Opposite Ideas Research Articles

Unmasking, Unveiling, Demystifying, Stripping Bare

An investigation and elaboration of Peter Baehr’s theory of “unmasking” as expressed in his recent book and article, with additional attention to relevant ideas of Vilfredo Pareto and other theorists whose modus vivendi included the rhetorical and substantive dismantling of oppositional ideas.

Image Outpainting: Hallucinating Beyond the Image

Image inpainting is a technique that aims to fill in the missing regions with visually plausible content. However, an opposite idea, which is painting outside images, receives little work. In this study, we investigate the issue of image outpainting. Considering that the model needs better prediction ability as there is less neighboring information in image outpainting, the study proposes a novel image outpainting architecture that can obtain both deep model performance and detailed information. To fully take advantage of residual learning, dense residual (DR) learning is proposed and the image generative network is built on DR. To avoid losing subtle information caused by downsampling in encoder-decoder, shortcuts are added for transferring previous knowledge. Different from vanilla U-Net, we propose a skip method of the semi-complete form. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves excellent performance.

The Development of εὑρίσκω ‘find’ as Evidence towards a Diachronic Solution of the Matching-Problem in Ancient Greek Complementation

This paper traces the semantic and constructional development of the complement-taking verb εὑρίσκω ‘find’ from Homeric Greek to Post-Classical Greek. First, the paper details the semantic development of εὑρίσκω using characteristics such as predicate type, semantic role of the subject and factivity. Subsequently, explanations are offered for the constructional development of εὑρίσκω, using insights from grammaticalization research such as reanalysis and analogy. In contrast to previous studies on Ancient Greek complementation which support the idea of a systematic Classical Greek opposition of factive participial versus non-factive infinitival complementation, this paper shows how bridging contexts of mental judgment εὑρίσκω with a participial complement do not follow this opposition as they are non-factive and changed their meaning (with reanalysis) before changing their complementation structure (through analogy). Also, by extending our view to the individual history of other cognitive predicates (ἐπίσταμαι, γιγνώσκω and οἶδα) the author showsthat other cognitive predicates undergo similar developments from factive+object to factive+ ACP to non-factive+ACI, although their individual histories are still in need of a systematic diachronic account. Thus, complementation patterns per period could be analysed in a more fine-grained way by analysing complementation patterns bottom-up from the semantic and constructional evolutions of individual predicates. Also, the findings from this paper provide evidence towards a diachronic solution of the so-called matching-problem: diachronically related semantic and constructional stages strongly motivate the choice of a specific complementation structure but absolute factivity oppositions in Classical Greek complementation are rather strong tendencies.

Reviewing the Viewpoint of Régis Blachère about the Term "Ommi" (The Illiteracy of Prophet Muhammad PBUH)

The subject of Prophet's illiteracy and being uneducated is one of the important challenging issues of Quranic sciences in the field of Quranic Miracle, which is almost discussed by orientalists and scholars of Islamic sciences; the concept of illiteracy is the subject of their dispute, some scholars say illiteracy means not being educated but other scholars say illiteracy means someone who is literate but is attributed to Mecca, which is the main pivot of their opposite ideas. Meanwhile, some orientalists like Will Durant agreed on the illiteracy of holy Prophet; but some like Blachère disagreed the illiteracy of holy Prophet (PBUH). The famous French Orientalist, Régis Blachère, in the preface to his translation of the Quran in French, has presented his views on several issues like Quranic sciences and history. The illiteracy of the Prophet is one of the points that the scholars of Quranic sciences have discussed in the Qur'an's miracle debate. But some orientalists like Blachère have not accepted the illiteracy of holy Prophet and have criticized the viewpoint of Muslims. He considers the origin of the Muslim's viewpoint about the Prophet's illiteracy as the wrong interpretation of the term "Ommi". He has defined the phrase "Al-Nabi Al-Ommi" as the Prophet of idol worshipers. In this article, by descriptive-analytic method, the writers first examine the literal meaning of the word “Ommi” and then by citing related verses, and expressing the commentators' viewpoint, have proved that Ommi means the Prophet's illiteracy. In addition to literal and interpretative documents and Quran, other strong proofs and documents have been presented that the Prophet was illiterate and he could not read and write.

Detecting topology freezing transition temperature of vitrimers by AIE luminogens

Vitrimers are one kind of covalently crosslinked polymers that can be reprocessed. Topology freezing transition temperature (Tv) is vitrimer’s upper limit temperature for service and lower temperature for recycle. However, there has been no proper method to detect the intrinsic Tv till now. Even worse, current testing methods may lead to a misunderstanding of vitrimers. Here we provide a sensitive and universal method by doping or swelling aggregation-induced-emission (AIE) luminogens into vitrimers. The fluorescence of AIE-luminogens changes dramatically below and over Tv, providing an accurate method to measure Tv without the interference of external force. Moreover, according to this method, Tv is independent of catalyst loading. The opposite idea has been kept for a long time. This method not only is helpful for the practical application of vitrimers so as to reduce white wastes, but also may facilitate deep understanding of vitrimers and further development of functional polymer materials.

ФЕНОМЕН П. А. ОЙУНСКОГОВ КОНТЕКСТЕ МИРОВОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

Актуальность проблемы обусловлена ростом интереса к личности и творческому наследию П. А. Ойунского в современную эпоху. Тем более что в изучении его творчества остаются нерешенные вопросы. В частности, не учитывается его эволюция как мыслителя и художника слова, что приводит к идеологизированному подходу к нему только как пламенному борцу и буревестнику революции. Ранний П. А. Ойунский представлял собой тип ангажированного художника. Его поэзия была неразрывно связана с общественнополитической деятельностью. Устанавливая советскую власть в Якутии, участвуя в гражданской войне, создавая Песню свободы и Завещание орла, он совершенно искренне верил в то, что служил идеалам социальной справедливости и интернационализма. Но ему были чужды индивидуалистические настроения, идеи вождизма и трибунства. В ранних стихотворениях поэт оперировал понятиями народ, труженики, бедный люд, его лирический герой носил собирательный, обобщенный характер. В произведениях позднего П. А. Ойунского, например, повести Кудангса Великий и рассказе Александр Македонский, явственно проступают оппозиционные идеи по отношению к тоталитарному режиму. Далее, сохраняется устаревшая традиция замкнутого изучения его наследия в рамках лишь якутской литературы. Поэтому целью нашей работы является рассмотрение произведений П. А. Ойунского на широком фоне мировой литературы. Воссозданный им монументальный эпос олонхо Нюргун Боотур Стремительный имеет типологические схождения не только с эпическими поэмами тюркских народов, но и с такими памятниками, как кельтские саги или древнескандинавская Старшая Эдда. А в драматической поэме Красный шаман и повестипредании Кудангса Великий ощущаются традиции трагедий В. Шекспира Гамлет и Макбет. Кроме того, П. А. Ойунский является одним из создателей якутской школы художественного перевода. Все эти обстоятельства подтверждают закономерность постановки проблемы П. А. Ойунский и мировая литература. The topicality of problem caused bythe increased interest in the person and creative legacy of Platon Oyunsky in the modern time. The study of his works contains open questions. In particular, his evolution as a thinker and writer is often forgotten, which leads to an ideological approach to him as merely an ardent fighter and messenger of the revolution. Early Oyunsky represented the agendadriven type of a writer. His poetry was connected with social and political activity. Establishing Soviet power in Yakutia, taking part in civil war, creating The Song of Freedom and The Eagles Will, he truly believed in ideals of social justice and internationalism. Meanwhile, he avoided individualism, ideas of autocracy and tribune. In his early works, there were concepts of people, workers, poor people, his lyrical hero had collective, generalized character. There are ideas of opposition towards totalitarianism in P. Oyunskys later works Kudangsa, the Great and Alexander, the Great. Another thing is there remains an obsolete tradition to limit the studies of his heritage within Yakut literature only. So far, the aim of our article is to study P. Oyunskys works against the wider background of world literature. Recreated by him monumental epic olonkho Nurgun Bootur, the Swift has typological similarities not only with epic poems of the Turk people, but also with such ancient manuscripts as Celtic sagas or Skandinavian Senior Edda. At the dramatic poem Red Shaman and the legend story Kudangsa, the Great traditions of Shakespeares tragedies Hamlet and Macbeth are felt. Besides, P. Oyunsky is one of founders of Yakut school of literary translation. All these arguments confirm the relevance of the topic P. Oyunsky and world literature.

THE ROLE OF ANTONYMS IN BULGARIAN LANGUAGE TRAINING FOR DENTAL MEDICINE STUDENTS

The current topic on the role of the antonyms in the Bulgarian language training of dental medicine students is based on observations conducted in three groups in the specialty, first and second years respectively. When communicating with Bulgarian patients students have to use words of the opposite meaning, to specify a particular problem in determining the dental status of the patient. The choice of antonyms is mandatory for determining the degree of sensations, sensitivity of the tooth to hot or cold, sensations during the mastication of solid or soft food, treated and untreated caries, in necrotic or vital teeth, sharp or dull pain, in an intact or broken filling, in slow or fast chewing of food, and many others. We present the results of the survey, analyzing them and offering guidelines for future research in the field of antonymy and synonymy in the Bulgarian language. In the course of the study, we are reviewing the idea of opposition with the ancient philosophers, referring to Heraclitus, Pythagoras and Hegel, and more precisely the concept of the opposite, as an expression of duality. We also refer to the views of modern linguists who explore and classify antonyms. In the Bulgarian language learning process, we consider the partial opposition of the lexemes by showing examples from the practice of dental students. In part, we also consider incomplete (near) antonyms, the use of which is also found in students' work. We draw attention to distinguishing the role of antonyms in artistic literature and in scientific styles. We investigate the use of antonyms in the determination of temporal and spatial relations, indicating a common seme. Of course, not every concept or phenomenon has a precise antonym. We point out examples in which the use of one lexeme in an anonymous pair calls for the opposite. We note that the same opposing couple breaks their semantics into different linguistic situations. The present work is abundant with examples from the "Bulgarian language textbook for foreign students" 2018, which is used in the direct work of Bulgarian language teachers for training in the second year when introducing specialized texts on dental medicine A semantic analysis of the examples is made, indicating the degree of opposition in the respective antonymous pair. The aim of the study is to assist students in their practice with Bulgarian patients, especially when working with children, as the antonyms play a significant role in determining the dental status and the history of patients.

Ecology, Ecosystem & Conservation Biology

Ecology is the study of the interaction between organisms and their environment. To fulfill the food requirements of increasing population, human activities are affecting the ecosystem. It has never been extra important to comprehend what regulates the dispersal and richness of species, how they intract with each other and their environment, and how biodiversity rejoins to threats by change in climate, invasive species, over-exploitation and destruction of habitat. Issues arising due to climate change, understanding the ecosystem, and the measures required to sustain Earth's life-support systems has become progressively important. In this evolutionary process, human activities have played a prominent role, and those who study vegetation cannot afford to neglect this aspect. Conversion of natural habitats into industrial and agricultural landscapes, and finally into tainted land, is the major influence of humans on the natural environment, posing a great threat to biodiversity. Restoration of ecosystem is an emerging discipline which provides a more suite of tools for the recovery of degraded lands. Restoration of ecology offers a crucial accompaniment to nature reserves as a way for the preservation of biodiversity. An unified understanding of human population growth and changes in agricultural practices with natural recovery processes and restoration ecology offers hope for the future of the environment. Even though ecologists have documented the role of history and historical legacy concept in determining present-day ecological systems, few international conservation assessments consider time scales more than 50 years. Conservation biology is prearranged management of natural resources and natural balance retention, diversity and evolutionary processes in the environment. Conservation strategies in a rapidly changing world need to consider the dynamic biological processes of species and their interactions with their environment: it is here that insights from long-term ecology can guide conservation. Palaeoecological techniques like macrofossils, pollen analysis and sediment chemistry in long-term ecology uses to resolve critical questions to resolve long-term ecological changes and the processes behind such changes. Palaeoecological record uses that preserved in lake and bog sediments as a long-term ecological laboratory. The record delivers exclusive information about ecological impact of environmental change on population, organisms, communities, landscapes and ecosystems over time scales from 50 to 12000 years. New developments mean that palaeoecological studies have high taxonomic precision, fine temporal resolution (typically of ~5 years, and sometimes 1 or 2 years), appropriate numerical methods of analysis, and can benefit from synergies of multi-proxy studies. Palaeoecological studies can help to answer questions such as ¬ In the change of ecosystem what are the major drivers at different time scales? ¬ In a specific ecosystem how much natural variability is there? ¬ How have landscapes changed over time? ¬ What is the native status of particular species? ¬ Which ecological processes are important for maintaining target ecosystems? ¬ How do human activities affect the resilience of ecosystems to climate change? ¬ What time-lags can be expected between climate change and ecosystem response? ¬ How will climate change affect the distribution and impacts of climate-dependent disturbance regimes such as fire? Within the application of long-term ecological data to conservation and management there are many controversies, challenges, and compromises. Recently, a study has emphasized a serious question in practical conservation: Do we know what we want to conserve and how to conserve it? Two opposite ideas are preservation of cultural landscapes and creation of partially 'wild' areas with re-wilding. Long-term ecology has much to pay to conservation as the complexity of processes and patterns in the past, when prudently decrypted, can help to make new ideas about management in the future. Biodiversity loss is a local phenomenon and an in-depth understanding of individual locations is needed to devise solutions. This special issue provides focused study on ecological forecasting and customized decision support tools for a variety of topics. In this Special issue, researchers spatially explicit modeling approaches to address complex interactions, and relationships to solve the following issues: Wildfire, Climate Change Impacts, Species Population Modeling, Wildlife Connectivity, Green Energy Development and Environmental Risk Avoidance conservation problems.

Morality and responsibility of rulers: European and Chinese origins of a rule of law as justice for world order

Are Chinese and western conceptions of the international order irremediably incompatible, or is it possible to find common ground between them? Anthony Carty and Janne Nijman's edited book might be an important step towards answering this timely question. It takes issue with the idea of an essential opposition between western and Chinese international thoughts. Although the editors argue that there is an opposition between certain western (liberal) and certain Chinese (Confucian) conceptions, both in the West and in China alternative conceptions have existed and shared significant features. It is the aim of the book to uncover this alternative line of thought. In so doing, it demonstrates how through historical analysis we can develop a shared, transcultural, international philosophy. The editors' historical argument is twofold and structures the volume. Their aim is to develop a ‘non-liberal history of the law of nations’ (p. 4). In the first part, the contributors call into question the now standard view expressed by Richard Tuck in his book The rights of war and peace (OUP, 1999). Tuck viewed modern European international thought as an essentially liberal project which replaced pre-humanist conceptions of a just world order based on the virtue of the rulers with the ‘thin’ ethics and the ‘rights language’ (p. 6) of humanist thought. The contributors try to unearth a different tradition, centred on ‘northern humanism’ rather than its Italian counterpart. They show that in this intellectual tradition, ideas of an international ‘rule of law as justice’, i.e. of a world order based on the ‘moral responsibility of rulers’, more than on formal legal procedures, were strongly theorized. This more complex approach to humanism fruitfully departs from the traditional liberal narrative, and casts a new light on early modern international thought. The chapters on Erasmus, Grotius and Leibniz are especially illuminating.

A survey of some aspects of dynamical topology: Dynamical compactness and Slovak spaces

The area of dynamical systems where one investigates dynamical properties that can be described in topological terms is Topological Dynamics. Investigating the topological properties of spaces and maps that can be described in dynamical terms is in a sense the opposite idea. This area has been recently called Topology. As an illustration, some topological properties of the space of all transitive interval maps are described. For (discrete) dynamical systems given by compact metric spaces and continuous (surjective) self-maps we survey some results on two new notions: Space and Compactness. A Slovak space, as a dynamical analogue of a rigid space, is a nontrivial compact metric space whose homeomorphism group is cyclic and generated by a minimal homeomorphism. Dynamical compactness is a new concept of chaotic dynamics. The omega-limit set of a point is a basic notion in the theory of dynamical systems and means the collection of states which attract this point while going forward in time. It is always nonempty when the phase space is compact. By changing the time we introduced the notion of the omega-limit set of a point with respect to a Furstenberg family. A dynamical system is called dynamically compact (with respect to a Furstenberg family) if for any point of the phase space this omega-limit set is nonempty. A nice property of dynamical compactness is that all dynamical systems are dynamically compact with respect to a Furstenberg family if and only if this family has the finite intersection property.

ХУДОЖНІЙ КОНФЛІКТ У ПОВІСТІ ВАСИЛЯ БИКОВА «СОТНИКОВ»

In the article the story of «Sotnikov» written by Vasyl Bykov is studied. The main humanistic problems, conflicts and the situations through which they are analyzed and determined. The author’s attention to serious moral issues and the analysis of human psychology is conducted by difficult conflicts of opposing views and opinions in a harsh life situation. The conflict in the work is related to not only the storyline, but is realized through the choice of the artistic strategy of the representation of feelings, intentions and psychology of the main characters, in which the moral conflict develops most acutely. The main conflict of the story is realized through a confrontation between the desire to survive at any cost and an attempt to save character`s moral qualities. The representatives of opposite ideas are two main characters, Sotnikov and Rybak, who in the difficult situation reveal their real human nature and ideas. The features of existentialism are manifested in a harsh situation where there is nothing to choose from. The confrontation between Sotnikov and Rybak is realized through short dialogues between the heroes. The story is value due to the disclosure of an epic conflict of a story, which reflects the timeless problems of honor, dignity, self-sacrifice, betrayal and feat.

The Understanding of dharmanirapekṣa (“secular”) in the Nepali Online Newspaper Nagarik

The term “secular” has long been interpreted in academia either as opposition towards religion or as a neutral position. As a Western concept deeply entangled with Christianity, its application to non-Christian and non-Western societies is highly contested. In our second case study, we focus on media discourse around Nepali democracy as a secular (dharmanirapekṣa) state. The discourse understands dharmanirapekṣa as neutrality or indifference towards all religions, but the idea of opposition is lacking. Secularism is attacked as a Western concept threatening Nepali culture or welcomed as a tool in the fight for recognition of different groups after centuries of domination under high-caste Hindu rule.

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ПОДПОЛЬНЫХ АНТИСОВЕТСКИХ ВОЕННЫХ ГРУПП НА ВОСТОКЕ РОССИИ В КОНЦЕ 1917 - 1918 Г. КАК ПРОЦЕДУРА ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ ИДЕНТИЧНОСТИ АНТИБОЛЬШЕВИСТСКИХ СИЛ

The article considers the problems of forming anti-Soviet armed underground groups in Siberia and the Far East in the years of the civil war in Russia. Applying the historiographical analysis of archival sources, published documents and event participants’ memories the author examines the process of forming underground groups, describes their staff and structure, political orientation and purposes. Anti-Soviet underground groups were guided by the idea of opposition to Soviet power that formed in provinces. The groups included the supporters of the doctrines of right-wing social democracy, monarchism, constitutional democracy.

Art Instructors and Democracy Conscious in terms of Art Education in Turkey

The aim of the study is to investigate how the democratic conscious is enhanced in Visual Arts Classes (1-8th Grades) and how the Curricula is combined with visual art education in Turkey. The lack of any previous studies in this field shows the importance of this study. The Case Study Method, which is based on Qualitative Data, was used in this study. The document review method was used for data analysis. Literature review was also made for the purpose of the study, and the data obtained are given below in brief. Democracy may be realized in societies where educated individuals live. For this reason, the development of a democratic conscious may only be obtained with educational programs, and by providing the environment for children to meet each other in a common ground to solve the problems of their classrooms or the society, respect opposite ideas, use their abilities for the targets of the group, and leave aside their personal interests for the integrity of the group. In this respect, visual arts classes are important because students find the opportunity of structuring their knowledge in a comfortable manner. It is recommended that visual arts classes are made to become more didactic to make students acquire skills like revealing their creativity skills, gain critical thinking skills, problem solving skills, caring for personal and social values, etc. It is also recommended to make visual arts classes to become more educational to make students acquire democratic conscious.

Tweaking the immune system as an adjuvant for the treatment of retinal degenerations

Blinding diseases such as photoreceptor degenerations are debilitating conditions that severely impair daily lives of affected patients. This group of diseases are amenable to photoreceptor replacement therapies and recent transplantation studies provided proof-of-principle for functional recovery at the retinal and behavioral level, though the actual mechanism of repair still needs further investigations. The immune system responds in several ways upon photoreceptor engraftment, resulting in T-cell and macrophage infiltrations and, consequently, decrease in graft survival. Most studies on the role of the immune system suggest a detrimental effect in a therapeutic setting. Conversely, the opposite idea wherein the immune system can be activated towards a protective state was also explored in other experimental paradigms. Here, Neves and colleagues explored the potential of cross-species studies and, to a certain extent, the concept of a protective immune system in retinal degeneration and therapy. Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) was identified in this study as a novel factor that, by modulating the immune system, can slow down photoreceptor degeneration and improve transplantation outcome.

Thinking Ecology for Architecture: Exploration of Cool Pocket

This paper discusses the importance of understanding the ecology as part of architectural education. Rather than focusing on the heat phenomenon as frequently researched, this paper explores the opposite ideas by identifying the concept of cool pocket and designing it as a mean for heat mitigation in a tropical built environment. Recent researches show that providing a microclimate that responds human thermal comfort can contribute to the building energy performance and at the same time promote activities in outdoor space. The relation and interaction among various microclimate factors with the land, water body, arrangement of vegetations, building’s geometry and configurations, create different scenarios of the thermal condition, including possible cool pocket. Using air temperature and wind as indicators, possibilities of cool pocket will be explored and investigated through CFD Simulation. The result shows the importance of ecological understanding as part of designing cool pocket in a tropical context in a learning process and scenario-based simulation in developing design strategies.

Displacement and Overall Conflictual Relations (OCR) as Patterns to Instantiate Academic Conflict in Major Applied Linguistics Textbooks

Following Giannoni’s classification of the rhetorical strategies for overt (rather than covert) negative evaluation, the current study aimed to investigate lexico-grammatical structures to instantiate Overall Conflictual Relations and Displacement as two major rhetorical strategies to realize Academic Conflict in two distinct corpora of textbooks in applied linguistics specifically taught at MA and PhD levels. Adopting a Mixed-Methods Approach, the study revealed the various lexico-grammatical items that were frequently used to instantiate Displacement and Overall Conflictual Relations. Qualitatively, the emerging patterns and the functions they served were delineated. At the quantitative stage of the approach, the corresponding distributions of the emerging patterns were investigated and recorded. This corpus-based study also found that the two corpora utilized resources for expression of Overall Conflictual Relations with an almost similar distribution; however, there was a statistically significant difference between the MA versus PhD textbooks concerning the use of Displacement. The study found the important functions of the strategies as the ways to put two ideas in opposition to later take side with one at the expense of discarding the other. The study also found that the strategies were among the prominent incentives to construct knowledge in the field.

Construído sobre Modernismo: a base teórica de preservação do patrimônio contemporâneo na Espanha

Modernity and heritage preservation are sometimes regarded as opposite ideas; however, the two concepts are inseparably linked throughout the 20th century. The 50th anniversary of the organization ICOMOS (founded in 1965) provided an opportunity to revise the connection of monument protection and modern principles, a duality that accompanied the last century of architecture. The general reform of monument preservation movements was triggered by the destruction of the World Wars, followed by the global identity crisis coming from the modernist city reconstructions all over Europe. Due to the ignorance of the desire for historic continuity, late-Modern architecture caused intense social criticism in several European countries. However, the special historic-cultural background of the Iberian Peninsula created a scenario of architectural trends and a development of monument protection that differed from other parts of Europe. This study investigates the history of architectural heritage preservation in Spain, analyses the parallel methodologies and interactions of Modernism and monument protection from a theoretical point of view, reflecting on the specific conditions of the country during the 20th century, giving a general view of the strong embeddedness of heritage preservation in Modernism. Keywords: built heritage, contemporary architecture, Modernism, rehabilitation, Spanish architecture, theory of monument preservation.

Political Opposition in Turkey: An Analysis of the Oppositionist Styles of Necip Fazil Kisakurek and Nazim Hikmet Ran

Opposition culture in a society gives important clues about the socio-political structure of the country. The more a country welcomes differences in its social, political and cultural life; the more it comes close to a democratic regime. Opposition in Turkey, in its long history, has always been problematic because of the domination of statism not only in politics but also in other fields, such as social and cultural areas. In general perception of Turkey, separating from the central opinion has always been equal to chaos, which prevents the development of opposition cult in socio-political life. Supporting the refusal of opposition through some religious factors, Turkish political culture, starting with the Ottoman period, has settled such a limited understanding that it doesn’t allow an ideal form of opposition to grow. However it is known that political opposition, if practiced well, can help a political structure to renew itself, to continue development, to have a dynamic management and to reflect the preferences of people as many as possible. All these important points bring the necessity to analyse the social and political opposition culture in Turkey deeply. Therefore this study first tries to take attention to the understanding of importance of opposition culture in the eyes of politics and society. By analysing striking actors in Turkish literature Necip Fazil Kısakurek and Nazim Hikmet, the study aims to underline how the perception of opposition gave harm to political and social development of the country. By the way, this analysis reveals the need for a better understanding and practice of opposition culture for further developments in Turkey. The study starts with a general theoretical framework of opposition; in which the definition and scope of political opposition, different types and importance of opposition culture are explained. In the second part, Turkish political culture and the way it perceives the idea of opposition is revealed from a historical perspective. At the last part Kisakurek and Hikmet, who were the men of letters touching Turkish politics by their poems and proses, are analysed. Seeing similar processes of the two, who had in real completely different ideological backgrounds, the holistic structure of state mechanism against all kinds of differences is to be illustrated.

A Picturesque Modernity in 1920s Peru and Argentina: Ruins, Cuzco and Americanism in the Photographic Reportages of Variedades and Plus Ultra

This essay focuses on a series of pictorial reportages on the city of Cuzco and the surrounding region published in the Peruvian illustrated magazine Variedades in 1924 and 1925. Looking at the interplay of the aesthetic and documentary value of photographs, I analyse how the reportages on Cuzco’s architecture and ruins contributed to the indigenista proposal of regional and national identity and how, in so doing, they articulated an idea of modernity which opposed the main narrative of Western modernization produced by the magazine. I argue that Variedades became the discursive place of an interplay between opposite ideas of modernity since it afforded its readers-viewers a dual, almost conflictive, experience. Moreover, I posit that the magazine ‘mediated’ the regional discourse for the Limeño readers through the discourses of tourism and the picturesque familiarizing them with those ‘unknown’ regions. By comparing the reportages with similar documents published in the same decade by the Argentine magazine Plus Ultra, I also show that this was not something exclusive to Peru, but rather part of a broader Americanist trend that was shaping the relationship between native tradition and modernization as well as giving form to a proposal for a ‘pan-American’ identity in the 1920s.