Hygiene Training Research Articles

STUDY OF APPROACHES TO IMPROVING DENTAL HEALTH OF DONETSK REGION RESIDENTS ON THE BASIS OF SELECTIVE ANALYSIS OF ORAL CAVITY DISEASES

The need to improve the dental health of the population does not lose its relevance and remains an unresolved medical, economic and social problem, with the need to find new approaches to the provision of dental care.The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of preventive measures and public awareness of the course and consequences of dental pathology in order to improve dental health.To achieve this goal, the data of the annual reports of municipal dental services of Donetsk region were analyzed and a survey with additional functional (electromyography and digital analysis of occlusion) examination of the dental status of 200 people was conducted.Thus, in 2018, the number of primary visitors to therapeutic departments within the region included 718097 people. Patients who underwent primary preventive measures included: hygienic training and education, individual choice of prevention only 21.09% of the total number of people.Within the survey, 82.5 % did not understand the dependence of hygiene and carious processes, 75.5% had no information about the need for quality restoration of the anatomy of the dentition, and 21.5 % did not understand the need to replace the final defects of the dentition. It has been found some reflection of these facts in the analysis of annual reports. Thus, the percentage of filled teeth due to caries or its complications to removed teeth, for the same reasons, was 46.46 %. A similar result in 46.58 % was the number of patients who applied after the removal of teeth to the orthopedic department in order to restore the integrity of the dentition (removable, conditionally removable, non-removable structures). But in addition to the lack of full restoration of the dentition, it was found that the ratio of total filled teeth to cement fillings was 44.5 percent of all filled teeth due to both caries and its complications. 44.5 % was the restoration of lost tooth tissues using cements (zinc phosphate and SIC). Due to the impossibility of restoring quality anatomy, and as a result of the function of the tooth, such a percentage does not meet the needs of today in understanding quality dental services.Based on the results of the analysis of the study data, we concluded that patients are poorly informed about their condition, variations in their treatment and the consequences of lack of comprehensive treatment, the causes and consequences of certain dental conditions and prevention. The results of our surveys and diagnostic tests revealed the need for modern and objectively motivated approach to diagnosis and informing patients about their condition, which leads to a better understanding of the cause-and-effect relationships and the desire for full rehabilitation.In turn, this not only improves dental health at the end of treatment, but also helps to maintain it for a long time, which in turn improves the social and economic life of the patient.

Butcher-house related factors, Antibiogram signatures, and Bacteriological quality, of raw meat, sold in Adama town, Ethiopia.

Background: Foodborne diseases, mostly from animal sources (contaminated raw meat), remain important local and global public health challenges worsened by the widespread preparation and consumption of raw meat in poor hygiene settings in Ethiopia. The study was designed to determine the Butcher-house related factors, antibiogram signatures, and Bacteriological quality, of raw meat, sold in Adama town, Ethiopia, in 2019. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 112 consenting raw meat handlers working in the butcher houses of Adama town were given interviewer-administered, pretested, structured questionnaires to assess their knowledge and practices on meat handling. Pooled raw meat cuts from hanging display for sale were processed, and the quality of raw meat was determined using a serial dilution of total aerobic plate count, total coliform count, and total staphylococci count. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used for the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the isolated bacteria, and the statistical significance of the findings was calculated accordingly. Descriptive statistics were computed, and frequency distribution tables were used to describe most of the findings. All bacterial counts were normalized to colony-forming units per gram and converted into Log10 values. A 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to determine factors independently associated with the bacteriological quality of raw meat. Results: Three-fourths (¾th) of collected raw meat yielded an unacceptable bacterial load of total aerobic plate count based on Gulf Standard. The average contamination was 5.89±0.86, 4.27±0.73, 2.77±1.37, and 3.02±1.54 log colony-forming units per gram for total aerobic plate count, total coliform count, fecal coliform count, and total Staphylococcus aureus count, respectively. Raw meat collected from meat handlers who were trained on meat hygiene (AOR=5.8, 95%CI 🙁 1.99-17.34), collecting money (AOR= 0.14,95% CI: (0.04-0.43) were associated with the bacteriological quality of raw meat. The proportion of raw meat samples that were positive for Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, and Shigella were 9.8%, 36%, and 2.67% respectively. The resistance of Salmonella was most frequently observed to Ampicillin (100%), Amoxicillin/ Clavunilic (54.5%), Tetracycline (36.3%) Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (18.2%). Staphylococcus aureus was resistant to Ampicillin (86%), Amoxicillin/ Clavunilic(70%), and ciprofloxacin (84%), whereas Shigella expressed resistance to Ampicillin (50%) and was 100% sensitive to the rest antibiotics used. Conclusion: Meat hygiene training for handlers at the Bucher-house significantly impacted the bacteriological quality of the raw meat studied. Salmonella species, Staphylococcal species, and Shigella significantly resisted the major groups of antibiotics (penicillins, quinolones) used in this study. Bacterial logarithmic mean values were beyond the acceptable standard indication of poor hygiene, making it a potential source of food-borne infection. Therefore, stringent inspection, regular supervision, training, and hygienic practices should be introduced to enhance the hygienic quality of meat for consumers.

Effect of food hygiene training on food handlers' knowledge in Sokoto Metropolis: a quasi-experimental study.

Introductiontraining intervention for food handlers is necessary to increase their knowledge and awareness about food hygiene. Research in this area has been given low attention in Nigeria, especially in the Northern part of the country. Therefore, we assessed the effect of food hygiene training on the knowledge of food hygiene among food handlers in Sokoto metropolis.Methodswe conducted a quasi-experimental study between January and July 2019. We used a multistage sampling technique to select 360 food handlers randomized into intervention and control groups. We conducted a training intervention after the baseline data collection. Post-intervention data collection was conducted six months after the intervention. We estimated the proportion of respondents with good knowledge at baseline and post-intervention. We assessed the difference in pre-and post-intervention proportions using McNemars Marginal Homogeneity test at 5% level of significance.Resultsin the intervention and control groups, 19 (10.6%) and 18 (10.0%) had primary education respectively, p = 0.231. At baseline, 23 (12.8%) and 22 (12.2%) in intervention and control groups respectively had good knowledge, p= 0.515. At post-intervention, the proportion of those with good knowledge in the intervention group increased to 56.7%, p < 0.001; while in the control group, there was no significant difference in the proportion of those with good knowledge, p = 0.248.Conclusionthe training intervention has significantly improved the knowledge of the food handlers. We recommend that the National Food and Drug Agency, in collaboration with restaurant owners, ensure regular on-the-job training of food handlers.

A survey of hand hygiene practices among Indian medical undergraduates

BackgroundHand hygiene is the simplest and most effective method to prevent hospital acquired infections (HAI). Compliance with hand hygiene among health providers is, however, widely variable due to significant knowledge gaps and behavioral issues. The knowledge and practices of hand hygiene among medical undergraduate students, the future health workforce in the current COVID-19 pandemic will enable a reality check and ensure course correction at an early stage of their learning. MethodsAn online questionnaire-based survey based on a standard, validated WHO 25-point (multiple-choice question and Yes/No answers) hand hygiene survey was undertaken among medical undergraduate students in an urban city from April to June 2020. Each correct response was awarded 1 point, and an incorrect response was awarded 0 points. The maximum achievable score was 25, and the minimum score was 0. ResultsA total of 457 students with a mean age 20.24 ± 1.27 years completed the survey. A total of 415 (90.8%) students received hand hygiene training in the past three years. Overall 27.6% (n = 126) students had good knowledge, 65.4% (n = 299) had moderate and 7% (n = 32) had poor knowledge of hand hygiene practices. ConclusionsThere were significant knowledge gaps regarding hand hygiene among medical undergraduate students in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic. There is a need to strengthen existing teaching methods to positively impact behavioral change and potentially translate into better hand hygiene compliance among the future health workforce of the country.

Evaluation of the Effect of Physical Activity on Sleep Quality and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Women in the Postmenoposal Period in Turkey

Objective: Menopause is a period of life in which women are at increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and sleep problems. In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of physical activity on CVR and sleep quality in women in this period. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted with 342 postmenopausal women (PMW) who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria who applied to the outpatient clinic between August and December 2018 at Health Sciences University Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Training and Research Hospital. Women were given sociodemographic data form, International Physical Activity Questionnaire short form(IPAQ-SF), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) , calculated CVR estimation with Framingham formulation. The data were evaluated with SPSS 23 program. Results: In our study the mean age of women was 60.77 ± 9.2 years. The rate of patients with a 10-year CVR was 66.1%. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality (PSQI) scorewas 9.05 ± 4.33 and the rate of good sleep quality (PSQI ≤5) was 24.6%. Physical activity (PA) level was found to be 848.68 ± 1213.08 MET-min /week. It was observed that the state of being physically inactive was associated with the presence of a diagnosis of hypertension (p = 0.026). It was observed that those with severe PA levels in women had low body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.035), and increased CVD as the BMI and daytime dysfunction increased. Cardiovascular risk (CVR), sleep quality score and subparameters did not change according to physical activity. While there was a significant difference between the severity of PA level and Framingham risk score (FRS) (p = 0.032), those with high PA levels had the lowest FRS. Sleep quality and subparameters did not change according to PA level. In the presence of obesity, CVR, habitual sleep afficiency and sleep disorder component scores were shown to increase. Conclusion: From the pre-menopausal period, women should be directed to perform appropriate PA to reduce obesity and prevent the onset or progression of CVD. Sleep hygiene trainings can be given to improve sleep quality in the postmenopausal period.

Psychomotor learning theory informing the design and evaluation of an interactive augmented reality hand hygiene training app for healthcare workers

Hand hygiene is critical for infection control, but studies report poor transfer from training to practice. Hand hygiene training in hospitals typically involves one classroom session per year, but psychomotor skills require repetition and feedback for retention. We describe the design and independent evaluation of a mobile interactive augmented reality training tool for the World Health Organisation (WHO) hand hygiene technique. The design was based on a detailed analysis of the underlying educational theory relating to psychomotor skills learning. During the evaluation forty-seven subjects used AR hand hygiene training over 4 weeks. Hand hygiene proficiency was assessed at weekly intervals, both electronically and via human inspection. Thirty eight participants (81%) reached proficiency after 24.3 (SD = 17.8) two-minute practice sessions. The study demonstrated that interactive mobile applications could empower learners to develop hand hygiene skills independently. Healthcare organizations could improve hand hygiene quality by using self-directed skills-based training combined with regular ward-based assessments.

Рівень санітарно-гігієнічних знань щодо гігієни ротової порожнини в осіб підліткового та юнацького віку, які палять

Numerous studies in recent years have shown that the prevalence of dental disease, periodontal tissue and dental anomalies remains high among children, despite the development and implementation of new prevention and treatment regimens. Thus, the prevalence of dental caries in children in the period of temporary occlusion reaches 80–90%, in the period of permanent occlusion — 70–80%. The prevalence of chronic catarrhal gingivitis in children 12–15 years of age is 70–80%, reaching 95–98% in some regions, and localized and generalized periodontitis – 4.1–16.4%. It is known that the pathogenesis of dental diseases is closely related to the presence of a bad habit — smoking, mostly there is a strict correlation between the intensity and experience of smoking and the emergence and development of pathological changes in various organs and systems, including the oral cavity. Maintaining proper oral hygiene is an important factor influencing the occurrence of periodontal disease. It is known that the formation of oral care skills is formed in childhood, so the study of oral hygiene and the level of hygienic knowledge in adolescents with healthy periodontitis and catarrhal gingivitis in order to further develop a scheme of preventive measures remains one of the most important areas of pediatric dentistry. Purpose — to study the level of hygienic oral care and knowledge in teenagers and young adults who smoke. Materials and methods. The level of knowledge on the observance of individual oral hygiene in 87 people aged 15 to 24 years was studied. The main group included 40 adolescents and young people who smoked, in the comparison group we included 47 people of the same age without a bad habit of smoking. Results. It was found that the majority of all respondents have information on how to properly care for the hygiene of RP, respectively 67.54±3.75% — in the main group, 72.78±4.81% — in the comparison group. However, not all respondents have the full amount of information, as indicated by 23.43±7.51% of adolescents and young people in the main group and 17.86±6.42%. In addition, the individual assessment of their own oral care skills according to the respondents revealed that not all respondents regularly oral care. In the main group only 59.56±4.61% indicated regular oral care, which was 1.4 times less than in the comparison group 81.42±5.73% (p&lt;0.001). Conclusions. It is necessary to conduct additional hygienic training, mandatory reinformation on the risks of dental diseases, in order to form a system of sustainable understanding and awareness of the need for adolescents and young people to observe individual oral hygiene. Particular attention should be paid to aspects of the emergence and rooting of bad habits, namely the bad habit of smoking, both traditional and alternative types of smoking, which adversely affects somatic and dental health, because it is known that without smoking it is impossible to achieve sustainable and long-term results of treatment and prevention measures. The research was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Helsinki declaration. The study protocol was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of all participating institution. The informed consent of the patient was obtained for conducting the studies. No conflict of interest was declared by the authors. Key words: teenager, young adult, oral hygiene, smoking.

Alcohol-containing Hand Rubs: A Survey on Beliefs and Self-reported Practices of Muslim Nurses

Although alcohol-containing liquid cleansers have been increasingly used by healthcare workers, their application is still suboptimal. This study was carried out to assess the beliefs and practices of Muslim nurses with respect to alcohol-based hand rub solutions (ABHRs). A total of 374 hospital nurses from a large tertiary referral medical centre in Southern Iran were recruited. Beliefs and self-reported practices toward ABHRs were measured using a structured questionnaire. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were shown to be satisfactory (Cronbach’s alpha value: 0.77 for beliefs and 0.86 for practices.) Overall, 16% of Muslim nurses believed that the use of ABHRs is religiously prohibited; approximately the same proportion of respondents believed that there may be concerns related to the fact that the alcoholic content of these hand rubs might be absorbed through the skin or respiratory tract. Overall, more than half of participants reported use of ABHRs before (60%) and after (75%) touching patients. Religious believers were less likely to report performing hand hygiene with ABHRs before patient contact. However, the total mean practice scores were not statistically different between religious believers and non-believers (t (372)=-0.88, P=0.413). Mean practice scores of nurses who had participated in hand hygiene training courses during the year before the study were higher than those who had not (t (372)=3.41, P&lt; 0.001). The results of the present study showed that the practice of hand hygiene with alcohol-containing hand rubs is common among Iranian Muslim nurses and is not influenced by their religious beliefs toward alcohol.

Informatization of education: medical and social problems, technologies for hygienic safety students training

Introduction. The digitalization of education in the Russian Federation accompanied by the intensive use of digital tools in children and adolescents’ education and leisure activities actualizes the problems of preserving the health of the younger generation. The aim of the study was to assess the current medical and social problems of informatization of education and the formation of approaches to the hygienic regulation of the main risk factors for the health of students, to determine the technologies for ensuring their hygienic safety in the digital environment. Materials and methods. The expert and analytical research were carried out using scientific publications, Internet resources, normative and methodological documents showing the features of the organization of educational activities of students in the digital environment, the technology of ensuring their hygienic safety. Results. It shows the high degree of development of the digital environment in the Russian education system; a diverse arsenal of digital educational resources and services that are most in demand by participants in the educational process; prospects for the modernization and development of education in the course of the introduction of the digital educational environment (DEE). The new digital environment can negatively impact the lifestyle and behavior of children and adolescents and contribute to the formation of additional risk factors for their health. In the context of the increased informatization of the educational process and the active use of electronic learning tools (ESE), there is an increase in the information load and psychoemotional overstrain in children and adolescents, an increase in various forms of information dependence, borderline mental disorders and behavioural disorders, the prevalence of school-related conditions and diseases. Conclusion. Among the measures related to the safety of the use of digital technologies and means of their provision in the educational and leisure activities of children, the implementation of technologies aimed at assessing the main risk factors for children’s health in the developing digital environment and the prospects for the development of hygienic rationing; compliance with hygiene regulations and rules of work when using ESO; training and education of children, parents and teachers; expertise of educational programs and technologies; monitoring the effectiveness of the implementation of DEE.

A Comprehensive Approach To The Prevention Of Caries Of Permanent Teeth In Children

In the article Non-drug care is aimed at ensuring adequate oral hygiene in order to prevent the development and progression of the carious process, it includes three main components: oral hygiene training, controlled dental cleaning and professional oral and dental hygiene.

Application of the gold standard direct observation tool to estimate hand hygiene compliance among healthcare providers in Dessie referral hospital, Northeast Ethiopia

ABSTRACT This study aims to assess hand hygiene compliance and associated factors among healthcare providers in Dessie referral hospital (Ethiopia) using the gold standard WHO’s observational checklist and self-administered questionnaire. Hand hygiene practices of 230 healthcare providers from ten hospital wards were observed over 24 hours period. The required numbers of sample were proportionally allocated among the different professions and wards. The overall observed hand hygiene compliance was only 17.6%. Hand hygiene training , availability of functional sink , knowledge about hand hygiene , attitude towards hand hygiene , availability of water and soap , and availability of alcohol-based hand rub were positively associated with hand hygiene compliance. As lower levels of compliance were observed for indications that have potential risk for patients, healthcare providers need to follow the WHO’s multimodal hand hygiene improvement strategies. This study also indicated the important prerequisites that could help improve hand hygiene.

IFST vision for a UK‐wide national food strategy

<scp>IFST</scp> vision for a <scp>UK</scp>‐wide national food strategy

Влияние жизнедеятельности в условиях цифровой среды на состояние органа зрения обучающихся

The growth of eye disease incidence in the juvenile population amidst increasing visual load, which, among other factors, results from the use of electronic devices (ED), outlines the search for effective preventive measures, geared towards preservation of health of young people. The study was aimed to assess the impact of life activity upon exposure to digital environment on the organ of sight in schoolchildren and college students. The study was carried out in 2017-2020 at Dolgoprudny gymnasium and Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University. A total of 805 schoolchildren and college students underwent ophthalmologic examination. Accommodative response was registered with Speedy-K Ver. MF-1 autorefractor keratometer (Japan). A standardized questionnaire, tailored by the authors to meet the requirements of the study, was used to assess the regime for the use of ED by students. Inclusion criteria: schoolchild, college student, ophthalmologic examination data and submitted informed consent available, correctly completed questionnaire. Statistical processing was performed using the Statistica 13.0 software. All students were the ED owners. Only 9.9% of primary school students, 2.7% of secondary school students, 1.9% of senior secondary school students, and 0.9% of college students did not use ED every day. Significant negative correlation was revealed between the students’ vision acuity and the daily total time of using the ED, as well as the duration of the ED continuous use (р≤0.05). Accommodation weakness was detected in 88.76% of students with early stage of myopia; accommodative response close to normal was less common (11.24%). The increase in daily total time of using the ED by 2 hours and more results in higher prevalence of functional vision problems (p≤0.05), and the trend of increasing the number of high myopia cases. The data obtained define the need of improving the students’ hygiene training starting from the preschool age.

Crew endurance training in the united states navy: Lessons learned from senior leadership, prospective commanding/executive officers, and department heads

The Crew Endurance Team at the Naval Postgraduate School led a 3-year project to develop and deliver crew endurance and sleep hygiene training to support the US Navy’s implementation of circadian-based watchbills. As part of this effort, 16 training sessions were delivered to 362 active-duty service members (ADSMs) of the USN, including senior Navy leaders (n=249), prospective commandingIexecutive officers (PCOIPXOs) (n=30) at the Surface Warfare Officers School (SWOS) and students (n=83) attending SWOS Department Head School. Overall, responses from all audiences were positive indicating a high level of satisfaction with the training. We identified the need to expand two parts of the training: stimulants and sleep-promoting medications, and tips for sleeping in military environments. We will continue to tailor the training to the specific needs of ADSMs. We continue to train military audiences to increase awareness of the critical importance of sleep for operational performance and resilience.

Deterioration in hygiene behavior among fifth-year medical students during the placement of intravenous catheters: a prospective cohort comparison of practical skills

BackgroundThe American Association of Medical Colleges has defined peripheral intravenous cannulation as one of the eight practical skills that a medical student should possess upon graduation. Since following a standard hygiene protocol can reduce the rate of complications such as bloodstream infections, the medical student’s compliance to hygienic standards is highly relevant.MethodsThis unicentric longitudinal cohort study included 177 medical students undergoing OSCE 1 in the winter semesters 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 as well as OSCE 2 during the winter semesters 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 at the University of Cologne. Their performance in peripheral intravenous cannulation was rated by trained student supervisors using a scaled 13-item questionnaire and compared between OSCE 1 and OSCE 2.ResultsOverall, a decline in the correct placement of peripheral intravenous catheters was observed among advanced medical students during OSCE 2 (mean total score: 6.27 ± 1.84) in comparison to their results in OSCE 1 (mean total score: 7.67 ± 1.7). During OSCE 2, the students were more negligent in regard to hygienic behavior, such as disinfection of the puncture site as well as hand disinfection before and after venipuncture. Their patients were also less likely to be informed about the procedure as compared to OSCE 1.ConclusionsAn unsatisfying performance in regard to peripheral intravenous cannulation was observed in medical students with hygiene compliance deteriorating between the third and fifth year of their study. Thus, we promote an extension of practical hygiene and stress management training in medical school to reduce complications associated with intravenous catheters, such as bloodstream infections.

Relationship between career education experience among final-year dental hygiene students and their perspective towards work and profession: A nationwide survey in dental hygiene schools of Japan.

ObjectivesThis study aimed to clarify the relationship between the experience of receiving career education among final‐year dental hygiene students and their views regarding their work and profession, as part of research on the working style of dental hygienists.MethodsAn anonymous, self‐administered survey was sent by post to all the 162 dental hygienist schools in Japan with dental hygiene students in their final year in November 2019. The main questions were regarding student attributes, career aspirations, their perspective on work and profession and whether or not they received career education at a dental hygienist training school. Analysis was conducted by cross‐tabulation and logistic regression.ResultsCompleted questionnaires were sent to us by 150 schools (response rate 92.6%), with a response from 6,270 students. The students who had received career education had significantly higher awareness and plans for the profession and a positive attitude towards the work (p < 0.01). Following adjustment for age, sex, educational attainment, length of the course of study and timing of class the results shows that there was a significant relation between the experience of the career education with having future plans (odds ratio = 2.11, 95% confidence interval = 1.88–2.38, p < 0.01).ConclusionsIt was observed that the experience of receiving career education just before graduating from dental hygienist school was related to an increased positive attitude of the students towards their work and profession. Further long‐term investigations are necessary to evaluate the effects of career education among dental hygiene students and their attitude towards their profession.

Effect of Professional and Extra-Professional Exposure on Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection among Healthcare Workers of the French Alps: A Multicentric Cross-Sectional Study.

We aimed to report SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence after the first wave of the pandemic among healthcare workers, and to explore factors associated with an increased infection rate. We conducted a multicentric cross-sectional survey from 27 June to 31 September 2020. For this survey, we enrolled 3454 voluntary healthcare workers across four participating hospitals, of which 83.4% were female, with a median age of 40.6 years old (31.8–50.3). We serologically screened the employees for SARS-CoV-2, estimated the prevalence of infection, and conducted binomial logistic regression with random effect on participating hospitals to investigate associations. We estimated the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection at 5.0% (95 CI, 4.3%–5.8%). We found the lowest prevalence in health professional management support (4.3%) staff. Infections were more frequent in young professionals below 30 years old (aOR = 1.59, (95 CI, 1.06–2.37)), including paramedical students and residents (aOR = 3.38, (95 CI, 1.62–7.05)). In this group, SARS-CoV-2 prevalence was up 16.9%. The location of work and patient-facing role were not associated with increased infections. Employees reporting contacts with COVID-19 patients without adequate protective equipment had a higher rate of infection (aOR = 1.66, (95 CI, 1.12–2.44)). Aerosol-generating tasks were associated with a ~1.7-fold rate of infection, regardless of the uptake of FFP2. Those exposed to clusters of infected colleagues (aOR = 1.77, (95 CI, 1.24–2.53)) or intra-familial COVID-19 relatives (aOR = 2.09, (95 CI, 1.15–3.80)) also had a higher likelihood of infection. This report highlights that a sustained availability of personal protective equipment limits the SARS-CoV-2 infection rate to what is measured in the general population. It also pinpoints the need for dedicated hygiene training among young professionals, justifies the systematic eviction of infected personnel, and stresses the need for interventions to increase vaccination coverage among any healthcare workers.

Investigation of Hygiene Knowledge Levels of Kitchen Staff in Diyarbakir Provincial State Hospitals

This research was carried out to investigate the hygiene knowledge level of the personnel working in the nutrition/beverage service and kitchen of hospitals that provide mass feeding in Diyarbakır. For this purpose, a survey form of 94 questions was applied to a total of 150 people, 117 men and 33 women, working in three hospital kitchens in the central district of Diyarbakır. The study was initiated after the approval of the ethics committee of Okan University, dated 08.05.2019 with the meeting number 108 and decision number 6. According to the data obtained from the research, 78% of the staff working in the the institutional kitchens in Diyarbakir province were male and 22% were female. It was determined that the job duration in the profession was concentrated between 2-5 years (40.7%). Also, it is seen that the personnel received hygiene training make up the vast majority, such as 95.3%. A significant difference was found between the groups in terms of personal hygiene and personnel hygiene competence and also between the age groups of the personnel participated in our study. It has been observed that the knowledge of all those who got HACCP training at school is sufficient while others (who got training in a course or master’s) have less knowledge. It has been observed that the knowledge of the staff on hand hygiene and HACCP system is low. Moreover, it has observed that the personnel knowledge on hand hygiene and HACCP system is low.

Clinical case: OnLine intervention proposal for a patient with symptoms of depression and anxiety

Anxiety and depression are some of the biggest mental health issues that have been increasing because of the actual contingency that was established because of the coronavirus (COVID-19). Therefore, several studies have developed treatment proposals, an objective that is shared within this case study. The work carried out is a proposal for an intervention based on the Cognitive Behavioral Theory to a 21-year-old female patient, who manifests symptoms of depression and anxiety. The patient was evaluated with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Hamilton Anxiety Scale, Manifest Anxiety Scale in Adults-C, Hamilton Evaluation Scale for Depression, and the Beck-II Depression Inventory. To expand the data, resources such as the Clinical Map of Pathogenesis and the Map of Scope of Goals were used for the functional analysis of the behavior for the formulation of the case. On the other hand, based on the collection of data from the patient and the results obtained, it was determined that the proposal of the most effective strategies for the case was the following: 1. psychoeducation, 2. cognitive restructuring technique, 3. training in breathing techniques, 4. relaxation technique training, 5. sleep hygiene training, and 6. mindfulness technique.

Knowledge and attitude of family medicine residents toward Personal protective equipment correct usage in king Saud medical city, Riyadh

Background: COVID-19 infection among healthcare workers is a major concern whenever a pandemic occurs. Health care professionals are the frontline in the war against this vicious outbreak which makes them at a higher risk of inquiring the infection than the general population. Use of Personal protective equipment (PPE) is considered a pivotal role in infection control measures. We aimed to study usage of personal protective equipment (PPE) among KSMC family medicine Residents to determine if the appropriate PPE were used by family medicine physician and to examine the factors that may determine inappropriate. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study conducted on Family Medicine Residents of KSMC, Riyadh. All levels of residency of family medicine specialty were included in this research. We used convenient non-probability sampling technique. Results: A total of 134 Family Medicine Residents of KSMC, Riyadh were finally enrolled in this study. 86% of junior and 90% of senior residents received formal training in hand hygiene in the last three years. Most of them know that the main route of cross-transmission of potentially harmful germs between patients is health-care workers’ hands when not clean. Higher percentage of junior cleaning their hands after each consultation compared to senior (98% vs 86% respectively, P = 0.009). There was no statistically significant difference between males and females residents about wearing surgical masks by suspected patients whilst in common areas or throughout the consultation, and 87% of both of them received formal training in hand hygiene in the last three years. There was a significant difference between males and females residents in their knowledge about the main route of cross- transmission of potentially harmful germs between patients (P = 0.006); a higher percentage of males know that the main route is health-care workers’ hands when not clean compared to females (58% vs 52% respectively, P = 0.006), also higher percentage of females using PPE in infection room when a patient confirmed to have Covid-19 when compared to males (97% vs 80% respectively). Conclusion: At the time of the study, most medical residents were knowledgeable, had a positive attitude, and good level of awareness was observed regarding PPE as it prevents their infection when fighting COVID-19 pandemic. Despite these findings, there were few gaps in resident’s knowledge in certain situations and this need to be addressed through more training courses regarding PPE and this which will significantly raise the level of knowledge and also will set better attitude and practices regarding PPE.