Idea Of Nature Research Articles

Troops and Tribes: Masculinity, Playing Indian, and the Social Politics of Ernest Thompson Seton's Expulsion from the Boy Scouts of America

Troops and Tribes: Masculinity, Playing Indian, and the Social Politics of Ernest Thompson Seton's Expulsion from the Boy Scouts of America

Философские основания антропологической концепции Эдуарду Вивейруша де Кастру

The article discusses the contribution of the Brazilian anthropologist E. Castro to the formation of the post-structuralist method in anthropology. The analysis of the key notions of E. Castro’s concept (perspectivism, multinaturalism, equivocation) is proposed, according to which the subjectivity of a human is not unique and is one of the positions within the framework of the universal perspectivist structure of the world. The analysis of the sources and ethnographic data with which E. Castro worked is carried out, and the reaction of the academic community to his research, methods and intellectual moves for the transformation of the anthropological discipline itself is considered. By means of a critical approach to E. Castro's program and the analysis of its reception by his anthropological colleagues, it is revealed that the ontological turn in anthropology in E. Castro’s understanding is an attempt at a theoretical inversion, in which the premise of the unity of nature, which is technically a conceptually indefinite remainder of the ethnological classification, is replaced by the postulation of a fundamental plurality of conditionally independent agents (in the manner of G. Leibniz’s monadology). Ontology is understood here as a kind of hierarchical predicate through which the Amerindian societies are denied the subjectivity of their ways of creating a picture of the world and at the same time the epistemological basis of the dominance of Western modernity is laid. As a result of generalizing the data, the author gives a critical position in relation to the key notions and methods of E. Castro. The author comes to the conclusion that projects for expanding the non-trivial use of E. Castro’s tools also inherit its conceptual features, the ambiguous nature of which is revealed in the text of the article: the costs of “ontologizing” of anthropology, the utopian nature of ideas about access to pre-colonial thought and an even more universalist regime of dominance of modern epistemology.

Kant on the Aesthetic Ideas of Beautiful Nature

Abstract For Kant the definitive end of art is the expression of aesthetic ideas that are sensible counterparts of rational ideas. But there is another type of aesthetic idea: ‘Beauty (whether it be beauty of nature or of art) can in general be called the expression of aesthetic ideas: only in beautiful nature the mere reflection on a given intuition, without a concept of what the object ought to be, is sufficient for arousing and communicating the idea of which that object is considered as the expression.’ What are these aesthetic ideas? I argue that Kant is drawing on the idealist conception of art, associated with Vasari, Bellori and Winckelmann, as presenting idealized spatial forms characteristic of natural kinds. He incorporates this conception into his analysis of the beauty of nature and adds that we have non-conceptual access to it. These idealized forms he names aesthetic normal ideas of natural species.

Pure Kashmir: Nature, Freedom and Counternationalism

Bringing political thought to bear upon one of the world's most pressing geopolitical problems, this article explores Kashmiri engagements with nature and how these served the attempt to concurrently champion two nations: ethno-linguistic and almost homogeneous Kashmir, and heterogeneous but organic India. Disconnected from human endeavor and, therefore, astonishingly unreliant on other ideas to define Kashmir's distinctiveness, the idea of natural purity had something in common with the earlier New World nationalisms of colonial white settlers who sought to remake conquered lands. But since Kashmiris had long resisted what they saw as the theft of their beautiful land by more powerful, envious outsiders, how far was it possible for their twentieth-century thinkers to integrate this disruptive idea of a nonhuman nature into an otherwise historicized sense of nationhood?

Against what?

Against <i>what</i>?

Improving Non-Autoregressive Machine Translation via Autoregressive Training

In recent years, non-autoregressive machine translation has attracted many researchers’ attentions. Non-autoregressive translation (NAT) achieves faster decoding speed at the cost of translation accuracy compared with autoregressive translation (AT). Since NAT and AT models have similar architecture, a natural idea is to use AT task assisting NAT task. Previous works use curriculum learning or distillation to improve the performance of NAT model. However, they are complex to follow and diffucult to be integrated into some new works. So in this paper, to make it easy, we introduce a multi-task framework to improve the performance of NAT task. Specially, we use a fully shared encoder-decoder network to train NAT task and AT task simultaneously. To evaluate the performance of our model, we conduct experiments on serval benchmask tasks, including WMT14 EN-DE, WMT16 EN-RO and IWSLT14 DE-EN. The experimental results demonstrate that our model achieves improvements but still keeps simple.

Don’t think it’s a good idea! Four building sites of the ‘ideas school’

Ideational explanations of policy change are popular in the fields of political economy, comparative politics and policy analysis. And yet, to make the case for ideational explanations, we must make further progress on the nature of ideas, where they come from, what they consist of, and how they change over time. We highlight four critical building sites concerning the definitional aspects of ideational explanations, micro-foundations, mechanisms and the difference between ideational and cognitive analysis. We make recommendations on how to carry out work in the building sites and describe the range of suggestions and ways forward found in the articles of this Symposium. We also suggest cross-fertilising political science with the findings of neighbouring disciplines that have developed empirically robust models of ideation and cognition.

Religion and human rights in artificial insemination.

It is pointed out that modern man is particularly sensitive to the imposition of any worldview and way of life. The only language in today's world is the language of freedom, even if there is a substitution of this concept and its abuse. The value of freedom is not indifferent to religion. Therefore, the only way to spread the religious worldview in society is not the force of coercion, but the force of gravity.&#x0D; It is noted that the problem of the relationship between bioethics and religion is determined by a number of reasons, both scientific and theoretical, and socio-cultural plan. The current stage of development of scientific thought is characterized by the emergence of a new phenomenon - bioethics. Bioethics is an integrative science that synthesizes knowledge about man, which is already substantiated in medicine, psychology, psychiatry, religious anthropology, philosophical anthropology and others. The moral aspect is the center of bioethics, it is associated with its attitude to all living things, to life as such. Because of this we can talk about the formation of a bioethical worldview as a holistic system of views on the human problem. The beginning of the process of forming a bioethical worldview is closely connected with scientific progress, biomedical practices, and the aggravation of religious problems. The uniqueness of bioethical discourse creates the preconditions for the development of philosophical and methodological ground for the study of bioethical worldview. The methodological significance of the problem is related to the need to rethink the fundamental philosophical problems that relate to demental philosophical problems that relate to the definition of attributive characteristics of man.&#x0D; It is established that the religious problems that arise when using the IVF method are associated with several components: the production of germ cells, the lack of connection between conception and the natural idea of marital intimacy, obtaining an excessive number of embryos and manipulating them (elimination, reduction, freezing) embryos, preimplantation diagnosis), the use of germ cells of third parties. In this case, in vitro fertilization can be morally justified by religion and an acceptable method of infertility therapy for the Orthodox Christian, if it does not kill embryos and does not break the bond "in the flesh" even at the level of gametes.

COMPLEX CONCEPT WORD / LANGUAGE / SPEECH AS A FRAGMENT OF THE NAIVE PICTURE OF THE WORLD (based on explanatory and phraseological dictionaries of the English language)

The article is dedicated to the study of the complex concept WORD / LANGUAGE / SPEECH in the naïve picture of the world within a framework of a new scientific direction – dual linguistics: scientific and naive interpretation of language in the English lexicography. The complex concept WORD / LANGUAGE / SPEECH, which is verbalized by nominative units extracted from English general lexicographic sources, is considered. The nuclear zone of the naïve picture of the world counts three lexemes (which together contain 42 sememes), among which 161 semes have been filtered by means of seme analysis method. The most common semanteme, present in all nuclear lexemes, is the idea of the bilateral nature of any communicative unit. All of the nuclear zone lexemes in the primary dictionary position contain the seme, which emphasizes the unity of content and form of the phenomena under consideration. The medial zone of the nominative field of the verbalized WORD / LANGUAGE / SPEECH complex concept is many times bigger and more variable in comparison with the nuclear zone. It includes more than 700 lexical units with semantic components language, speech, communication. According to the thematic principle, the collected material was divided into 6 sectors: communication; units of language, speech; discourse, text; phonetical, grammatical and stylistic phenomena; language / dialect / slang, speaker; linguistics. Our analysis showed, that the peripheral zone of the nominative field of the complex WORD / LANGUAGE / SPEECH concept in the naive picture of the world is verbalized by phraseological units of the English language: idioms, paremias and proverbs (a total of more than 800 dictionary articles). They highlight different ethical and linguocultural stereotypes of the English-speaking ethnic group.

Variational Quantum Algorithms for the Steady States of Open Quantum SystemsSupported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFA0301700), and the Anhui Initiative in Quantum Information Technologies (Grant No. AHY080000).

The solutions of the problems related to open quantum systems have attracted considerable interest. We propose a variational quantum algorithm to find the steady state of open quantum systems. In this algorithm, we employ parameterized quantum circuits to prepare the purification of the steady state and define the cost function based on the Lindblad master equation, which can be efficiently evaluated with quantum circuits. We then optimize the parameters of the quantum circuit to find the steady state. Numerical simulations are performed on the one-dimensional transverse field Ising model with dissipative channels. The result shows that the fidelity between the optimal mixed state and the true steady state is over 99%. This algorithm is derived from the natural idea of expressing mixed states with purification and it provides a reference for the study of open quantum systems.

Fast and Unsupervised Neural Architecture Evolution for Visual Representation Learning

Unsupervised visual representation learning is one of the hottest topics in computer vision, yet performance still lags behind compared with the best supervised learning methods. At the same time, neural architecture search (NAS) has produced state-of-the-art results on various visual tasks. It is a natural idea to explore NAS as a way to improve unsupervised representation learning, yet it remains largely unexplored. In this paper, we propose a Fast and Unsupervised Neural Architecture Evolution (FaUNAE) method to evolve an existing architecture, manually constructed or the result of NAS on a small dataset, to a new architecture that can operate on a larger dataset. This partial optimization can utilize prior knowledge to reduce search cost and improve search efficiency. The evolution is self-supervised where the contrast loss is used as the evaluation metric in a student-teacher framework. By eliminating the inferior or least promising operations, the evolutionary process is greatly accelerated. Experimental results show that we achieve state-of-the-art performance for downstream applications, such as object recognition, object detection, and instance segmentation.

Property Rights to Land Plots in the Russian Federation and Great Britain: Dogmatic Approach against Pragmatism

Comparison of the phenomenon of property rights in two unrelated legal systems is an interesting task from the point of view of methodology. A simplifying factor is that English law in its origins was strongly influenced by Roman law, but developed apart from continental legal systems. As a result, using the same terminology in the field of property rights in the Russian Federation and Great Britain, different views have been formed on the nature of property rights to land plots. The paper analyzes the legal structures of real law in both countries and achieves the goal of clarifying the content of controversial terms and classifications existing in the real law of the Russian Federation; taking into account foreign experience the author determines the prospects for the development of domestic concepts of real and absolute rights. The admissibility of comparing property rights to land plots is predetermined by the use of similar legal techniques in both countries, as well as terminology borrowed from Roman law. The paper substantiates the thesis on the admissibility of using the analytical concept of law of W. N. Hochfeld as a comparative legal method of research. Fundamental differences in both legal systems will be in the idea of the object of property rights to land plots, the place of property rights in the classification of rights, in the structure and content of the corresponding legal relationship. Taking into account the analysis of the legal regulation of property rights to land plots in the two countries, theoretical provisions substantiate the conclusion about the need to preserve the idea of the absolute nature of property rights in domestic law.

Two-grid domain decomposition methods for the coupled Stokes–Darcy system

In this paper, we propose two novel Robin-type domain decomposition methods based on the two-grid techniques for the coupled Stokes–Darcy system. Our schemes firstly adopt the existing Robin-type domain decomposition algorithm to obtain the coarse grid approximate solutions. Then two one-step modified domain decomposition methods are further constructed on the fine grid by utilizing the framework of two-grid methods to enhance computational efficiency, via replacing some interface terms with the coarse grid information. The natural idea of using the two-grid frame to optimize the domain decomposition method inherits the best features of both methods and can overcome some of the domain decomposition deficits. The resulting schemes can be implemented easily using many existing mature solvers or codes in a flexible way, which are much effective under smaller mesh sizes or some realistic physical parameters. Moreover, several error estimates are carried out to show the stability and convergence of the schemes. Finally, three numerical experiments are performed and compared with the classical two-grid method, which verifies the validation and efficiency of the proposed algorithms.

The non-romantic idea of nature in African theology

In many ways, the African world view and African theology are closer to nature than Euro-American theology is. This can be seen, for example, in its emphasis on holism and interconnectedness, and its inclination to consider all natural objects to be inhabited by the spirit world. This article argues that this closeness to nature should not be confused with a Romantic reverence for nature. Since the 19th century, Romanticism has been very influential in the Euro-American idea of nature. Nature came to be seen as something that is both good and valuable in itself. The conception of nature that is dominant in African ways of thinking is very different: nature is seen as potentially threatening and, at best, ambivalent; and respect for nature and living in balance with nature is judged by the extent to which they help humans to live successfully. In this article, a theological and philosophical clarification of these two contrasting conceptions of nature is combined with qualitative anthropological analysis of the way Zambian pastors speak about nature in their sermons. These two approaches together bring out the often-misinterpreted non-Romantic idea of nature in African theology.Contribution: This article clarifies the important idea of nature within the context of African theology. It brings out how the meaning of holism and sacredness in African settings differs from the meaning of these ideas in Western eco-theological contexts. Hereby, it untangles important confusions in the field of eco-theology.

Opacity thought through: on the intransparency of computer simulations

Computer simulations are often claimed to be opaque and thus to lack transparency. But what exactly is the opacity of simulations? This paper aims to answer that question by proposing an explication of opacity. Such an explication is needed, I argue, because the pioneering definition of opacity by P. Humphreys and a recent elaboration by Durán and Formanek are too narrow. While it is true that simulations are opaque in that they include too many computations and thus cannot be checked by hand, this doesn’t exhaust what we might want to call the opacity of simulations. I thus make a fresh start with the natural idea that the opacity of a method is its disposition to resist knowledge and understanding. I draw on recent work on understanding and elaborate the idea by a systematic investigation into what type of knowledge and what type of understanding are required if opacity is to be avoided and why the required sort of understanding, in particular, is difficult to achieve. My proposal is that a method is opaque to the degree that it’s difficult for humans to know and to understand why its outcomes arise. This proposal allows for a comparison between different methods regarding opacity. It further refers to a kind of epistemic access that is important in scientific work with simulations.

Yoongoorrookoo

ABSTRACT Since the momentous release of the Montecristi Constitution of Ecuador in 2008, which recognised Nature, or Pacha Mama, as a subject of rights, the rights of Nature movement across the world has gained exponential momentum, with numerous jurisdictions worldwide now recognising some form of legal subjectivity vested upon Nature. In particular, since 2017, river personhood has dominated news headlines around the world as one of the most recognisable forms of Nature’s novel subjectivity. The emergence of legal personhood for nature, however, has been far from uncontroversial, and numerous critiques have been advanced against the use of such a legal category – traditionally applied to humans and their abstract creations (such as States and corporations) – to the natural world, resulting in numerous calls for an alternative category of legal personhood (one that some rights of Nature advocates have termed an ‘environmental person’). Against the backdrop of this emerging debate, this paper acknowledges the work undertaken by the Martuwarra Fitzroy River Council (Martuwarra Council), which was established in 2018 in the Kimberley region of Western Australia by six independent Indigenous nations to preserve, promote and protect their ancestral River from ongoing destructive ‘development’. The Council believes it is time to recognise the pre-existing and continuing legal authority of Indigenous law, or ‘First Law’, in relation to the River, in order to preserve its integrity through a process of legal decolonisation. First Law differs markedly from its colonial counterpart, as its principles are not articulated in terms of rules, policies and procedures, but rather through stories. This paper, therefore, begins with a dialogical translation of one First Law story relating to Yoongoorrookoo, the ancestral serpent being, to create a semantic bridge between two apparently distant legal worldviews. A dialogical comparative analysis is then followed to posit and explore the concept of an ‘ancestral person’ as a novel comparative tool that may be able not only to capture the idea of Nature as a legal subject, but also complex Indigenous worldviews that see Nature – in this case instantiated in the Martuwarra – as an ancestral being enmeshed in a relationship of interdependence and guardianship between the human and the nonhuman world. To instantiate and embody such relationships, the paper directly, and somewhat provocatively, acknowledges the River itself, the Martuwarra RiverOfLife, as the primary participant in such dialogue, an embodied non-human co-author who began a conversation then left to human writers to continue.

Adam Smith y los límites a la naturaleza

This article begins by giving a general snapshot of the modern tendency to see regular laws in economic behavior and to displace the social in favor of the individual. In view of that, it searches Adam Smith's thought for some clues to recover an idea of nature that is not absolute and an intermittent appeal to the need to take political measures when necessary, even if they oppose natural designs. For this, three of Smith’s central categories are described, together with some sayings of John Locke about the property and a description of the Great Fire that struck London in 1666 (as well as the genesis of the fire brigades). With all of the above in mind, it will seek to shed light on some less-attended aspects of the intersection between State, market and national life in Smithian work.

MАRKАZIY OSIYО XALQLARI FALSAFASIDA NATURFALSAFIY G`OYALARNING ILGARI SURILISHI VA ASOSLANISHI

Today it is important to study the important ideas of Eastern philosophy in the field of natural science and important conceptual ideas in the teachings of thinkers on this subject. The need to study medieval Muslim philosophy In African countries, the question of the role of spiritual traditions, including traditions based on Beruni, in modern ideological life are of great importance.The concept of Eastern Aristotelianism was analyzed, representing not only the philosophical system or doctrine of Aristotle, but also rationalism, firmly associated with natural philosophy, and through it -medieval rationalistic philosophy. His relentless struggle for independence led to the spread of the achievements of Indian, Central Asian, Iranian and especially Greek scientific thought, which contributed to the development of secular science. In the 10th century, there were 17 madrasahs in Samarkand, in Samarkand alone, which during the Caliphate had a large library and an astronomical observatory, which are considered to have made a radical turn in cultural life

ANNE BOYD AT 75: A CELEBRATION THROUGH THE STRING QUARTET

AbstractAnne Boyd (b. 1946) is one of Australia's most celebrated composers and educators. Her formal training began at the University of Sydney, where she worked with Peter Sculthorpe (1929–2014), who became a highly influential figure for her both musically and personally. Having completed her DPhil at the University of York in 1972 on a Commonwealth Scholarship, Boyd took up teaching posts in Sussex and Hong Kong, before returning to Sydney as Professor of Music, the first Australian and first woman to hold this position. Her music has been performed worldwide and draws on a synthesis of East-Asian and Western elements, with a clear focus on timbre and texture, invoking ideas of meditation, nature and ritual. This article presents a transcription of a virtual interview conducted with Boyd in February 2021 and uses the genre of the string quartet as a lens through which the composer elaborates and expands upon some of the key aspects of her musical approach and philosophy.

POETIC DISCOURSE AS AN ACT OF COMMUNICATIVE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ADDRESSER AND ADDRESSEE

The author substantiates the idea of the anthropocentric nature of the poetic text, in which the addresser and the addressee form an interactive communicative chain, and artistic- poetic communication in the aspect of discursive approach is considered as a process in which the subject of verbal interaction between its participants is encoded in poetic form. Poetic verbal goals act as the source for this research, from which a selection of units that manifest the text category «anthropocentrism» is done in a way of accurate and complete inventory. The research method is descriptive. The author considers the poetic text as an intermediate link in the paradigm, which presupposes certain communicative roles of the addresser (author) and the addressee (reader). This triadic structure of speech interaction is caused by the tactical and strategic repertoire of the speaker, their intention, functional parameters of the text and pragmatic effect. The prospect of the research is the description of the text category «anthropocentrism» and its components (addresser / addressee) in semantic, pragmatic, communicative aspects.