Modern Ideas Research Articles

Language disorders: diagnosis and treatment in neurological practice

Language disorders resulting from cerebral stroke or other focal brain lesions, as well as from some neurodegenerative diseases (aphasia) are common in neurological practice and have a negative impact on almost all kinds of social interaction and the quality of life of patients. The aim of this work was to study and summarize the information on aphasia in the world scientific lite-rature in order to achieve a consensus among representatives of different specialties and to optimize the diagnostic and treatment strategies in patients with language disorders. We searched for publications from 2001 to 2023 on language disorders in neurological diseases, diagnosis, and treatment of aphasia in the PubMed, Clinical Key Elsevier, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar databases. The article highlights the historical aspects of the formation of modern ideas about language disorders and considers the main clinical forms of aphasia, their relationship with the topography of brain lesions. Diagnostic approaches in speech and language disorders include assessment of speech production, speech comprehension, naming, repetition, reading and writing, in addition to pronunciation and fluency, which is performed in clinical practice by neurologists, speech and language therapists. Based on a comprehensive assessment of language functions, language impairment can be classified as one or more of the seven main clinical forms of aphasia. The main predictors of a better recovery of language functions are a milder initial severity of aphasia, an earlier initiation of treatment and an adequate scope of therapy. The basis of treatment and rehabilitation for aphasia is speech and language therapy, which can be carried out by both specialists and the patient’s family or caregivers. The role of drug treatment and non-invasive brain stimulation in improving language functions is still very limited and requires further research. Teaching patients and their family certain rules of communication taking into account present language disorders is of great importance. Future treatment strategies for aphasia are likely to consist of a combination of a behavioral approach with pharmacotherapeutic and neuromodulatory interventions.

Sir Henry Sumner Maine et les systemes juridiques traditionnels

The birth of comparative law in England is strongly linked with the Ancient Law, its Connection with the Early History of Society and its Relation to Modern Ideas, of Sir Henry Sumner Maine published in 1861. Maine is the first in England to be endowed ‘ad personam’ with the Chair of Comparative Law in Oxford in order to teach legal history and comparative (foreign) law. It is undoubtedly the Roman law that stood in the focus of interest of Sir Henry Sumner Maine serving as basis to carry out comparative legal studies. That approach is in particular manifested in Ancient Law as Maine attributes significance to the various institutions of Roman law. The author draws in particular a comparison between Maine and Bachofen as far as their approach relating to the basis of foreign law related research is concerned. The role that Roman law (ius Romanum), i.e. Civil law (ius civile), played in the development of English law during the centuries is also underlined in this paper, and in its last part, the author emphasizes the contemporary significance of Ancient Law and traditional legal systems for the foreign law related research on the basis of the works of Maine.

Inflammaging and prognostic markers of endometriosis

Inflammaging, an age-associated inflammation, is a cellular stress response caused by DNA damage, activation of oncogenes or inactivation of tumor suppressors, oxidative stress, chemotherapy, mitochondrial dysfunction, or epigenetic changes. Damage to macromolecules leads to the cessation of proliferation due to the activation of pathways such as p53/p21CIP1 and p16INK4a/RB. These form the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), the molecular/cellular manifestations of which in endometrial cells have features similar to those observed in endometriosis. Presently, there are no uniform diagnostic criteria or established molecular markers that can predict the development and course of endometriosis. In this regard, it is relevant to develop new minimally invasive examination methods, statistically based criteria and molecular markers for early diagnosis and prognosis of endometriosis. This review article is devoted to identifying molecular markers that characterize the pathogenesis of endometriosis during inflaming. The aim of the study was to consider modern ideas about the mechanisms of inflaming and its role in the development of endometriosis to determine possible molecular markers for predicting the course of the pathology. We used the PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases to analyze and systematize the literature over the past ten years. Our review reflects the main molecular mechanisms and prognostic criteria that characterize the development of endometriosis during inflaming.

Conceptual Approaches to the Development of Nature-like Technologies Which Prevent the Degradation of Agricultural Lands

The author presents the results of the study and substantiation of conceptual approaches and physical principles that are necessary and appropriate in the development of nature-like technological processes, technical systems and means that are fundamentally different from the most common and currently used. The proposed approaches are based on modern ideas about the physiology and production processes of plants. Based on the concept of symbiosis of plants and soil microorganisms, creating optimal conditions for the preservation and development of biocenoses formed in root-inhabited soil layers through intrasoil cultivation.

#1189 Сorrelations between laser doppler flowmetry spectral indicators and glycated hemoglobin level in patients with diabetic nephropathy

Abstract Background and Aims Diabetic microangiopathy is a specific vascular complication of diabetes mellitus type 2, which matters to patients' mortality and individual prognosis. Therefore, an important problem is the development of non-invasive methods for the diagnosis of diabetic microangiopathy, such as laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF). This work aimed to analyze some correlations between LDF spectral indicators and the level of glycated hemoglobin in patients with chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes. Method The study included 55 patients (26 men and 29 women) with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The age of patients was 58-77 years. The duration of diabetes was more than 5 years. All patients had chronic kidney disease (stage C3-C4) caused by diabetic nephropathy. For Laser Doppler flowmetry we used the “LDF 100C” system (“Biopac Instruments”, USA). Each patient had a 10-minute LDF registration on the skin of the rear of the foot. Using the special software, we have assessed slow, respiratory and pulse flux motion contribution and flux motion index. The next step was a correlation analysis with the glycated hemoglobin level. Results There were several correlations of the spectral LDF indicators with the level of glycated hemoglobin (Table 1). Thus, a negative correlation with the level of glycated hemoglobin was observed for the flux motion index (p=0.04) and the contribution of slow flux motion (p=0.03). On the contrary, for the contribution of pulse flux motion, there was detected a positive correlation with the level of glycated hemoglobin (p<0.01) (Fig. 1). Conclusion Correlations of LDF indicators with the level of glycated hemoglobin can be explained with the correlation of the diabetic microangiopathy progression with the effectiveness of glycemic control. Hyperglycemia is a key pathogenic factor of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Consequently, in patients with ineffective or less effective glycemic control, a more significant development of diabetic microangiopathy should be expected. An increase in the contribution of pulse flux motion in the laser Doppler flowmetry use guidelines is regarded as an increase in the role of the pulse wave in microcirculatory blood flow modulation. The cause of the latter is most likely a more intensive remodeling of the walls of arterioles against the background of a higher frequency of hyperglycemia episodes. The negative correlation of the contribution of slow flux motion can be explained by a violation of the local mechanisms of microcirculation modulation. The cause of this disorder is the morphofunctional restructuring of the microvessels themselves, the defeat of smooth myocytes in the wall of arterioles and venules, including pacemaker cells, with a violation of the automatic contractile activity of smooth myocytes, as well as endothelial. These factors lead to a shift in the balance of regulation towards systemic factors, which is reflected in the decrease of the flux motion index. A decrease in the flux motion index is regarded as a microcirculation deficiency, which was detected in all patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Thus, correlations of the spectral LDF indicators with the level of glycated hemoglobin corresponds to modern ideas about the pathogenesis of diabetic microangiopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. These data can be an additional argument in favor of the further development of improving laser Doppler flowmetry using for the tasks of non-invasive diagnosis of microvascular disorders in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The reported study was funded by RFBR, project number 19-315-90080.

Language and literature in the information economy: the state of English, English and the state

The impact of colonialism and empire and then of transport, logistics, advertising, media, cinema, radio, tourism, and the internet extended the global reach of English. With 1.13 billion speakers, one in seven in the world now has some English competence. Within this global circulation of English, we have the global teaching of English language and literature, most recently captured for Britain in a June 2023 British Academy report, the relevant findings of which are the decline in the information age and under neoliberal governments of university students reading English Literature and the rise of Creative Writing and world literatures in translation. I distinguish global from world Englishes as the hegemonic language of global trade and finance from more bottom-up Englishes mixed with other languages on the streets; discuss the state of English studies globally; and propose decolonising and denationalising the curriculum. The notion of national languages, identifying a language with national unity, is a very modern idea, only about three centuries old and arising with the formation of modern nation-states. We might use the lived histories of global and world Englishes to transcend both romantic revolutionary and far-right exclusionary nationalisms in literary and language studies in favour of more cosmopolitan, multilingual, and convivial approaches.

Современные представления о диффузной алопеции

This article presents modern ideas about the etiology and pathogenesis of diffuse alopecia. The classification, possible etiological factors, and links of pathogenesis are analyzed in detail. All possible approaches to the reatment of diffuse alopecia are described, including external therapy and physiotherapy techniques.

Islamic Education from the Perspective of KH Hasyim Asy'ari

Hasyim Asy'ari as a Muslim intellectual, introduced the results of his thoughts on Islamic education as an aspect of life formed in the religious field. He implemented an education system based on the Qur'an as a guideline. This article aims to analyze the concept of Islamic education in the perspective of KH. Hasyim Ash'ari. This research is qualitative research in the form of literature study. The object of this study is the concept of KH thinking. Hasyim Asy'ari on Islamic education. The results showed that Islamic education in the perspective of KH. Hasyim Asy'ari is patterned on traditional Islam which emphasizes the values of Sufism which is divided into three areas, namely Sufism, theology and jurisprudence. This is very different from modernist ideas, until the works he wrote adhered to traditional Islamic beliefs.

Gen Z’s Language Identity and Contemporary Philosophies in the Digital Era

This phenomenological study delved into the lived experiences of Filipino Generation Z (Gen Z) regarding their language identity in the digital age. The study tries to understand how Filipino Gen Z navigates and develops their linguistic identity in the context of modern ideas and the usage of the Filipino language, given the increasing influence of global media and the rapid growth of communication technologies. Using in-depth interviews with 15 purposively selected participants, the themes provide vital insights into how Filipino Gen Z negotiates their cultural and linguistic identity as global interconnection and technological innovations change communication landscapes. Themes included the influence of social media on language preferences, the role of education in shaping linguistic identity, the impact of global media, and participants’ reflections on the intersection between contemporary philosophies and their linguistic choices. The findings help better comprehend the complex interplay between emerging communication paradigms, contemporary philosophical influences, and the preservation of language legacy in the dynamic setting of the digital era.

Стратегическое управление социально-экономическим развитием: конституционно-правовые аспекты

The article opens a series of publications devoted to the constitutional and legal aspects of strategic management of the socio-economic development of the state. The time is passing when in Russia “planning” was considered incompatible with market relations, despite the fact that it has long been implemented in countries with market economies, and is sometimes enshrined constitutionally. Although the turn to strategic planning in Russia is usually justified by economic considerations, there are also constitutional and legal arguments. The idea of creating a strategic management system is connected with the fact that all the concepts and development strategies adopted over the past decades turned out to be largely unfulfilled, and many of the provisions contained in them were initially incorrect; The adoption of the law on strategic planning, which was criticized by experts for producing a stream of poorly consistent documents, did not improve the situation. Creating an effective strategic management system requires a clear definition of the subject, object, management tools, as well as its stages, modeling, resource support and apparatus for assessing the results achieved. This article examines the stages of strategic management from a constitutional and legal position, in particular, it is proposed to provide two additional initial stages that bring the process into greater compliance with both the theory of systems management and the basic constitutional provisions; the concept of “algorithmic modeling” is revealed; a conflict is revealed between the legal force of goal-setting documents of strategic planning and other acts, including those fixing its resource provision, as well as the problem of insufficient coherence of policies implemented both by different bodies (and other subjects) at the same level of public authority, and at its different levels ; ways to resolve relevant problems and conflicts are proposed. The regulatory and legal aspects that require consideration when developing an apparatus for assessing the results of strategic management are revealed, and the feasibility of moving to target indicators that are more consistent with modern ideas about development is considered.

Modern ideas about the development of atherosclerosis

Currently, in the leading countries of the world there is a question of a significant increase in diseases associated with circulatory system disorders, but this issue should be considered together with another pathology – atherosclerosis. Analysis of modern scientific literature has shown that at the moment there is no single theory of the origin of atherosclerosis, because this disease can be caused by various factors, both endo- and exogenous. Currently, most scientists and doctors agree that atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disease, in the development of which there are complex, often long-term violations of immunologic, molecular-genetic, biochemical reactions. Many significant structural units are involved in the process of atherogenesis: the vascular wall, local disturbance of blood flow, and blood forming elements. Opinions on the etiology of atherosclerosis vary. However, most authors tend to consider dyslipidemia as the leading mechanism of atherosclerosis development; at the same time, we should not forget other possible causes of its formation.

The study of marketing opportunities for the use of the raw material of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.) in the pharmacotherapy of musculoskeletal system diseases

Aim. To form a modern idea of the market structure and trends in the consumption of drugs for the pharmacotherapy of rheumatoid arthritis, to determine the possible potential for use of plant raw material of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium). Materials and methods. The study was conducted using the structural analysis, logical and graphical methods, and marketing analysis methods. Results. It was found that in the pre-war period the market for drugs affecting the musculoskeletal system developed quite vigorously – its growth rate in the period of 2020-2021 ranged from 16 to 29 % in natural units and from 20 to 30 % in monetary terms. According to the structure of producing countries, the market was significantly import-dependent. The market for synthetic drugs was quite saturated, represented by various dosage forms – tablets, powder for suspension, injection solutions (ampoules), granules, capsules, sachets, alcohol solutions, oil solutions, suppositories, oral suspensions, transdermal patches, gels, ointments. The research was conducted taking into account the study of marketing opportunities for the use of the raw material of Tanacetum parthenium in the pharmacotherapy of diseases of the musculoskeletal system since this raw material had certain advantages compared to synthetic analogs. It should be noted that the market of herbal medicines for the treatment of the musculoskeletal system diseases or the prevention of their manifestations is very limited and is represented by a minimum number of product items and one representative of the medicinal flora – Symphytum officinale. In addition, 90 % of the market for this group of drugs belongs to foreign manufacturers. Although research of the market for biological supplements indicates a certain demand for products based on the medicinal plant raw material. Conclusions. Based on the trends identified, we can state the positive development of the market for drugs that affect the musculoskeletal system, the prospects for the development of drugs based on the medicinal plant raw material, including Tanacetum parthenium.

The Role Of Innovative Marketing In Enhancing Creativity Of Industrial Organizations

Innovative marketing has become a basic pillar that countries and industrial companies rely on to achieve creativity in their work, a true criterion for their success and failure, and an essential element for their profit or loss. Innovative marketing has become an urgent necessity and there is no way to ignore it, because of its vital therefore, industrial organizations must shift from traditional marketing to innovative marketing and think outside traditional frameworks by constantly keeping pace with development, encouraging innovation, generating modern ideas, and adopting the concept of creativity by following modern and innovative marketing means and methods based on distinction and superiority. Hence, this search aimed to know the influence of innovative marketing in developing creativity. Data were collected using a questionnaire survey. The questionnaire form was distributed to a sample of 84 employees at the General Company for Textile and Leather Industry, in addition to personal interviews conducted by the researchers. The study results indicated that there is a relationship between innovative marketing in developing creativity through the selected dimensions, as the company’s management seeks to provide better sustainable programs for developing creativity by enhancing activities related to understanding customers’ desires and providing more of those desires. Paper type: Analytical research.

Современные представления о патогенезе гестационного сахарного диабета

Aim. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is by far the most common type of metabolic disorder in pregnant women, the consequences of which are significant for doctors of various specialties. Features of the course of GDM determine a whole range of completely new problems associated with the health of newborns. This was influenced, on the one hand, by the obesity pandemic, which provoked an exponential increase in the incidence of GDM, and insulin resistance, responsible for the earlier onset of GDM, and on the other hand, by the introduction into clinical practice of clear unified diagnostic criteria adopted by major international medical associations. As the prevalence of GDM continues to increase, the development of new prognostic and diagnostic tests for this pregnancy-associated condition is of great importance to improve outcomes for both mothers and children. Purpose. To study modern ideas about the pathogenesis of GDM. Material and methods. To write this review, a search was carried out for domestic and foreign publications in Russian and international search systems (PubMed, eLibrary, etc.) over the past 9 years. The review included articles from the peer-reviewed literature. Results. The review presents data on various mechanisms of GDM occurrence. Conclusion. Thus, GDM is a growing public health problem associated with rising obesity. To minimize complications for mother and baby, early diagnosis is essential. However, ideal screening for GDM has not yet been developed. The studies discussed in this review highlight the seriousness of GDM, including identifying and managing risk factors, accurately diagnosing and treating the disease to prevent associated complications.

Post-COVID syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes: definition, epidemiology, pathophysiology, biomarkers and genetic associations

The article presents the modern ideas about post-COVID syndrome, indicates various types and classifications of post-COVID syndrome, provides epidemiological data, including the patients with type 2 diabetes, also the definition of post-COVID syndrome is given. The group of patients defined as patients with post-COVID syndrome is very heterogeneous. Post-COVID syndrome is more common in the elderly, with comorbid pathology, severe disease. The pathophysiology of this syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is analyzed, and risk factors are indicated. The main biomarkers of disorders were determined: monocytes and their coefficients, acute phase proteins, some biochemical indicators, including analysis of genetic associations with the severity of post-COVID disorders (interferon gamma gene, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene, ACE2 inhibitor). Genotyping of a sample of 26 single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes implicated in viral entry, immune response, and inflammation were significantly associated not only with the risk of long-term COVID-19 symptoms, but also with the cumulative incidence of post-COVID syndrome. Elevated levels of interleukin 6, C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor alpha may serve as potential diagnostic biomarkers in long-term COVID biomarkers of blood vascular transformation have great potential for diagnosis, and angiogenesis modulators may have therapeutic efficacy It has been shown that the vast majority of patients, in particular those suffering from type 2 diabetes, develop post-COVID-19 syndrome, and taking into account pre-existing diseases, post-COVID syndrome is not so harmless. By identifying common biomarkers and genetic associations, it is possible to identify the common molecular mechanism of post-COVID syndrome COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus. The novelty of disease association studies in the context of COVID-19 provides new insights into the management of rapidly evolving long-term COVID and post-COVID syndromes that have significant global implications.

From translatio to translation: the reconceptualization of translation in the Early Modern period

ABSTRACT The medieval concept of translatio was qualitatively different from our contemporary understanding of “translation”. Not only was it a much broader concept, encompassing many forms of relocation or transposition far beyond the inter-linguistic, it also implied change and adaptation to local conditions. Thus, medieval texts would mutate and shapeshift in a way that is incompatible with the modern idea that, in translation, the “meaning” should remain the same. This article argues that the transition from the medieval to the modern mindset was marked by the onset of a new semiotic theory, a new understanding of the relationship between form and meaning. Following the recovery of Hellenistic science in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the Platonic notion of the semantic invariant (or transcendental signified) gradually took over from the rhetorical attitude of embedded meaning. The dynamics involved in the shift are explored in both the secular and the sacred domains.

Kharkiv in the 1920s-1930s as the Capital of Victorious Modernism

Documenting and demonstrating (based on material from archives and literary primary sources) the extraordinary growth and development of Kharkiv in the interwar period with an emphasis on the time when it became the first capital of Soviet Ukraine is the main goal of this article. The ideas of modernism were vividly embodied in the architecture and urbanism of the city in the 1920s and early 1930s. Large-scale urban transformations turned it into one of the largest and most significant industrial, cultural, scientific and educational centers of the USSR in a very short period. It became the third most important city after Moscow and Leningrad. And in 1928 modernism was officially recognized as the leading direction in its architecture.

Torah as the Basis of Modern Ideas about the Judiciary: Introduction to the Topic

The diversity of relationships between people determines the multiplicity of types of social norms that regulate interactions in human society. Various systems of social regulation – such as customs, morality, religion, law – throughout the history of mankind are also in constant mutual influence. Their relative importance is fluid, social norms have a constant impact on each other, often experiencing transformations from one type to another. In light of this, the influence of religious institutions on the formation of secular law and the secular system of public, including judicial, power deserves serious study. The Torah, the main holy book of the Jewish people, the basis of Judaism (the oldest and most enduring monotheistic religion in history), which had a significant influence on the formation of Christianity and Islam, is the source of many well-known and established legal ideas. In particular, the Torah contains many provisions concerning the values of justice, the principles of organization and the exercise of judicial power. In fact, all the fundamental principles of justice that have become widespread in the modern world – the institutional organization of the judicial system, the staged nature of legal proceedings, the principles of fair justice, accessibility of court, impartiality of judges and many others – are enshrined in the Torah (and detailed in other sacred Jewish texts) as Divine commandments obligatory for people to fulfill. The article concludes that the study of the Jewish religious heritage can strengthen the significance of the values and principles of justice as the fundamental basis for the existence and functioning of human society.

Rituals as Nature-Based Governance of reciprocity between people and nature

The conventional approach to environmental governance, based on institutions, regulations, and interventions, has utterly failed to stop the current ecological catastrophe. I suggest a radical alternative: Ritual as the core mode of ‘nature-based governance’ (NBG) that enacts deep and comprehensive reciprocity between people and nature. NBG grounds governance mechanisms in embodied more-than-human practices with normative force. I combine a wide range of theoretical resources in social sciences, economics, and philosophy to suggest a general concept of ritual that is inspired by but generalizes over Indigenous thought and is informed by East Asian ideas about ritual as the pivot of social order. However, the radical basis for my argument recognizes ritual as a kind of action that humans and non-humans share as living beings. Therefore, rituals can be activated in workable governance mechanisms to create and sustain communities of multi-species cohabitation. I present a theoretical case study on property as ritual; this relates human property of land with non-human territoriality, acknowledging possession and its ritual performance as a behaviour shared in humans and non-human species. Consequently, rooted in ritual, a more-than-human notion of property emerges that radically differs from modern ideas of the institution of property but converges with Indigenous relational concepts. Equipped with these theoretical insights, I suggest practical applications in the context of NBG of Nature-based solutions. These are: reconceptualizing eco-compensation as a reciprocal ritual of gift-giving, the commoning of ecosystem services of animal populations in wildfire protection, and the formation of urban multi-species communities in urban gardening.

Guiding Canada's Girls Toward the Empire

Through a critical analysis of Guiding's official programming books, the hierarchy of its organizational structure, and scholarly works on the history of the Guiding and Scouting Movements in Britain and Canada, this paper explores the early development of the Girl Guides of Canada; analyzing the early 20th century public's shifting views on girlhood and examining the relationship between Guiding and the British Empire. The central thesis of this essay is that the organization was originally founded in 1910 with a strict, conservative gender ideology and a strong imperial connection, but changed its messaging during the Interwar Period to reflect emerging modern notions of girlhood and imperialism; while still retaining its core values in its official programming. 
 Born out of the Scouting Movement of Great Britain, the Girl Guides of Canada were originally founded with the intention of preparing young girls for a domestic life; serving the British Empire by being dutiful wives and mothers. The organization's mission was to address the public's anxiety surrounding modern girlhood. As new economic and leisure opportunities appeared for women and girls in Canada's urban areas, so did the fear that these working women would lead lives of promiscuity, potentially causing the breakdown of domestic life. Guiding sought to prevent this issue by taking up young girls' spare time with gendered instruction on subjects such as how to run a home and the role of women in the British Empire. This messaging and ideology was incredibly popular at the time, and the Guiding movement spread like wildfire.
 Following the First World War, the Canadian public's views on the role of girls and the British Empire were changing: through Guiding's wartime volunteer efforts, girls had proven themselves to be capable of much more than domestic instruction, and Canada began to question its place within the empire. The emergence of alternative youth movements, with a specific focus on physical training and fostering a Canadian national identity, reflected this change. In response to these developments, the Girl Guides released introduced international camps with messaging surrounding peace and international friendship, and promoted a more progressive view of girls with new badges and activities. This new rhetoric made the movement more appealing to a wider array of girls, but only obscured the organizations original values of imperialism and domesticity. The structure of the organization still adhered to a hierarchy that favoured British Girl Guides, with the Canadian arm taking all direction from Britain. Upon analysis of Guiding's programming books, it is also clear that gendered instruction was still the primary focus of the organization. This paper also examines how Canadian Girl Guides' programming was used to naturalize and assimilate girls who did not fit the Empire's idealized model of white womanhood, such as Indigenous girls attending residential schools and girls from immigrant households, further complicating its notion of internationalism.
 The changes to the Guiding Movement's programming reflect the organization's desire to spread its ideology to a wider audience, rather than a commitment to more modern ideas of girlhood and progressive notions of international friendship. The programming, while becoming more refined over time, still centered around domestic skills and preparing girls for motherhood, while the organization's international structure relied on a hierarchy that placed Britain at the top, and kept Canada at an arms' length.