinct with increasing quiescence cultivation time. When comparing proliferating, (in particular long-term) quiescent and senescent cells, we found that Raman as well as infrared spectroscopy can separate these three cellular states from each other due to differences in their biomolecular composition. Our spectroscopic analysis shows that proliferating and quiescent fibroblast cells age by similar but biochemically not identical processes. Despite their aging induced changes, over long time periods quiescent cells can return into the cell cycle. Finally however, the cell cycle arrest becomes irreversible indicating senescence.

On the Moments of Absolute Difference Between Random Processes With Application to Sensor Network

A closed analytical formula is given for expected absolute difference to the power $a$ between two identical general random processes, when $a$ is an even positive number. As an application to sensor network, we analyze the following scenario: Black colored sensors $X_1,X_2,\dots,X_n$ and white colored sensors $Y_1,Y_2,\dots,Y_n$ are initially randomly placed according to general random process. We minimize the energy consumption of the transportation cost to the power $b>0$ of the maximal random bicolored matching.

Hierarchical rupture growth evidenced by the initial seismic waveforms

The ability to predict the eventual size of an earthquake during its early growth stage is a crucial component of earthquake early warning systems. Recent studies have revealed that the onsets of small and large earthquakes are variable but statistically indistinguishable. However, it is unknown whether small and large earthquakes can share the same processes at the same location. Here we show clear evidence of almost identical growth processes shared by repeating earthquakes of various sizes that have occurred in the Naka region, eastern Japan. Our results indicate that a large earthquake is a failure with a large characteristic spatial scale that is initially triggered by a failure with a small characteristic scale, which may also occur independently controlled by subtle differences in the physical conditions, suggesting the existence of a hierarchical structure on the plate interface. Earthquakes are random, but they may also be controlled by such structures.

A model for streamlining and automating path exchange hybrid life cycle assessment

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is inherently complex and time consuming. The compilation of life cycle inventories (LCI) using a traditional process analysis typically involves the collection of data for dozens to hundreds of individual processes. More comprehensive LCI methods, such as input-output analysis and hybrid analysis can include data for billions of individual transactions or transactions/processes, respectively. While these two methods are known to provide a much more comprehensive overview of a product’s supply chain and related environmental flows, they further compound the complex and time-consuming nature of an LCA. This has limited the uptake of more comprehensive LCI methods, potentially leading to ill-informed environmental decision-making. A more accessible approach for compiling a hybrid LCI is needed to facilitate its wider use. This study develops a model for streamlining a hybrid LCI by automating various components of the approach. The model is based on the path exchange hybrid analysis method and includes a series of inter-related modules developed using object-oriented programming in Python. Individual modules have been developed for each task involved in compiling a hybrid LCI, including data processing, structural path analysis and path exchange or hybridisation. The production of plasterboard is used as a case study to demonstrate the application of the automated hybrid model. Australian process and input-output data are used to determine a hybrid embodied greenhouse gas emissions value. Full automation of the node correspondence process, where nodes relating to identical processes across process and input-output data are identified, remains a challenge. This is due to varied dataset coverage, different levels of disaggregation between data sources and lack of detail of activities and coverage for specific processes. However, by automating other aspects of the compilation of a hybrid LCI, the comprehensive supply chain coverage afforded by hybrid analysis is able to be made more accessible to the broader LCA community. This study shows that it is possible to automate various aspects of a hybrid LCI in order to address traditional barriers to its uptake. The object-oriented approach used enables the data or other aspects of the model to be easily updated to contextualise an analysis in order to calculate hybrid values for any environmental flow for any variety of products in any region of the world. This will improve environmental decision-making, critical for addressing the pressing global environmental issues of our time.

Streak and hierarchical structures of the Tohoku\u2013Hokkaido subduction zone plate boundary

Here, we investigated four families of moderate-size (M ~ 4.8) repeating earthquakes and nearby smaller events that occurred in the Naka-Oki, Kushiro-Oki, Urakawa-Oki, and Kamaishi-Oki regions of the Tohoku–Hokkaido subduction zone, Japan, between 2002 and 2017. We employed a hypocenter relocation method based on waveform cross-correlations of the above four families, as well as a waveform inversion method using the empirical Green’s function for the Naka-Oki and Kushiro-Oki earthquakes, where every moderate-size repeating earthquake showed complex and variable rupture processes. However, their rupture areas overlapped significantly and were elongate parallel to the slip direction. Some parts of these areas were also repeatedly ruptured by smaller earthquakes, with these smaller earthquakes and moderate events sometimes following almost identical rupture processes. The results indicate the existence of a characteristic structure that is represented by several elliptical patches that are elongate in the slip direction of the plate interface. It is likely that many streak structures have developed over a 1000 km along-strike section of the plate interface that extends from the Kushiro-Oki region to the Naka-Oki region of the subduction zone. These patches may be distributed hierarchically, with the smaller patches rupturing independently. The rupture of a smaller patch may either stop, producing a small earthquake, or it may grow into a large earthquake, with this rupture process depending on subtle differences in the physical conditions that we are unable to observe in a practical sense. Earthquakes are random processes, but they may not be completely random, as the preexisting characteristic structure of the seismic region may control the rupture process to some degree.

An incremental Inter-agent learning method for adaptive control of multiple identical processes in mass production

Abstract To enhance the individual control performance over the standalone control of each process in mass production, this paper explores information sharing among processes by proposing an incremental inter-agent learning (IIAL) method for the online estimation of the process model in the adaptive control of a class of processes modeled by linear-in-unknown-constant-parameters (LIP) formulae. Each individual process control system makes use of information from its own and other processes incrementally with time and across process. The application of the proposed work to a single layer RBF neural networks adaptive control shows that the speed of tracking error convergence of each process is improved.

Overlapping but Divergent Neural Correlates Underpinning Audiovisual Synchrony and Temporal Order Judgments

Multisensory processing is a core perceptual capability, and the need to understand its neural bases provides a fundamental problem in the study of brain function. Both synchrony and temporal order judgments are commonly used to investigate synchrony perception between different sensory cues and multisensory perception in general. However, extensive behavioral evidence indicates that these tasks do not measure identical perceptual processes. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate how behavioral differences between the tasks are instantiated as neural differences. As these neural differences could manifest at either the sustained (task/state-related) and/or transient (event-related) levels of processing, a mixed block/event-related design was used to investigate the neural response of both time-scales. Clear differences in both sustained and transient BOLD responses were observed between the two tasks, consistent with behavioral differences indeed arising from overlapping but divergent neural mechanisms. Temporal order judgments, but not synchrony judgments, required transient activation in several left hemisphere regions, which may reflect increased task demands caused by an extra stage of processing. Our results highlight that multisensory integration mechanisms can be task dependent, which, in particular, has implications for the study of atypical temporal processing in clinical populations.

Polarization insensitive performance of randomly structured antireflecting planar surfaces

The transmittance polarization extinction ratio of fused silica substrates with random antireflective surface structures (rARSS) was investigated. The antireflective structures were etched on both sides of the substrates to suppress Fresnel reflection from the two surfaces, and the substrates were processed with three different sets of etching parameters, resulting in samples with three distinct sets of surface characteristics. In addition, three of the samples were fabricated with identical processes on both sides, while one was fabricated with a different process on each side. Normal incidence transmission spectra, spanning wavelengths from 300 to 1900 nm, are presented for each double-sided substrate, and variable angle of incidence polarization measurements were taken at 633 nm. Although the spectral Fresnel reflection suppression of all of the samples was measured to similar levels at normal incidence, the polarized transmittance response was found to vary considerably, correlating with the surface morphology differences and the front-to-back surface roughness similarities between the samples. Polarization insensitivity was verified from normal incidence to Brewster’s angle. Comparisons with the ideal single-layer thin-film antireflection coating performance calculations show that rARSS samples are polarization insensitive over a larger range of angles and have a wide wavelength band of transmission enhancement.

A Study of Augmentativization in English and Bangla

Augmentativization refers to the processes of formation of words denoting largeness. In this study, the researcher has juxtaposed English and Bangla vis-à-vis their mechanisms in the construction of augmentatives. The present research reveals that the languages under this study have striking similarities in the process of augmentativization. Both the languages use affixation in the construction of augmentatives. Curiously, the two languages employ prefixation to form the bulk of their augmentative vocabulary. Suffixation in augmentativization is very marginal in both the languages. Apart from affixation, the two languages employ compounding to form augmentatives. Still, the two tongues have another category of augmentatives known as frozen or lexicalized augmentatives. The catalogue of identical processes used in the construction of augmentatives does not end here. Borrowing is a good source of augmentative vocabulary in both the languages. English and Bangla have borrowed augmentatives or augmentative markers from foreign sources. Gradation of augmentatives is also possible in both the languages.
 Keywords: augmentative, augmentizer, frozen augmentative, morphological augmentative, pragmatic function.

Differences in behaviour of three biopolymer constituents in coagulation with polyaluminium chloride: Implications for the optimisation of a coagulation–membrane filtration process

Coagulation is often applied as a pre-treatment for membrane processes to reduce dissolved organic matter and to prevent membrane fouling. Biopolymers (BPs) have repeatedly been reported as major organic foulants, and coagulation conditions such as pH or dose have been optimised to minimise the remaining BPs. Optimisation however remains problematic because of the complex and heterogenetic nature of BP. In this study, the behaviour of several BP fractions in a coagulation process was investigated by excitation–emission matrix-parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) following liquid chromatography (LC)-fractionation. Using a series of jar tests, we found that BP removal depends on the type of source water, reflecting differences in charge neutralisation conditions in three samples of natural water despite nearly identical processes for removing humic substances. This result demonstrates the complexity of optimisation for BP coagulation. Fractionation of EEM-PARAFAC to BP by LC showed that at least three organic component groups (C1, C2 and C3) constitute BP. C1 is tryptophan-like organic matter that is often found in wastewater effluent, C2 is tyrosine-like organic matter that has a phenolic chemical structure, and C3 is a humic-like substance. C1 was removed thoroughly at acidic pH but not at neutral pH, while the removal of C2 was inefficient even with a significant change in pH or dose, indicating similar difficulties in a coagulation process. The difference in components C1 and C2 may partly explain the difference in efficiencies of removal of BP in water from different sources. Our investigation suggests that the optimisation or selection of appropriate pre-treatment processes for membrane systems should be substantially based on the composition of BPs (e.g., C1 and C2 components).