Taymiyya Research Articles

Ekonomi Syariah : Bergerak Menuju Kapitalisme Religius ?

The economic system is a fundamental element that determines the economic performance of a country. Various forms of economic systems that have ever existed, including large economic systems such as capitalism, socialism adopted by various countries have become a guide and foundation for the country's economic policies. Then the emergence of a complementary thought discourse on an economic system based on religious values with theological arguments that Islam is a divine religion based on revelation (the Qur'an) functions to guide human life both socially, politically, and economically. the scarcity of literature that explains the values of philosophy, institutions, principles, norms, and values of Islamic economic law.
 The author uses a literature study method or literature study by examining the literacy of opinions, ideas from thinkers and experts on classical, contemporary, and sharia modern economic systems such as Adam Smith, Lester Thurow, Max Weber, Adi Warman Karim, Fazlurrahman, Umar Chapra, Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi, Ibn Khaldun, Ibn Taymiyah Mubyarto. Furthermore, notes on the normativism of the Islamic economic system are important because they are related to the desired religious capitalism. Then, some of the arguments for religious capitalism are presented by looking at philosophical factors, historical-aspirational factors, and also factors that can be called futuristic.
 In the philosophical study, the author concludes that Islamic economic religious capitalism is a form of the dialectical process of the earth system and the sky system. Harmonization of rationalism and spiritualism. The futuristic discussion shows that Islamic economic religious capitalism can be the end of history. But that does not necessarily stop the social challenges that arise. Capitalism itself is still undergoing changes, and shocks. The religious capitalism of Islamic economics is to see how Islamic economics will undergo a metamorphosis for the people of Indonesia, although there is no harm in advancing it as a futuristic study, as a future global economic system because it is claimed to carry universal values.

Ibn Taymiyyah’s “Mardin Fatwa” and the Mongols: An Analysis

The so-called “Mardin Fatwa” is Ibn Taymiyyah’s (d. 728/1328) description of Mardin city’s status as an Islamic state and its Islamic population. Yahya Michot (b. 1952) and ‘Abd Allah Bayyah’s (b. 1935) modern day readings of this fatwa emphasise different attitudes towards Mongols: Michot emphasised the word yuqātal (should be fought) in his reading of the text while Bayyah emphasised the word yu’āmal (should be justly treated). This seemingly small difference has had a large impact on Muslims’ understanding of fatwa. For instance, these two readings might alter readers’ perceptions of fatwa as either a literal or metaphorical spiritual battle. This article is grounded in a multidisciplinary approach that combines the selection, translation and critical reading of the selected sources with historical research. The overall approach followed in this article is best described as inductive. This article analyses Michot and Bayyah’s readings through a close reading of the fatwa itself. It concludes by deducing that the Mardin Fatwa text really does represent Ibn Taymiyyah’s opinion and that Yahya Michot’s reading of the text is the correct one.

Analisis Perbandingan Konsep Imkān Al-Ru’yah Antara Kitab Fatāwā Al-Subkī Oleh Taqī Al-Dīn Al-Subkī Dan Al-Fatāwā Al-Kubrā Oleh Ibn Taymiyyah

Taqī al-Dīn al-Subkī was a scholar proficient in the field of fiqh and usul al-fiqh while Ibn Taymiyyah was a leading Hanbali thinker. Among their works are Kitab Fatāwā al-Subkī and Kitab Fatawa al-Kubra. This study analyzes the comparison between the thoughts of Taqī al-Dīn al-Subkī and Ibn Taymiyyah on the concept of imkan al-ru’yah in determining the beginning of the month of hijrah. This is due to al-Subkī who accepted the concept of imkānalru’yah in the context of hisab as another method for the determination of the crescent moon, but which was rejected by Ibn Taymiyyah.This study adopts a qualitative approach and gathering of information is based on a content analysis of the two main books, namely Kitab Fatāwā al-Subkī and Kitab al-Fatāwā al-Kubrā. It is concluded that imkan al-rukyah had been discussed by both figures in their respective writings. Indeed, there is a clear difference in the acceptance of the concept of imkan al-rukyah.

PANDANGAN IBNU TAIMIYAH DAN IBNU KHALDUN TENTANG MEKANISME PASAR

The market is a place where sellers and buyers meet, where sellers and buyers interact with goods and services in the market. Sellers and buyers are not influenced by the market because it is a perfectly competitive market. The Islamic market mechanism is a market that existed at the time of the Prophet and the Islamic market here is more concerned with ethics and morals in bermuamalah. The market mechanism is without government intervention unless there are things that the government really needs, such as price hikes, the government will come down directly to overcome this. One of the figures of economic thought who discusses the market mechanism is Ibn Taymiyyah and Ibn Khaldun. The market mechanism according to Ibn Taymiyyah is that the price in the market is influenced by demand and supply. The government is fair to all people and thinks about market players so that it does not only think about the buyers of goods but also the sellers so that it is balanced. Meanwhile, according to Ibn Khaldun, there are four factors which, according to Ibn Khaldun, can influence the process of the market mechanism, namely price theory, value theory, work specialization and the state.

IBN TAIMIYAH: PENGARUH FAHAMANNYA DALAM TRADISI PEMIKIRAN ISLAM

This paper analyzes the ideas and doctrines of Ibn Taimiyah (661-728/1263-1328), an acclaimed Muslim jurist, theologian and reformist in medieval Islam. His juristic opinion and influential kalam and classical school had substantial impact on contemporary Islamic religious outlook, as well as his ideology that deeply impacted the modern salafis movement. This study was conducted based on descriptive and analytical method, deriving its material from library sources, mainly from Ibn Taymiyah’s critical and groundbreaking works as well as from primary and secondary work on him. The finding shows that his theological works had intense and profound impact on classical and contemporary writings of Islamic theology that extensively derived from his fatwa (religious verdict) that informed dynamic understanding of Islam and its religious ideal.

Analisis Ketentuan Penetapan Harga Menurut Ibnu Taimiyah Terhadap Penetapan Harga Tahu Di Pabrik Tahu Bapak Durdi Lempong Kecamatan Ketapang Kabupaten Sampang

Pricing is a process to determine how much income will be obtained or received by the company from the products or services produced. Incorrectly setting prices can have various consequences. Price fixing actions that violate ethics can cause business actors to be displeased by buyers or consumers, even buyers or consumers can take a reaction that can bring down the good name of business actors. This study uses a qualitative approach, with data collection techniques using documentation, observation and interviews. The informants are factory owners, employees and sellers and buyers at the Durdi Lempong tofu factory, Ketapang District, Sampang Regency. While checking the validity of the data obtained through extended observations, increased persistence in research and triangulation. Based on the results of the study, the researcher can conclude that: first, the process of determining the price of tofu at the Durdi Lempong tofu factory, Ketapang District, Sampang Regency is based on the price of soybean raw materials, market demand, employee salaries and factory operating costs. Where the costs incurred at the factory will affect the pricing of tofu at the Durdi Lempong tofu factory, Ketapang District, Sampang Regency. Second, in terms of market mechanisms, in general Ibn Taimiyah places great emphasis on the free market principle, namely prices occur naturally from supply and demand factors, purchasing power factors, production cost factors and others without government intervention. So from the free market system adopted by the father of economics Ibn Taimiyah, there is a discrepancy in the Udi Srikandi tofu factory, namely the price of soybean raw materials where the price of the raw material has government intervention

The Religious Philosophy of Abdullah ibn Muhammad Al-Habashi Al-Harari and the Doctrines and Politics of Al-Ahbash: an Evaluation

Shaikh Abdullah ibn Muhammad ibn Yusuf Al-Habashi Al-Harari of Ethiopia is a controversial Islamic scholar and founder of Al-Ahbash in Lebanon. He was involved in the struggle mainly with the Islamic fundamentalist Wahhabis there and was expelled from Ethiopia in 1947. After living in different cities, he settled down at Beirut, Lebanon in 1950. He was declared leader of the Jam’iyyat al-mashari’ al-khayriyya al-islamiyya (Association of Islamic Charitable Projects) in 1983 after the death of its founder Shiakh Muhiyy al-Din al-Ajuz. Since then, it has been known as ‘Al-Ahbash’ (the Ethiopians) after his title Al-Habashi. Al-Ahbash became one of the most controversial Muslim associations in the contemporary spectrum of Islamic groups because of its religious philosophy and doctrines.
 Al-Ahbash philosophy blended Sunni and Shi’a theology with Sufi spiritualism into a doctrinal eclecticism. Its ideological discourses mainly follow Shafi’i, Ash’ari and Maturidi doctrines. Al-Ahbash’s doctrine has also been influenced by some Sufi orders (tariqas) like Rifa’iyya and Qadiriyya. It emphasized Islam’s innate pluralism and determines the religious and political program, which do not fit with the conventional Islamists idea. It advocated for opposition to Islamic political activism and the use of violence against the ruling order. These attributes opposed to the political thoughts of many Islamic thinkers like Ibn Taymiyya, Ibn Abd Al-Wahhab, Sayyid Qutb. The most controversial issue in Al-Ahbash doctrine is the question of the relation among religion, politics, and the state in Islam. Al-Ahbash advocated the separation of religion and state and thereby rejected the idea of an Islamic state. Its views on education, women and science also contradict many of the above named writers opinions. Thus, Al-Ahbash represents a new but controversial view in Islam. This paper is aimed at understanding the philosophy and political doctrines of al-Ahbash.

Ibn Taymiyyah and his fatwas on forbidden (haram) and permissible (halal) issues

Recently, the study of the legacy of a medieval religious scholar Ibn Taymiyyah, who lived in Syria at the turn of 14th century, has become particularly relevant due to the growing activity of various radical groups. Notably, some parts of his teachings became the foundation of the ideology of various modern extremist sects such as Wahhabism. However, his answers to religious questions regarding the forbidden (haram) and the permitted (halal) remain understudied. Ibn Taymiyyah's ideas contradicts the unanimous conclusion of Islamic theologians on more than 60 issues. His opinion on certain issues provoked lively discussions to the point of even forbidding him to make conclusions on certain religious issues. In addition, his belonging to the Hanbali madhhab in Islam is questionable. Another problem of the study is its contradiction to the traditional Islamic concept of God. The main purpose of the study is to investigate the ideas of Ibn Taymiyyah on some issues of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh), to compare his views with the opinions of Islamic theologians and to define erroneous ideas about jurisprudence. In this study, the main approach was to study the works of Ibn Taymiyyah and compare them with the works of Islamic theologians, representatives of different madhhabs. It was found that a certain number of religious and legal opinions of this religious scholar in matters of halal and haram contradict the legal norms of the vast majority of Muslims. This study proves that the teachings of Ibn Taymiyyah contradict the Islamic concept of God and religious and legal practice

Did the Arabic Lexicographers Invent Majāz?


 
 
 This article argues that early Arabic philologists developed a robust, if implicit, theory of metaphorical language, one that was not dictated by theological concerns, and one that took shape outside the technical term majāz (commonly: figurative speech). The starting point of the article is the oft-cited claim found in Islamic legal theory, according to which authority over matters of majāz rested in the hands of the lexicographers (or philologists more broadly, ahl al-lugha). For Ibn Taymiyya, this was a lie meant to justify the acceptance of metaphor in the Quran. But evidence from lexicographical, lexicological, and grammatical works supports the jurists’ general claim. There was a difference, however, between the lexemes that the jurists identified as majāz and the metaphorical expressions that the lexicographers pointed out, in that the former were not always codified in the dictionaries and thus more aligned with “live” or creative metaphors. Methodologically, the article proposes an updated model for the study of medieval Arabic technical terms, away from the term itself (majāz) and toward the concept behind it (metaphorical lexical extension).
 
 

Ahammiyat Ta‘allum al-Arabiyyah wa Tarâiq Ta‘lîmiha ‘inda Ibn Taimiyah

Abstract: Purpose-It is stated that Ibn Taimiyah was a scholar who spoke fluent Arabic, was fast in reading, and straightforward, not only fluent in speaking, but also proficient in Arabic grammar. Likewise, it is said that he had read the Book of Sibawaih in front of his teacher, Shaykh Ibn Abdul Qawi in 6 days, until he understood it and mastered the science of nahwu. On the basis of this story and his success in learning Arabic, the researcher was moved to collect his sayings about the importance of learning Arabic and how to teach it, especially for non-Arabic speakers. Design/Methodology/Approach-This research is guided by the descriptive analysis method, by collecting the required data from the books of Ibn Taimiyah, both from printed references, e-books, and software of Maktabah Syamilah. After the data was collected, the Researcher brought a number of words from classical and contemporary scholars who supported Ibn Taimiyyah's words. Findings: From this research, the Researcher got fifteen sayings of Ibn Taimiyyah about the importance of learning Arabic and ten methods of teaching it. All of his sayings about the importance of learning Arabic are related to religious issues, so it can be concluded that the purpose of learning Arabic according to him is to understand religious texts. Research Limitation/Implications:This research is certainly not relevant for those who want to study Arabic for general purposes, because Ibn Taymiyyah limited it to religious purposes only. Nevertheless, this research enriches Arabic teaching methods for specific purposes for non-Arabic speakers.

Analisis Transaksi Logam Mulia Secara Daring Dan Tidak Tunai Menurut Perspektif Fikih Muamalah

This study aims to determine the application of online and non-cash precious metal transactions from the perspective of muamalah fiqh. The results of this study indicate that first, the reason for the permissibility of buying and selling gold in cash in the opinion of Ibn Qayyim and Ibn Taimiyyah states that gold and silver are goods (sil'ah) that are sold and bought like ordinary goods, and are no longer tsaman so that it makes the result of the legal dispute in the DSN-MUI fatwa No. 77/DSN-MUI/V/2010 that buying and selling gold in cash is considered permissible. In this fatwa, it is clear that buying and selling gold is legal. Second, in online and non-cash precious metal transactions according to Zaid bin Ali, the sale of an item is delayed at a price higher than the cash price, which is a form of legal and justifiable transaction as long as the transaction is based on the principle of mutual pleasure between both sides.

New Media and Revolution: Resistance and Dissent in Pre-Uprising Syria

New Media and Revolution: Resistance and Dissent in Pre-Uprising Syria

Ibn Khaldun's concepts in the mirror of Arab political and economic identity

The topic of the asymmetry of the processes of globalization, regionalization, localization of international life, for all its fame, does not negate the relevance of deep analysis, especially in the case of traditional societies. Therefore, we set ourselves the task of exploring the ethnohistorical, spiritual, cultural, economic and political spheres of the life of the peoples of the Arab region in retrospection and dynamics using historical-logical, comparative methods and a systematic approach. We also put forward hypotheses that: 1) the key subjective factor influencing the political decision-making markets are the interests of the elite, political leaders in the context of resolving conflicts in the tradition of Muslim diplomacy; 2) the economic, political, legal and philosophical-religious thought of the Arab countries developed under the influence of Islam set forth in the Koran - the holy book of Muslims; 3) the origins of these concepts were laid by Al-Ghazali, Ibn Taymiyyah, Ibn Khaldun and other thinkers of the XI-XV centuries; 4) by analogy with Western political economists, starting with Thomas Aquinas, one can carry out analysis in the paradigm of the so-called “moral economists”.

Appraising Sufism in the Thought of Ibn Taymiyyah and Hasan al-Banna

Sufism as a religious trend has attracted a lot of scholastic polemics among Muslim scholars. One of the popular critics of Sufism is Ibn Taymiyyah whose thoughts have indelibly influenced the teachings of modern Salafiyyah. In the course of waging war against the propagation of Sufism, modern Salafi scholars have branded counterpart scholars noticed with traces of sympathy for the adherents of mysticism, including Hasan al-Bannᾱ, the founder of Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt. Against this backdrop, this work examines, with comparative analysis, the thought of Ibn Taymiyyah and Hasan al-Bannᾱ over Islamic mysticism and the mystics. The purpose of the comparative study is to decide whether the two scholars' views regarding the subject are responsible for the disagreement among their adherents. The research is library-based and adopts descriptive and analytic methods. The bulk of the information was gathered from the works of the two scholars, the works on the duo, and relevant materials on the subject. The findings of the research showed that there is no significant difference in the thought of the two scholars over mysticism. However, Al-Bannᾱ contrary to Ibn Taymiyyah had once been a core member of a Sufi Order, the assertion which has since constituted a source of controversy over the proper status of Al-Bannᾱ as either a Sufi adherent or as a fair critic. It recommends further research over the cause of disparity regarding Sufism between Ibn Taymiyyah and modern Salafis.

TAUBAT SEBAGAI PENGHAPUS HAD ZINA MENURUT IBNU TAIMIYYAH

Scholars differ on whether the repentance of an adulterer can abrogate the punishment of the limit ?. Some scholars state that there is no fall at all, while others state that the punishment is limited to fall. In this regard, Ibn Taymiyyah's opinion is the same as the last opinion that the repentance of an adulterer can remove the demand of the limit as long as it has not been submitted to the ruler, but if it has been submitted to the ruler then the limit does not fall so it remains punished and his repentance is accepted by Allah SWT. As for the research method is qualitative, the type of literature research, research data from library materials in the form of books of jurisprudence, law, and other relevant literature then the data that has been collected, both from primary, secondary, and tertiary data, then analyzed by descriptive-analysis. The results of the study showed that according to Ibn Taymiyyah, the perpetrator of adultery who repented before being complained to the government, fell ḥadd adultery. The perpetrator does not have to admit his actions because the attitude is seen as better. As for the adulterer who repents after being complained to the government, then it does not fall ḥadd adultery. The perpetrator must still be punished, his repentance is accepted by Allah SWT., While the punishment of ḥadd as a consummation of his repentance. The argument used by Ibn Taymiyyah about the fall of ḥadd zina due to repentance refers to the provisions of the QS. al-Nisā 'verse 16, QS. al-Māidah verses 33-34, QS. Ṭāhā verses 121-122, and the hadith narrated by Abū Dawud about the punishment of Maiz. The method of istinbāṭ that he uses tends to use heroic reasoning, that is, looking at the sides and rules of language, general and special relations, cause and effect, and understanding the words of the Qur'an.

Legal Reasoning of Credit on Buying and Selling Gold: Mapping The Debate on 'Ilath Al-Hukm

This paper is intended to identify the law of buying and selling gold legally. Credit and understand the illat stated to the law. The approach used in this study is more of a normative and legal juridical approach, where the study of secondary sources in the form of books, open books, and articles is carried out to obtain answers to the formulation of the problem. In general, this study has identified that gold transactions on credit among Mashab scholars are haram-mutlaq, with the illat that gold is a Ribawi commodity and is mutlaq tsammaniyah. In contrast to Ibn Taimiyah and Ibn Qayyim and the DSN-MUI fatwa, which allows it as long as gold is not used as a price or money.

A Hermeneutic Perspective on Rationalists versus Doctrinists

In this paper the issue of the hermeneutic theory in the Islamic heritage of rationalists and doctrinists is being discussed, and an effort will be made to cipher a procedural definition of interpretation despite of all the contradictions and criticism experienced by this term throughout Islamic history. Therefore, traditionalists may be seen as an indispensable source alongwith doctrinists such as Ibn al-Arabi, al-Ghazali, Ibn Rushd, Abd al-Qaher al-Jurjani, al-Tabari, al-Shatibi, and Ibn Taymiyyah.

Philosophical aspects of the historical development of Islamic civilization and the interest in the teachings of Ibn Taymiyyah (1263-1328)

The purpose of the paper is to analyse the philosophical aspects of the historical development of Islamic civilisation. Special attention is paid to the socio-cultural and socio-political crises that accompany the development of the Muslim world and the regularity of turning to the radical ideas of the Syrian religious figure Ibn Taymiyyah during the period of instability at the turn of the 13th-14th centuries. Theoretical basis: In the course of the study the author did not find any works, devoted to the influence of Ibn Taymiyyah on the establishment of the ideology of modern radical groups and the interest in the Islamic world to his ideas. Therefore, the scientific novelty of the study lies in the possibility to investigate the features of the historical development of the Islamic world and the appeal in times of crisis to the teachings of this medieval religious leader. In the course of the study the author came to the conclusion, the development of Islam was greatly influenced by the peculiarities of tribal relations in the Arab society in particular, and in the Islamic society as a whole.

Dinî Dışlayıcılık Söylemi İnşa Eden Neo-Klasik Selefî Anlayışın Eleştirisi: Dilin Epistemik Değeri Hakkında Fahreddin Râzî’ye Yöneltilen Tenkitler Özelinde Bir Değerlendirme

Al-Rāzī stated that specific criteria should exist for interpreting religious texts, with one of the two in particular prioritizing the conflict of ʿaql [reason] and naql [revelation]. Accordingly, he developed the theory of the hypothetical nature of linguistic evidence. According to al-Rāzī’s theory, literary evidence have been exposed to possible errors from transferring al-nahw [lexicography, morphology, and grammar] rules to the present day; different linguistic possibilities such as figurative speech homonymy and transfer of meanings (naql al-lugha) are likely to have occurred in the process. Therefore, religious texts do not express certainty when qarīnas [contextual clues] are absent. Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya, leading names in the neo-classical Salafī understanding, described the view that literal evidence does not express ʿilm [definitive knowledge] but rather expresses Ûann [speculative knowledge] as taghūt [an idol], criticizing it to have a marginalizing and exclusionary style. The present article will examine the discourse of religious exclusivism produced within the framework of the hypotheticality of language and will show that this discourse is caused by Ibn Taymiyya’s and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya’s words being misunderstood. This study will first explain what is meant by religious exclusion and provide the intellectual background of the theory of the hypotheticality of language. Next, it will cover Ibn Taymiyya’s and Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya’s questioning of al-Rāzī’s religiosity, and finish with how the accusations against Rāzī had stemmed from a misunderstanding of his ideas.

INSTITUSI PENGAWASAN PUBLIK (HISBAH) MENURUT IBNU TAIMIYAH

The book "Al-Hisbah fi al Islam" is a classic because it was written 700 years ago by Shaykh Ibn Taimiyah, but its relevance is still felt today. There are many discussions that are beyond their time and are increasingly evident in their urgency in modern times. This shows that the verses of the Qur'an and the Hadith of the Prophet Muhammad which are the main references are eternal and become the guidelines of human life throughout the ages. Hisbah can be defined as an institution for monitoring and controlling commodity prices in the market (price control) as well as monitoring the behavior of government officials. What is special about his work is that it does not only refer to texts as normative sources but also follows the history and practice of the people around him. So that apart from being scientifically qualified, new findings can also be discussed in the field. Although Ibn Taimiyah is known as an expert in kalam and fiqh, the book talks about public duties and market economy (issues that are the main concern of modern society today).