Ideal Area Research Articles

Episodic alteration within a gold-bearing Archean shear zone revealed by in situ biotite Rb–Sr dating

Many economic gold deposits formed in the Neoarchean under greenschist facies conditions in association with ductile–brittle shear zones that were conduits for sulfur-bearing hydrothermal fluids. Although the large-scale architecture and formation history of Neoarchean structurally controlled gold deposits has been the subject of many studies, the timing, rates, and durations of mineralization-related alteration remain challenging to deconvolve owing to a lack of event-specific geochronometers and the potential multitude of overprinting processes. In an effort to better understand the alteration history along the mineralized Zuleika Shear Zone in the Eastern Goldfields Superterrane of the Yilgarn Craton in Western Australia, we present the results of biotite Rb–Sr from 13 drill core samples (seven with apatite Sr isotopes) from the Kundana gold camp and the Carbine area. The Kundana district is a lode gold deposit that represents an ideal case study area to test the longevity of mineralization-associated alteration systems. We use in situ laser ablation collision cell triple quadrupole mass spectrometry on biotite from a range of characteristic alteration assemblages with well-defined relative growth ages. Biotite Rb–Sr ages constrain the timing of four different alteration stages between ∼2700 and 2550 Ma. The correlation between relative alteration chronology and Rb–Sr age and the lack of any relationship between grain size and age supports an interpretation of Rb–Sr ratios reflecting biotite growth during hydrothermal alteration with subsequent rapid cooling. Initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios of biotite and apatite are similar and indicate compositions that are more radiogenic than chondritic values and generally slightly more radiogenic than modelled Neoarchean Bulk Silicate Earth values, consistent with a mixture of mantle and crustal fluid sources. Ti-in-biotite thermometry yields temperatures between 540 and 615 °C, peaking towards the main gold mineralization phase. Although it is not possible to link individual Rb–Sr ages to specific faulting events, the absolute age dating for the various alteration assemblages indicates a prolonged, multiphase alteration system lasting ∼150 Ma. Long-term permeability networks with episodic short-lived fluid pulses that outlast terrane- or camp-scale deformation may not only apply to Neoarchean lode gold deposits, but to any tectonically driven zone of weakness in the continental crust.

A two-phase evolutionary algorithm for multi-objective distributed assembly permutation flowshop scheduling problem

• We study a multi-objective distributed assembly flowshop scheduling problem. • We present a two-phase evolutionary algorithm divided by time. • Two novel heuristics specific to different objectives are proposed. • Six crossover operators and two mutation operators are designed specifically. • The effectiveness of our algorithm is demonstrated by 810 benchmark instances. In recent years, multi-objective optimization problems have received extensive attention. This paper proposes a two-phase evolutionary algorithm (TEA) to solve the multi-objective distributed assembly permutation flowshop scheduling problem with total flowtime and total tardiness criteria. The first phase of the TEA uses a novel two-population structure to simultaneously optimize the two criteria. According to the characteristics of the structure, two construction heuristics are designed to obtain solutions with both high quality and diversity. Four crossover and two mutation operators are presented. The interaction between the two populations increases the diversity within each population. The second phase integrates the previous two populations and uses the method of normalized objective function to enhance efficiency. Two new crossover operators are proposed to improve the performance of the algorithm. The TEA first finds several approximate front solutions to provide ideal feasible areas, and then continuously expands the solutions to the Pareto front. It embodies convergence, diversity and uniformity in different phases. Finally, through 810 benchmark instances, the TEA is compared with five classical and popular algorithms. The effectiveness of the two mechanisms in the TEA is analyzed. Experimental results demonstrate the superior performance of the TEA in terms of distribution and coverage of solutions.

Responses of phytoplankton communities driven by differences of source water intrusions in the El Niño and La Niña events in the Taiwan Strait during the early spring

The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is one of the most important drivers of interannual variations of marine ecosystems, especially monsoonal ecosystems. The channel effect in a strait amplifies the impact of monsoons and may be an ideal area to study ecosystem responses to ENSO events. Previous studies have shown that physical processes in the Taiwan Strait (TWS) vary during the different ENSO phases, but the biological responses are still unclear. In this study, we found clear differences in the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the TWS between different ENSO phases based on data from satellites and field cruises during the 2015–2016 El Niño and 2017–2018 La Niña events. Although the monsoonal patterns were similar during early spring cruises during two ENSO events, the influence of the China Coastal Current (CCC), which is characterized by low sea surface temperature, low salinity, and high nutrient concentrations, was 1.5 times greater during the 2015–2016 El Niño than the 2017–2018 La Niña. The average chlorophyll a concentration was therefore higher in 2016 than that in 2018. The phytoplankton consisted mainly of diatoms, dinoflagellates, and cryptophytes during the 2015–2016 El Niño, but concentrations of those phytoplankton groups decreased, and concentrations of prasinophytes, Synechococcus, and Prochlorococcus increased during the 2017–2018 La Niña. Their influence of the CCC and warm currents were associated with the variations in phytoplankton community structure in the TWS. The results of this study enhance understanding of the responses of marine ecosystems to climate variabilities, and of the changes that climate change may bring to strait ecosystems.

Shared Decision Making and Peer Support: New Directions for Research and Practice.

Shared Decision Making and Peer Support: New Directions for Research and Practice.

Spatial distribution of modern pollen and fungal spores and their ecological indication in Qinghai Lake on northeastern Tibetan Plateau, China

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) – also called the “third pole” – is an ideal area to study the long-term relationship between people and the environment due to its sensitivity to both climate change and anthropogenic activities. Qinghai Lake in the north-eastern QTP is considered a key site to explore this issue. Fossil pollen and fungal spores extracted from lake sediments are effective proxies of palaeoecological evolution and ancient anthropogenic activities, but rely on the modern studies of pollen and fungal spores for an accurate interpretation of the fossil record. In this study, 36 surface-sediment samples from Qinghai Lake were collected from different water depths for pollen and fungal spore analyses to explore the modern characteristics of assemblages and dispersion of pollen and fungal spores. Our results show that the modern pollen assemblages of Qinghai Lake are mainly dominated by Artemisia, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and Chenopodiaceae, with similar pollen assemblages across the lake, while pollen concentrations show a significant enrichment towards the sedimentary centres of the lake. The modern pollen assemblages reflect the characteristics of the vegetation communities and land use in the basin well. The percentages of Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae pollen are significantly higher in the lake surface-sediment samples than those from topsoil samples of the basin, while percentages of Cyperaceae pollen are lower than those in the topsoil samples. Rivers are an important vector for transporting pollen of intrazonal vegetation, including Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and Hippophae, into Qinghai Lake. Additionally, Cerealia Poaceae pollen (>37 µm) is an effective indicator of farming activities in the Qinghai Lake basin. Fungal spores have higher heterogeneity in their percentages and concentrations from different sampling sites, with Glomus spp. and Delitschia spp. being more abundant near the lakeshore, while other fungal spores, including Sordaria spp., Sporormiella spp. Pleospora spp., Coniochaeta spp., Savoryella spp., and Urocystis sp., having higher percentages and concentrations towards the centre of the lake, with the particle size of the fungal spores being an important factor affecting their transportation and deposition in the lake. This study provides essential data on modern processes and a theoretical basis for accurately interpreting fossil pollen and fungal spore records from lake sediments on the QTP.

Polyphase tectonics, fault kinematics and metallogenic implications at the fringe of a craton (Anti-Atlas, Morocco)

At the northern border of the West African Craton (WAC), the Saghro massif of the Moroccan Anti-Atlas belt is renowned for its tectonic complexity inherited from Pan-African, Variscan, and Alpine orogenic cycles. This makes it an ideal area to investigate the tectonic evolution of the northern fringe of the WAC from Precambrian to present times. In this study, remote sensing structural mapping and extensive field observations and measurements have been integrated to decipher the tectonic style and fault kinematic history in the Precambrian-Cambrian and Cenozoic outcrops of the southwestern Saghro massif. The structural analysis shows three fault systems, namely N–S to NNE-SSW, NE-SW to E-W, and NNW-SSE to NW-SE. Extensive and transpressive/compressive tectonics reactivated the NE to ENE major faults, while most of the NW-SE pan-African structures are tectonically aborted. This fault pattern played a major role in the thick-skinned Variscan tectonics of the area and the origin of the present-day reliefs of the Saghro massif. The thin-skinned deformation style characterizes the superimposed Ouarzazate foreland basin, accommodated by deep detachment faults and fault-propagation folds favored by multiple post-Variscan incompetent levels. The increased fracture frequency with increasing rock strength and deformation intensity has a significant implication in the fault distribution over the basement and cover outcrops. The resulting structural map allows the revision and updating of existing geological maps and helps to understand the tectonic correlations between the southern orogenic border of the High Atlas and the Anti-Atlas fold and thrust belt.

Erector Spinae Block Reduces Opioid Use After Transaxillary First Rib Resection

Recent federal initiatives mandate reductions in opioid analgesic prescribing to control postoperative pain. The severe pain associated with first rib resection for thoracic outlet syndrome is an ideal area of focus. The erector spinae block (ESB) is a new regional anesthesia technique used to provide analgesia for relief of acute postoperative pain. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential benefit of ESB to reduce opioid requirements after transaxillary first rib resection.

Research on longitudinal dynamics safety boundary of carrier-based aircraft arresting

The carrier-based aircraft landing and arrest process is complex and nonlinear, and includes the coupling effect between the aircraft and the arresting system. This process has many uncertain factors, which create difficulties in landing safety analysis. To improve the accuracy and effectiveness of landing safety analysis, this paper presents some studies. Selecting a certain type of carrier-based aircraft as the research object, a dynamic model of the collision and rebound of the arresting hook was established, and the accuracy of the model was verified using laboratory test results. Subsequently, a dynamic model of the arresting hook following the engagement of the arresting cable was established, and the ideal contact area of the arresting hook was obtained by combining it with the dynamic constraint equation. Afterward, the longitudinal safety envelope of carrier-based aircraft during landing and arrest, which is the set of all states where the aircraft can safely land and arrest, was obtained based on a numerical iteration method. In addition, a reasonable safety evaluation index is proposed to quantitatively analyze the effect of the key parameters, including the sinking velocity, pitch angle and horizontal velocity, on landing and arrest safety. Based on the response surface method (RSM), the effects of the structural parameters of the landing gear on the safe envelope are discussed, and meaningful conclusions are obtained. This analysis method and its results provide a reference for top-level parameter design of carrier-based aircraft and safety research on arresting systems.

Numerical Simulation and Optimization of a Solar Adsorption Icemaker

A solar adsorption ice maker was numerically studied. The system is an adsorption cycle that is connected to a separate solar heating system. An oil solar collector is connected to the generator of the adsorption cycle through a heat-exchanger in a closed loop. A refrigeration pair of Methanol-Activated Carbon (AC) was considered in the adsorption cycle. A mathematical model was developed for each component of the system. A transient numerical simulation was established, and the annual system performance was demonstrated under weather conditions of Makkah city, 21.5 ⸰N. The system unique design was achieved, and the ideal mass was predicted for the adsorbent and adsorbate together maintaining a constant percentage between them. It is found that the system which apply the Activated carbon/Methanol YKAC (14-20 MESH) might possibly deliver high solar system performance (SCOP) of about 0.26 during the cold days and 0.367 of cycle. As expected, lower temperature of the condenser and higher temperature of the evaporator can improve the system COP. In addition, three different kinds of collectors were considered and the maximum efficiency of about 0.80 was achieved for flat plate at optimum area of 3.15 m2 which is higher than both evacuated-tube (ETC) and parabolic trough collector (PTC) all over the year. The ETC efficiency is about 0.71 at ideal collector area of 3.5 square meters while the optimum area of the parabolic trough is 8.4 m2 at 0.79 of efficiency. In conclusion, the system results recommended that 22kg of ice could be produced every day for each square meter of solar collector.

Vegetation Dynamics in the Qinling-Daba Mountains through Climate Warming with Land-Use Policy

The Qinling-Daba Mountains in central China (also known as the north–south transitional zone) comprise an ideal area to study land cover change, climate change, and human activities. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) change and associated driving factors are highly sensitive to vegetation cover change. To discover the long-term vegetation trends in the transition zone and determine the driving factors of NDVI change in recent decades, this study analyzed the NDVI variation trend and its spatial variation with elevation, slope, and land-use type based on annual growing season NDVI data from 1990–2019 (Landsat 30 m; Google Earth Engine). The results show that NDVI values in the Qinling-Daba Mountains significantly increased and experienced a dynamic change process, involving an initial decrease and subsequent increase over this time period. The period of 2000–2005 showed a remarkable increasing stage of the NDVI in the transition zone. Such NDVI changes are sensitive to elevation and slope. For example, areas at elevations < 1500 m or with slopes of 5°–25° exhibited a stronger rate of NDVI increase than in other places. The NDVI change was also found to be positively affected by human land use and climate warming, both of which had a stronger impact than precipitation. The area with rapid NDVI growth was also the region with the greatest impact of human cropland and host to the Grain-for-Green project. This demonstrates that human land use has had a positive impact on the NDVI change in recent decades, although urbanization had led to a decrease in the NDVI in surrounding areas. Land-use policies have contributed to the large increase in NDVI values, especially those for forest conservation and expansion programs such as the Grain-for-Green project.

Ion imprinted polymer layer modified magnetic nanocomposites for selective recycling of aqueous Ni(II)

In order to improve the capacity and selectivity of the adsorbent, ion imprinting technology was introduced to the preparation of magnetic nanomaterials, Bentonite/CoFe2O4/SiO2 @ Polyvinyl alcohol, (abbr. IICBSPVAs). Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) layer was synthesized by polymerization on the surface of magnetic bentonite for an ideal specific surface area of IICBSPVAs. Citric acid (CA) was selected as the cross-linking reagent to keep the network more stable and to form Ni (II) active sites. The effect of pH, adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherm were studied. The selectivity coefficients α were 2.149 (Ni(II)/Cd(II)), 2.507 (Ni(II)/Zn(II)) and 3.768 (Ni(II)/Cu(II)), respectively, which indicated that IICBSPVAs had good adsorption selectivity of Ni(II). The specific surface area (SSA) and pore volume of IICBSPVAs were 73.62 m2/g and 0.20 cm3/g, which were obviously improved compared with the previous reported work (30.56 m2/g and 0.053 cm3/g). The pseudo-second-order kinetic (R2 = 0.998) and Langmuir models (R2 = 0.973) fitted the data well. According to the XPS results, Ni (II) complexed with hydroxyl (-OH) on the ion imprinted layer and led to IICBSPVAs’ excellent selectivity.

GIS-MCE based suitability analysis for sustainable estate development in Ede North LGA Osun State, Nigeria

Ideal areas for housing developments that are, for the most part, sustainable, present critical issues in the planning and development of eco-friendly urban settlements. With this in mind and explicitly, Ede North LGA of Osun state was chosen as the case study where a methodological framework for a land suitability analysis was adopted to identify suitable lands for real estate development with sustainability as a focus in the realization of global UN goals. This present study falls within the framework of the Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) analysis, which can be integrated into Geographic Information Systems (GIS) together with the Analytic Hierarchical Process (AHP), useful for decision making in site selection studies. For this purpose, computed relative weights from the pairwise comparisons (AHP) of 5 sub-models, i.e., terrain, environmental, socio-economic, available land and soil factors, were inserted into the suitability analysis function of GIS and combined in a ‘Weighted Sum’ overlay operation to produce a final suitability map on a scale of 1-5 with 5 being the highest preference. Lastly, the ‘Locate Region’ Spatial Analyst tool was applied to the final suitability map to locate three (3) optimum locations to site the estate developments. Conclusively, in view of the analysis and discoveries made in this research, finding optimum locations via the GIS–MCE based land suitability model for future housing development needs may prove highly resourceful. Hence, this study can likewise give a significant direction to future land use changes and practical and cost-effective arrangements in the urban areas where conditions are similar to those in Ede North LGA.

Effect of multilayer anti-reflective coating on spectral emissivity of area blackbody

An area blackbody is used as a standard radiant source for calibrating equipment of non-contact infrared temperature measurement. Tailoring the spectral emissivity of area blackbody is important for improving the accuracy of a temperature measurement system. In this work, a new antireflective coating (ARC) has been proposed and the first association it with area blackbody has been made to improve the emission in the 3–14 μm wavelength range. We have compared the single, dual and triple-layer of different ARC materials with a different combination. In each category, we have optimized the SiO2, Al2O3 and Si3N4 thin films layer stack as ARC coating and then compared radiation property of area blackbody covered by ARC. Numerical simulations of the spectral emissivity of the combination reveals that double-layer ARC is taken as the most excellent stack structure, which can realize spectral emissivity exceeding 0.9 with least material in the wavelength range from 3 to 13 μm. Physical mechanisms responsible for the increasing emissivity are elucidated as due to producing the gradual variation of the refractive index and the selection of each layer material directly affects emission performance. Considering excellent radiation property of area blackbody combined with ARC, this study can help pave the way for designing ideal area blackbody.

Application of MCDM methods for flood susceptibility assessment and evaluation the impacts of past experiences on flood preparedness

This research is analyzed the flood hazard using two ensemble models in ​​Mazandaran Province, Iran and assess how the experience contributed to community flood preparedness by household surveys. For this purpose, two approaches of Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and Attributive Border Approximation Area Comparison (MABAC) combined with Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and weight of evidence (WOE) models were applied. Applying eight effective factors, including rainfall, distance from rivers, slope, soil, geology, elevation, drainage density, and land use, the flood risk zoning map was prepared with the help of Geographic Information System. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for test sample set was 87.14% and 83.24% for TOPSIS-based and MABAC-based models, respectively. Regression analysis found a negative correlation between past flood experience and flood preparedness of residents, consistent with cluster analysis. This indicates that local people had not learned much from previous experiences of flood catastrophes.

Study on Spatiotemporal Variation Pattern of Vegetation Coverage on Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and the Analysis of Its Climate Driving Factors

As one of the most sensitive areas to global environmental change, especially global climate change, the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is an ideal area for studying global climate change and ecosystems. There are few studies on the analysis of the vegetation’s driving factors on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau based on large-scale and high-resolution data due to the incompetence of satellite sensors. In order to study the long-term vegetation spatiotemporal pattern and its driving factors, this study used the enhanced spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model (ESTARFM) to improve the spatial resolution of the GIMMS NDVI3g (8 km) data of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau in 1990 and 1995 based on the MODIS NDVI (500 m) data. The research on the spatiotemporal pattern and driving factors of vegetation on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau from 1990 to 2015 was carried out afterward, with combined data including topographic factors, annual average temperature, and annual precipitation. The results showed that there was a strong correlation between the actual MODIS NDVI image and the fused GIMMS NDVI3g image, which means that the accuracy of the fused GIMMS NDVI3g image is reliable and can provide basic data for the accurate evaluation of the spatial and temporal patterns of vegetation on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. From 1990 to 2015, the overall vegetation coverage of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau showed a degrading trend at a rate of −0.41%, and the degradation trend of vegetation coverage was the weakest when the slope was ≥25°. Due to the influence of the policy of returning farmland to forests, the overall degradation trend has gradually weakened. The significant changes in vegetation in 2010 can be attributed to the difference in the spatial distribution of climatic factors such as temperature and precipitation. The area with reduced vegetation in the west was larger than the area with increased vegetation in the east. The effects of temperature and precipitation on the distribution, direction, and degradation level of vegetation coverage were varied by the areal differentiation in different zones.

PENGABDIAN KEPADA MASYARAKAT PELATIHAN PEMBUATAN PETA DAERAH PENANGKAPAN RAJUNGAN (Portunus pelagicus) UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL TANGKAPAN

The use of small crab in the waters of Pangkep Regency has not been maximized, as one of the things done is mapping the ideal fishing area. This study aims to map the fishing area to increase the crab catches. The purpose of this research is to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of fishermen and to increase the income and standard of living of fishermen. The study was conducted in the waters of Pangkep Regency. Materials and tools used in this study include the global position system, current meter, hand repractometer, DO meter, and pH meter. The data used include primary data and secondary data. Primary data is collected through direct measurements in the field and secondary data obtained from documents that have been produced by related agencies. Data analysis was obtained from laboratory analysis and measurement and geographic information systems. The results of the research conducted were obtained. The location of the adult swimming catch area includes coastal waters, around the island and in particular the outer boundaries of the islands. The criteria for catching area of ​​the crab that is "in accordance" with the area of ​​the waters is 89,131.37 ha, "quite suitable" with the area of ​​the waters is 109,164.87 ha. The criteria for the area of ​​catching crabs that are "not suitable" with an area of ​​water is 4,577.56 ha.

Acceptance of Internet of Things in Developing Countries

This study examines the acceptance of Internet of Things (IoT) in Developing countries. The study adopted value-based adoption model (VAM) and integrated with perceived trust to examine mobile payment as the sample application of IoT. Convenience sampling technique was employed to identify the ideal areas for data collections. Mall Intercept Technique (MIT) was employed to collect a total of 430 valid cases from mobile payments users in mobile payment centers. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed to examine the paths of the hypothesized relationships. The findings show that usefulness, perceived trust, perceived value and perceived fee have direct and significant influences on acceptance of Internet of Things in developing countries. Furthermore, perceived fee, technicality and perceived enjoyment were also found to have significant effects on perceived value. The study has provided theoretical and practical implications to researchers and policy makers on how to increase consumption of IoT services in developing countries.

Modern Pollen Assemblages From Lake Sediments and Soil in East Siberia and Relative Pollen Productivity Estimates for Major Taxa

Modern pollen–vegetation–climate relationships underpin palaeovegetation and palaeoclimate reconstructions from fossil pollen records. East Siberia is an ideal area for investigating the relationships between modern pollen assemblages and near natural vegetation under cold continental climate conditions. Reliable pollen-based quantitative vegetation and climate reconstructions are still scarce due to the limited number of modern pollen datasets. Furthermore, differences in pollen representation of samples from lake sediments and soils are not well understood. Here, we present a new pollen dataset of 48 moss/soil and 24 lake surface-sediment samples collected in Chukotka and central Yakutia in East Siberia. The pollen–vegetation–climate relationships were investigated by ordination analyses. Generally, tundra and taiga vegetation types can be well distinguished in the surface pollen assemblages. Moss/soil and lake samples contain generally similar pollen assemblages as revealed by a Procrustes comparison with some exceptions. Overall, modern pollen assemblages reflect the temperature and precipitation gradients in the study areas as revealed by constrained ordination analysis. We estimate the relative pollen productivity (RPP) of major taxa and the relevant source area of pollen (RSAP) for moss/soil samples from Chukotka and central Yakutia using Extended R-Value (ERV) analysis. The RSAP of the tundra-forest transition area in Chukotka and taiga area in central Yakutia are ca. 1300 and 360 m, respectively. For Chukotka, RPPs relative to both Poaceae and Ericaceae were estimated while RPPs for central Yakutia were relative only to Ericaceae. Relative to Ericaceae (reference taxon, RPP = 1), Larix, Betula, Picea, and Pinus are overrepresented while Alnus, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, and Salix are underrepresented in the pollen spectra. Our estimates are in general agreement with previously published values and provide the basis for reliable quantitative reconstructions of East Siberian vegetation.

Novel Design of a Digital PLL for Power Reduction

Very large-scale integration (VLSI) circuits operating at ultra-low power are currently acquiring more attention from the research group and the industries too. Recently, the performance of many applications depends on the size and energy consumption of sensor nodes. The energy efficient sensor nodes with reduced size are much preferred among applications such as wireless sensor networks, pollution and plant monitoring. The biggest challenge faced by the VLSI designers in present day life is designing a product of new generation which operates on minimum possible power. Power consideration is the eventual design criteria in different real-life applications like pacemakers etc. Phase Locked Loop is a framework that produces an output which is in phase with the input signal. In Phase Locked Loop (PLL), the focus is at the input signal’s phase with its output oscillator signal’s phase and thus modifies the recurrence frequency of the Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) for phase co-ordination. The output signal from the Phase Frequency Detector is utilized to control the oscillator in a feedback circle also. As an operational gadget, the PLL has wide scope of utilization in media transmission, PCs and electronic applications. In this paper, designing and analysis of PLL with numerous outputs has been proposed to be implemented by changing the closed loop frequency control framework PLL blocks. As such, highly effective, low power, ideal area chip can be used for PLL with four various yields as PLL 8x, PLL 4x, PLL 2x and PLL 1x with different frequencies separately. Likewise, it is planned to utilize multi-threshold or sleep transistors to minimize the leakage current in the circuit. Further, the execution or performance verification of various parameters of PLL are done to acquire negligible power. Direct toolbox YALMIP is used as programming solver as an optimization tool. In addition to this, another method of Non- dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) Correlation for optimization is also introduced between both the strategies to find the best outcomes.

Sensitive indicators of soil nutrients from reservoir effects in the hot-dry valleys of China

The construction of giant reservoirs can affect the hydroclimatic cycles and related soil nutrient recycling. The current understanding of variations in soil nutrients driven by reservoir impoundment is limited because soil often reacts slowly to changes and the impoundment effects can be masked by various factors, making detection difficult. The soils in the hot-dry valleys suffer from a savanna-like hot and dry climate, making it an ideal area for studying the effect of reservoir impoundment on the soil. Here we collected 138 soil samples in April and November along the cascading reservoirs located in the hot-dry valleys of China, including Xiangjiaba, Xiluodu, Baihetan, and Wudongde reservoirs. Results showed that (1) the reservoir impoundment does alter the soil nutrients. The contribution of the impoundment to the variation of soil nutrients was 3.82% in April and 6.44% in November. (2) Compared to April, a relatively dry and cold November is preferred for revealing the reservoir impact on soil nutrients in the hot-dry valleys. (3) Available nitrogen and available phosphorus, followed by soil organic matter, are potential sensitive indicators that can be used to reflect the reservoir impoundment effects. Additionally, pH may be a potential indicator, particularly in the head reservoir area. It is important to note that the effect of reservoir impoundment on soil nutrients is easily masked. This study encourages dam operating agencies, policymakers, and researchers to regard reservoirs as integral parts of the forcings that modify soil nutrients and is an essential step in gaining an insight into the impact of hydropower development on surrounding terrestrial ecosystem services related to soil nutrients.