Idea Of Nature Research Articles

Indigenous Knowledge in the Amazon's Bioeconomy: Unveiling Bioepistemicide through the case of Kambo Medicine

Indigenous knowledges have received increased attention in environmental governance issues over the last decade, especially biodiversity. Epistemic injustices, however, remain. Forms of knowledge that differ from dominant ‘Western’ knowledge are either not recognized and valued as equal, or are misused for land reoccupation and knowledge appropriation that further settler colonialism. Drawing on the conceptual framing of epistemic justice, biopiracy and biocolonialism we introduce the concept of bioepistemicide and analyse possible implications of the rising bioeconomy agenda for Indigenous peoples in the Brazilian Amazon. While many argue the value of Indigenous knowledges in the context of bioeconomy, it remains unclear how issues concerning epistemic plurality and epistemic injustices will be addressed. Among the most seriously questioned issues are intellectual property rights and ownership. Focusing on the Indigenous medicine Kambo, the secretion of a tropical frog (Phyllomedusa bicolor), we explore if and how bioeconomy governance and initiatives in Brazil address the epistemic injustices that may arise in Amazonian Indigenous territories. We take the perspective that epistemic plurality and conflicts may trigger the transformations needed to tackle epistemic injustices. Based on our case study, we argue that bioeconomy can only challenge epistemic hierarchies if it steps outside of colonial settler rationality and sovereignty regarding the very ideas of nature and ‘traditional knowledge’ which in the first place enable new forms of colonialism, like biocolonialism. We conclude with suggestions on how to embrace epistemic pluralism and strengthen the role and positionality of Indigenous knowledges in the implementation of bioeconomy in the Amazon.

Die Umweltbewegung in Österreich aus frauen- und geschlechterhistorischer Perspektive. Eine Lang-Zeit-Geschichte

Contemporary historical research on the environmental movement and environmental awareness in Austria essentially lacks two dimensions: the gender perspective and the long-term perspective. The article examines the potential of linking these three areas, environmental history, women’s and gender history, and contemporary history. Theoretical considerations and discussion impulses are grounded in empirical examples to identify continuities and breaks from the 19th to the second half of the 20th century. Aesthetics, health, and care are areas that are examined in terms of their continuities, taking into account the connection between ideas of nature, the environment, and gender. On the other hand, breaks are evident due to wars, technologies, or social changes in consumption. The spatial focus is on Austria, whereas the broader view is on the German-speaking countries.

George Eliot's Italian Roads: Mobility, Temporality and the Crises of Realism in Romola and Middlemarch

Critics have read Eliot's Romola (1862–3) and Middlemarch (1871–2) as historical novels, as examples of the female Bildungsroman or as oddities and successes, respectively, within Eliot's realist oeuvre. This essay brings these strands of enquiry together in a formalist analysis, suggesting that these must not be seen as separate but connected debates about time, space and Eliot's novelistic poetics. Using Bakhtin's idea of the meaning-making nature of the chronotope, the essay reads momentous ‘road’ scenes in Eliot's two novels. As I argue, the road chronotope does not just represent moments of crisis for the protagonists and is, thus, an agent of narrative and mental change, but it also creates the symbolic, generic and affective registers in which these two novels operate. The road chronotope reveals Eliot's self-conscious experimentation with realism as she grapples with history, the individual's place in the world, and also sympathy, which is central to both her novels and her realist poetics. On a broader scale, the essay thus participates in ongoing scholarly debates about nineteenth-century novelistic form while also acknowledging the current ‘mobilities turn’ in analyses of Victorian fiction.

"Le Jardin d’Allah": Ecological Sensibilities in the Francophone Caribbean

When gardening and Caribbean islands are mentioned, one cannot but think of Jamaica Kincaid and of the way in which she has articulated the complex relationship between colonialism and gardens, between people and notions such as place and situatedness. The very idea of nature in the Caribbean is strongly connoted, bearing the brunt of age-old associations with exoticism, mystery, unpredictability, or even madness. The symbolic meanings gardens take on in this region are therefore numerous and multifaceted, and if some have been lengthily discussed, others might still be worth exploring. Such is the case of backyards and vegetable gardens in Maryse Condé’s En Attendant la Montée des Eaux: in a violence-torn, poverty-afflicted, and politically unstable Haiti, the orphaned Movar makes people’s lives more bearable by recreating beauty around them, and by giving order to their unruly surroundings. His actions are more than a simple imposition of man over nature, they are also a metaphoric restoration of a lost balance, long forgotten because of other men’s blind exploitation of both human and natural resources in an environment rendered all the more fragile by its fluctuating weather patterns. This paper presents some considerations on Caribbean soil ecologies, with a particular focus on Guadeloupe and Haiti, and on the ways in which the gardener-garden relationship might contribute to restoring damaged ecosystems. Through the character of Movar and the Jardin d’Allah he tends to, concepts such as care time, reciprocal gardening and plant agency are explored. The precarious contexts in which acts of gardening take place allow for the words of Maryse Condé to be read as a paradigm for finding rootedness and balance in a politically, socially, and ecologically suffering world. Finally, Movar’s story is translated on a global scale, as an effective model of social sustainability and responsibility.

Life expectancy in Japan (17<sup>th</sup> – first half of the 20<sup>th</sup> centuries)

Life expectancy is the most important indicator of the state of society and the quality of life of the people who live in it. It depends on many factors that affect mortality: nutrition, physical activity, epidemic and other diseases, natural, social and anthropogenic disasters, the level of public anxiety, the state of the environment, healthcare, hygiene, etc.In Japan during the Tokugawa period, the body did not belong to the person himself. His mission was to “serve” – to the overlord and parents. This was possible only if the person was healthy for as long as possible. During the Tokugawa era, the Japanese were taught that only a healthy person could fulfill his duty. Healthcare was entrusted to the person himself, there was no public health system. Despite the huge differences in natural conditions, lifestyle, nutritional diet, scientific and medical ideas, in terms of life expectancy, Japan was approximately on the same level as major European countries.After the Meiji revolution, the concept of “service” did not disappear, but now the main object of service became the state represented by the emperor. The state made serious efforts in the field of healthcare, but the negative consequences of modernization for a long time did not allow to increase life expectancy. Its slow but steady growth begins only in the second half of the 1920s. However, before the Second World War, Japan lagged significantly behind the developed countries of the West in terms of life expectancy. The expansionist policy of Japan demanded to increase the number of Japanese people. Since increasing life expectancy is a time-consuming task, the choice was made in favor of a policy of increasing the birth rate.

Industry Enclaves of Systems Science

An attempt was made to explore the subject areas of human activity, into which the ideas of the systemic nature of being have penetrated, the system theory has found further development, and the methods of system analysis are used in solving practical problems. In the end, there were 10 such areas – ​philosophy, biology and medicine, cybernetics, military science, systems engineering, economics and management, information technology, ecology, synergetics, culture and sociology – ​each of which was analyzed in the context of the triad: influence on the development of general systems theory – ​availability of specialized system theories – ​application and development of the system analysis methodology. The ideas of well-known scientists, scientific schools and manufacturing companies were analyzed that made a significant contribution to the development of a systematic approach in the subject area under consideration.

The Moral and Religious Thought of Yi Hwang (Toegye): A Study of Korean Neo-Confucian Ethics and Spirituality by Edward Y.J. Ching (review)

Reviewed by: The Moral and Religious Thought of Yi Hwang (Toegye): A Study of Korean Neo-Confucian Ethics and Spirituality by Edward Y.J. Ching Maria Hasfeldt Long (bio) The Moral and Religious Thought of Yi Hwang (Toegye): A Study of Korean Neo-Confucian Ethics and Spirituality. By Edward Y.J. Ching. Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 2021. Pp. vii + 204. Hardcover $99.00, isbn 978-3-030-77923-8. In recent years, the study of Korean Neo-Confucianism as an international field has been growing exponentially. Compared to former decades, the number of international publications has grown significantly over the last ten years, with Edward Y.J. Chung as one of the most active scholars. The Moral and Religious Thought of Yi Hwang (Toegye): A Study of Korean Neo-Confucian Ethics and Spirituality is the culmination of an almost decade-long study of the Korean Neo-Confucian scholar, Yi Hwang Toegye (1501–1570). With a focus on the moral and spiritual aspects of the theories of Toegye, Chung maps out a brilliant overview of the philosopher's worldview and literary works. Chung's primary objective is to provide "thought-provoking" and fresh insights into one of the most important Korean Neo-Confucian thinkers in history, as well as shed light on Neo-Confucian thought in general and how Toegye's philosophy in particular can be relevant in modern interreligious dialogues (p. 149). Consisting of ten chapters, where each chapter could serve as an individual article, Chung takes the reader through the core concepts of Toegye and his development of a form of self-cultivation different from the Chinese Neo-Confucian idea of self-cultivation. This together created a holistic religious worldview with a strong spiritual dimension, which manifests through selfcultivation practices. The first two chapters introduce Toegye and the historical context of 16th-century Joseon-dynasty Korea (1392–1910); his understanding of the Neo-Confucian tradition as the true learning; and his rejection of Daoism and Buddhism. With the reader introduced to the immediate historical context and Neo-Confucian discourse of the time, the following three chapters cover Toegye's religious and moral understanding of the relationship between the Heavenly Principle (C. tianli, K. cheolli) and human nature (C. renxing, K. inseong). Furthermore, Chung covers the moral-spiritual implications that the Four-Seven Debate had on Toegye's later practical self-cultivation for becoming a sage. In short, the debate concerns the relation between the "four sprouts" of human characteristics as first described by Mengzi (ca. 371–289 BCE) and the seven human emotions mentioned in various classical texts. Toegye believed in the doctrine that the "experience of Heaven was within oneself" (p. 47). Therefore, [End Page 1] to become a sage, one would have to commit to the active practice of an inner feeling of reverence (C. jing, K. gyeong) daily. Chapter six dives into the spiritual practice of self-reflection and mind cultivation (C. xinxue, K. simhak), which was an ongoing process that would lead the practitioner closer to sagehood. The seventh chapter focuses on how this spiritual dimension of Toegye's doctrine is relevant to broader discussions of ecology today. With a strong love for nature, Toegye incorporated the idea of nature within his spiritual self-cultivation, which Chung elaborates on. It was important for the human being to be in harmony with Heaven, earth, and all myriad things. This meant respecting and spending time in nature also played a part in the daily practice of spiritual self-cultivation. Moving on, in chapters eight and nine, Chung presents a comparative study on the philosophical and theological question of how to transcend evil, as well as the matter of interreligious dialogue. By way of a textual-interpretive approach, Chung compares Toegye's thought with Christian contra Buddhist theological ideas and how these findings can help develop an interreligious approach. In chapter nine, Chung suggests that the idea of self-transcendence through self-cultivation can be the ultimate reality. In this chapter, Chung wants to break with the tendency in interreligious dialogue where many scholars rely heavily on Christian theological terms. Chung introduces Neo-Confucian concepts and terms, especially the terms used by Toegye. The last and concluding chapter...

Graph-Fraudster: Adversarial Attacks on Graph Neural Network-Based Vertical Federated Learning

Graph neural network (GNN) has achieved great success on graph representation learning. Challenged by large-scale private data collected from user side, GNN may not be able to reflect the excellent performance, without rich features and complete adjacent relationships. Addressing the problem, vertical federated learning (VFL) is proposed to implement local data protection through training a global model collaboratively. Consequently, for graph-structured data, it is a natural idea to construct a GNN-based VFL (GVFL) framework. However, GNN has been proven vulnerable to adversarial attacks. Whether the vulnerability will be brought into the GVFL has not been studied. This is the first study of adversarial attacks on GVFL. A novel adversarial attack method is proposed, named Graph-Fraudster. It generates adversarial perturbations based on the noise-added global node embeddings via the privacy leakage and the gradient of pairwise node. Specifically, first, Graph-Fraudster steals the global node embeddings and sets up a shadow model of the server for the attack generator. Second, noise is added into node embeddings to confuse the shadow model. Finally, the gradient of pairwise node is used to generate attacks with the guidance of noise-added node embeddings. Extensive experiments on five benchmark datasets demonstrate that Graph-Fraudster achieves the state-of-the-art attack performance compared with baselines in different GNN based GVFLs. Furthermore, Graph-Fraudster can remain a threat to GVFL even if two possible defense mechanisms are applied. In addition, some suggestions are put forward for the future work to improve the robustness of GVFL. The code and datasets can be downloaded at <uri xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">https://github.com/hgh0545/Graph-Fraudster</uri> .

Semi-Probabilistic Repetition Schemes for Sporadic URLLC Traffic in Multiuser Massive MIMO Systems

Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) assisted grant-free access is a compelling approach to support uplink ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLCs). It is a natural idea to combine massive MIMO and repetition transmission to further improve the reliability. However, excessive repetitions may increase the collision probability in multiuser scenarios and thus limit the reliability improvement. In this paper, we propose a novel semi-probabilistic repetition (SPRe) scheme for the massive multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO) systems with grant-free access. By introducing a transmission probability for the replicas, the SPRe is more flexible than the popular repetition scheme, i.e., <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">K</i> -repetition, and covers the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">K</i> -repetition as a special case. Considering practical MU-MIMO systems with finite block-length coding, channel estimation errors, pilot collisions and the sporadic arrivals of URLLC traffic, the reliability of the proposed SPRe is thoroughly analyzed and derived in closed form. Through further asymptotic analysis, the optimal transmission probability to maximize the reliability of MU-MIMO is derived for the high-SNR regime and low-load scenarios. Moreover, the diversity gain of the proposed SPRe is also analyzed and it is proved that the optimal SPRe is superior to the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">K</i> -repetition in terms of reliability. The analysis and superiority of the SPRe are finally verified through computer simulations.

Antiandrogenic treatment of obsessive compulsive neurosis: A case review

IntroductionObsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental disorder in which patients who suffer from it have repetitive and undesirable thoughts, feelings, ideas, sensations (obsessions) and behaviors that drive them to do something over and over again (compulsions).Often the person tries to get rid of the obsessive thoughts through compulsions, but this only provides short-term relief. Not carrying out the obsessive rituals can cause enormous anxiety and suffering.ObjectivesTo describe a 23-year-old male patient, who suffers from anxiety and mood symptoms, reacts to ego-dystonic obsessive ideas and sexual content, of months of evolution, and who manages to calm down through compulsive masturbation or watching sexual videos on the internet. All this clinic negatively interferes with their quality of life, asking the patient for medical help to calm these ideas.MethodsWe carried out a review in Pubmed with the terms Antiandrogens and TOC, in order to make a better description of the clinical case.ResultsAfter several treatment attempts (Sertraline, Paroxetine, Clomipramine, Clomipramine + SSRI), reaching maximum doses according to clinical guidelines, and with poor therapeutic response, it was decided to discuss the case with the endocrinology department of our hospital, deciding to start treatment with antiandrogens, in order to alleviate the persistent intrusive ideas of a sexual nature. The administration of antiandrogens in men can cause a decrease or increase in the development or involution of secondary sexual characteristics in men, reducing the activity or function of accessory sexual organs, and hyposexuality, with decreased sexual desire or libido.After several weeks, there was improvement in the obsessive symptoms with a decrease in compulsive rituals. However, after the 3rd mo, some symptoms reappeared, but not with the same severity and intensity as before treatment. In addition, we cannot ignore the adverse effects that have occurred, such as involution of secondary sexual characteristics. However, and taking into account the negative repercussion that this clinic had on the patient’s quality of life, the benefit obtained exceeded the risk, having noted clear improvement with this therapy, and maintaining evolutionary controls by both psychiatry and endocrinology.ConclusionsPatients suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder can be effectively treated with anti-androgenic pharmacological agents with various modes of action. The most effective group of such agents is the long-acting analogues of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone. The objective of this review is to elucidate the possibility of using such powerful anti-androgenic agents in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Trans Bodies and Embodiments in Shani Mootoo’sCereus Blooms at Night

This article studies how three kinds of trans embodiment—trans-speciation, sartorial metamorphosis, and nonmedical gender transition—in Shani Mootoo’s Cereus Blooms at Night (1996) unsettle the anthropocentric idea of nature, the genital view of sex, gender, and sexuality, and the pathological framing of trans people in colonial epistemologies. In a postcolonial novel set in the colonial Caribbean, these kinds of trans embodiment interrogate the nature-culture or human-nonhuman divide, allowing certain characters to feel at home in their trans bodies rather than, as per liberal narratives of progress, seeking a new home elsewhere. Like intersex nonhuman species (particularly the snail and the cereus), some trans embodiments also interrogate the enterprise of sex/gender dimorphism.

Sonic colonialities: Listening, dispossession, and the (re)making of Anglo‐European nature

AbstractCreative and feminist geographers position listening as a way to build more responsive, ethical, and reciprocal relations to people and environments. In this paper I argue that for geographers to situate listening – in the broadest definition as ‘sensing, attuning, and noticing’ – as part of a creative approach to reparative practice, we must first understand how Anglo‐European modes of listening and interpreting the world through sound are shaped by ‘sonic colonialities’. These are encultured ways of apprehending and narrating environments that are derived from the Eurocentric fetish for pre‐colonial natures, imagined as discrete, unmediated, and possessable. Given the now prolific interest of geographers in sonic practices, this paper argues for a closer and more critical attention to how listening and sound methods are inherently determined by sonic colonialities. Using the example of field recordings, I show how such practices create and perpetuate divisive ideas of nature and place within contemporary ecological sound art.

Robust Long-Term Tracking via Localizing Occluders

Occlusion is known as one of the most challenging factors in long-term tracking because of its unpredictable shape. Existing works devoted into the design of loss functions, training strategies or model architectures, which are considered to have not directly touched the key point. Alternatively, we came up with a direct and natural idea that is discarding things that covers the target. We propose a novel occluder-aware representation learning framework to develop this idea. First, we design a local occluders detection module (LODM) to localize the occluders, which works on the principle that discriminates the non-noumenal part from a target based on the general knowledge of this category. An extra dataset and a clustering strategy is proposed to support this general knowledge. Second, we devise a feature reconstruction module to guide the occluder-aware representation learning. With the help of above methods, our localizing occluders tracker, called LOTracker, can learn an occluder-free representation and promote the performance that tracks with occlusion scenarios. Extensive experimental results show that our LOTracker achieves a state-of-the-art performance in multiple benchmarks such as LaSOT, VOTLT2018, VOTLT2019, and OxUvALT.

STATISTICAL NATURE OF STRENGTH AND SCALE EFFECT IN MOUNTAIN ROCKS

The theories and concepts of strength considered above are based on the model of a body either as a homogeneous structureless medium, or as a material having a structure, but uniform throughout its volume. Rocks are obviously not such bodies. They are composed of mineral grains of different properties, contain macrodefects in the form of pores and various inclusions, as well as objects of various aggregate states (gases, liquids). Under these conditions, deterministic theories of strength turn out to be clearly untenable. In particular, the use of the classical theory of Griffith cracks is complicated by the following circumstance. Since the rock is an aggregate of mineral grains, a microcrack developing inside the grain inevitably reaches its boundary and, consequently, the radius r of the crack mouth increases abruptly. Therefore, for the transition of a crack to another grain and its further development, a stress greater than that follows from Griffith's theory is required. Thus, there is some "barrier" stress, at which only the development of a crack in a real rock is possible. In addition, the development of cracks in the rock occurs mainly along the contact of mineral grains, i.e., along the cementing material, often of a clay composition. For such a material, the theory of brittle fracture is applicable. The destruction of the rock (from the standpoint of any theory of strength) is determined by the stresses acting in it. But due to the heterogeneous structure of the rocks, the local stress concentration centers are randomly distributed in its volume. Therefore, the strength and destruction of rocks must be considered from a statistical standpoint. This approach is justified for most other materials used by humans. The idea of the statistical nature of strength was first put forward in scientific terms by A.P. Aleksandrov and N.S. Zhurkov in 1933. Keywords: rock strength, constant material, scale effect, rocks, destruction probability, fractured, robustness theory, microcrack, mineral, experience constant, density of defects, displacement, compression.

From Society of Sentimentality to Society of Joint Control

The article analyzes the diagram of demand and supply and identifies median figures, around which demand is formed in case the economic agent presenting it consists of a bigger number of households. The impact of mass media on demand shaping is provided. The article shows how the ad institution influences households and motivates them to buy goods at higher prices. With the help of physicalism analogues of impacts exerted on households are identified and a conclusion is drawn that to analyze economic events it would be useful to apply methods of quantum-relative view of the world instead of traditional methods of mechanicism, which build the foundation of economics. Today’s analogues from physics can enrich tools of economists-theoreticians and provide new interpretations of behaviorist economics, for example why and in what way it is possible to single out a group with certain characteristics from of community of people. This method of putting people in target audience is widely used in advertising even today, which within the frames of globalization economy is becoming a specific tool of shaping society of sentiments. The article uses this term to designate households that under the influence of ads form their expectations about product usefulness. It can give an opportunity to the economic agent that enters the market with product proposal to sell it at the price, whose median figure is higher that the mean product price. In accordance with ideas of physicalistic nature the article demonstrates trends for restructuring national economic space in view of globalization model of economy termination. The author regards economic space as an analogue of electro-magnetic field and the Internet as its extension and he came to the conclusion about changes in methods of influencing households. Sentiment is replaced by methods of joint control that are built by social networks, for instance in bloggers’ community. Such community is often formed by national traits and reputation plays an important role in it.

The effects of nature and sociality as sources of technology, as well as the synthesis of engineering and technology in modernity

The article offers a new interpretation of the technique and its evolution. The ideas about the technique of Aristotle, F. Bacon, P. Engelmeir, N.Berdyaev are analyzed, as well as the understanding of nature, on the basis of which the technique is comprehended and conceptualized. The author's hypothesis is that it is necessary to distinguish between two fundamentally different understandings of technology and the lines of its development: one, where technology is understood as engineering and conceptualized within the framework of the first nature, and the other, technology as technology, conceptualized within the framework of the idea of the second nature. In addition, the author shows that in the twentieth century there is a convergence of both lines of technology development, entailing a synthesis of engineering and technology. The atomic project is given as an illustration. On the basis of the proposed ideas, an explanation of the peculiar explosion of the development of technology in the XIX and XX centuries and the emergence of technoprime is outlined. To analyze the features of the second nature, the work of Dmitry Efremenko is considered, who suggests the genesis of megamachines, distinguishing between their two main types and outlining the third. Another component of the second nature is technology, in which, in addition to the sequence of operations and the conditions that ensure them, the author highlights the division of labor, attitudes to economy, standardization and quality of products, research and optimization or restructuring of production activities. In conclusion, the article points out three consequences of the synthesis of engineering and technology, as well as the crisis of technology in modernity: the need to revise ideas about nature, technology and the modern project, as well as the importance of studying the second nature.

HUMAN BEING IN THE SPACE OF ANTINOMIES

The idea of antithetical human nature and the concept of man as a bivalent creature are heuristic to reveal the problem of human being.The traditional antinomic splitting of anthropological features into one’s own – another’s, immanent – transcendent, freedom – necessity, good – evil, happiness –misfortune, etc. acquires a specific coloring in the Ukrainian realities. Purpose is to reveal the ambivalence of the image of a person, which acquires special features in the Ukrainian realities. Methodological basis are the principles of the phenomenological description of subjective experience, the means of historical and philosophical analysis, hermeneutical methods of understanding and interpretation.Discussion. These or those anthropological modes constitute the variability of the human (O.Bollnov, C.Jung, K.Jaspers, J.-P.Sartre, E.Fromm). The reasons for the mosaic nature of the human image are rooted in the existential inexhaustibility of the anthropological palette. The existence of man in the overtones of antinomies is evident in the studies of both domestic classics (V.Lypynsky, I.Franko) and modern Ukrainian philosophers (V.Malakhov, D.Sepety), and Western thinkers (V.Frankl, V.Tatarkevych, G.Hofstede). Conclusion. Controversial nature of the classical opposition of freedom – necessity turns in the Ukrainian realities into the opposition of “will” as an expressive meaningful constant and depressingly deathly “bondage”, and acquires tension of the binarism “freedom – death”. “Will” as the only state acceptable to a person, the authentically own, native way of being turns to a spectrum of modulations of the anthropological attribute of “oneself” as a native oecumene, a truly familiar and close space, opposed to the “alien” – land, people, language, custom, etc.The idea of parity of both – male and female – cores is quite adequate, since in Ukraine the Cossacks was an embodiment of perfect masculinity, “chivalrous nature”, similar to Western chivalry – with similar to chivalrous cult foundations (for example, the cult of the Mother of God and the cult of the Virgin Mary). After all, the ideology of the Cossacks demanded the convergence of the concepts of “nobleman” and “Cossack” as one who was “granted the liberties of a knightly people”.Controversial nature of the modes of life meaning, happiness disappears, losing expressive signs of confrontation and turning into a tense uniqueness of the constants of meaning of life, fate, finiteness of a person as a whole.The concept of happiness, extrapolating into the opposition of happiness /fate – disaster /sorrow (deprivation, misfortune), powerful for Ukrainian culture, is connotative with “will” (after all, “what kind of freedom is such a fate...”), on the one hand, and “underweight” – an evil fate, on the other hand. However, on the existential plane, the life-meaning ethical component of happiness loses its dramatic controversial vector: happiness with its internal semantic and moral modulations is a selfsufficient value.

SECTOR DISCOURSE/TEXT IN THE NOMINATIVE FIELD OF THE COMPLEX CONCEPT WORD / LANGUAGE / SPEECH

The article is dedicated to the study of the complex concept WORD / LANGUAGE / SPEECH and its medial zone in the naпve picture of the world within a framework of a new scientific direction — dual linguistics: scientific and naive interpretation of language in the English lexicography. The complex concept WORD / LANGUAGE / SPEECH, which is verbalized by nominative units extracted from English general lexicographic sources, is considered. The nuclear zone of the naпve picture of the world counts three lexemes (which together contain 42 sememes), among which 161 semes have been filtered by means of seme analysis method. The most common semanteme, present in all nuclear lexemes, is the idea of the bilateral nature of any communicative unit. All of the nuclear zone lexemes in the primary dictionary position contain the seme, which emphasizes the unity of content and form of the phenomena under consideration. The medial zone of the nominative field of the verbalized WORD / LANGUAGE / SPEECH complex concept is many times bigger and more variable in comparison with the nuclear zone. It includes more than 700 lexical units with semantic components language, speech, communication. According to the thematic principle, the collected material was divided into 6 sectors: communication; units of language, speech; discourse, text; phonetical, grammatical and stylistic phenomena; language / dialect / slang, speaker; linguistics. The given sector contains nominative units of the English vocabulary to indicate various types of institutionalized discourse, primarily means of written fixation of human communication in public and private spheres. The evolution of verbal communication between people from ancient times to the present is reflected in a diverse palette of nominations of communicative phenomena of religious, artistic, scientific, legal and business, mass media and even everyday communication.

On The Concept of Independent Nature

Multiple concepts of nature are at play in environmental theory and practice. One that has gripped several theorists is the idea of nature as referring to that which is independent of humans and human activity. This concept has been subject to forceful criticism, notably in the recent work of Steven Vogel. After clarifying problematic and promising ways of charac­terizing independent nature, I engage Vogel’s critique. While the critique is compelling in certain respects, I argue that it fails to appreciate what I take to be an important motivating concern of those drawn to the concept of independent nature, or something like it. I offer a characterization of that concern—a worry about problematic instrumentalization of the nonhuman world—and suggest why this concern, and the idea of independent nature which helps to make it intelligible, should continue to inform environmental theory and practice. In offering a qualified defense of the concept of independent nature, and of its value, I assume that such a concept is only one possible tool in a multi-pronged approach to environmental theorizing, deliberation, action, and policy.

Нестабильная природа и «тьма вещей»: между европейским двоесмыслием и китайским корреляционизмом

As an embodiment of the technical thinking of European modernity, the Anthropocene as a phenomenon and as a concept relies on the idea of nature as a world separate and independent from human society. However, the obvious counterproductivity of this dualism points to the need for a new way of thinking about the relationship between humans and nonhumans. The paper examines some of the ontological insights developed in Chinese classical philosophy to indicate on what kind of relationship with nature a collective of nonhuman and human could be based. In particular, it is proposed to conceive of nature as a concept associated with a moral rather than metaphysical order. The paper begins by proposing several positions (Latour, Descola, Viveiros de Castro) that allow for the affirmation of the ontological pluralism and otherness of natures. It makes possible a different way of associating humans and nonhumans. Further, the way in which nature is inscribed in Chinese ontological conceptions that emphasise not just the unity of all things, but the moral wholeness of the world, is examined. Such a “moral cosmotechnics” presupposes the absence of human exceptionalism and treats human beings as just another thing among many things. This situation precludes anthropocentrism and does not confer on human beings a privileged position conducive to the cultivation of a detached and theorising view of nature. Instead, human existence is always understood as a self-unfolding interaction within nature. Finally, it is suggested that ancient Chinese philosophy in considering the cosmos, did not primarily proceed from a metaphysical formulation of the question leading to a separation of the collectives of human and nonhuman, but rather endowed the cosmos with an overarching morality that supports the continuous building of a collective allows any object to join in. Considering nature not as an object of knowing but as a moral subject is supposed to be a perspective through which a new “natural contract” becomes possible.