Hygiene Science Research Articles

Prevention of COVID-19 in workers: preparation, precaution, and protection.

In May 2023 the World Health Organization (WHO) Director General announced the "end" of the COVID-19 Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Although the scale of the pandemic was unprecedented in living memory, it had not been unforeseen. Previous outbreaks of viral respiratory disease have shown important lessons regarding the need to protect healthcare workers (HCW), and research has also been undertaken into the relative effectiveness of control measures and their resource implications. Relevant guidance for worker protection, including HCW protection, which existed at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic was disregarded both at international and national governmental levels. In many countries there were significant systemic flaws in strategy, culture, and resource availability, and hence in overall preparedness. When the pandemic struck, many experts and organizations advocated a precautionary approach with regard to worker protection, consistent with good occupational hygiene science, practice, and standards. In many Asian countries, protective measures were relatively stringent. However, many workers were left unprotected especially as the WHO, the United States, the United Kingdom, and other governments did not pursue adequate COVID-19 protective measures at work. As the pandemic progressed, improvements in protection were patchy. A notable lack of protection arose from the underestimation of the contribution of aerosol exposure to infection risks, particularly among HCWs providing routine care of potentially infectious patients. A disciplined strategy of source control, pathway control (such as ventilation), and receptor control notably Respiratory Protective Equipment is needed, as well as worldwide vaccination, to contend with this pandemic. Control measures appropriate to the risk of infections transmitted through the air will remain necessary in the longer term, as well as adaptations in the workplace to take account of long-term COVID-19 morbidity and new work practices.

Validity Evaluation for Identifying Dental Hygiene Activities

Objectives: This study evaluated the validity of dental hygiene activities to improve the oral health of clients in the clinical field. Methods: A qualitative content analysis was performed to derive the dental hygiene domain and dental hygiene activities, which were reorganized via the researcher's internal review. Validity, homogeneity, mutual exclusivity, content validity, classification suitability, and clarity were evaluated through an expert Delphi survey. Results: The activities performed by dental hygienists were classified into a total of 15 areas and 156 activities. The homogeneity of the dental hygiene domain was 4.75±0.19, and the mutual exclusivity was 4.64±0.24. Classification of the dental hygiene activities CVI (Content Validity Index) was over 0.65 and CVR (Content Validity Ratio) was over 0.20. Conclusions: It was confirmed that dental hygiene activities contribute to the efficiency and quality of dental treatment, improve dental treatment satisfaction, take full responsibility for patient safety, and affect oral disease prevention, oral health promotion, and successful treatment results based on dental hygiene care. Therefore, in the future, according to the development of dental hygiene science and the dental hygienist system, dental hygiene activities should be continuously revised and supplemented through research, and discussions in the academic world should be carried out.

Immunochemical, cytogenetic changes and genetic polymorphism in children living under the exposure to unfavourable environmental factors

Introduction. Studies of biomarkers of effects of susceptibility and sensitivity of the human body to exposure to environmental toxicants are a priority in the development of the hygiene science, individual predisposition to adverse effects of chemicals on DNA and the immune system being of special importance. The objective of our study was to assess immunochemical, cytogenetic changes and genetic polymorphism in children exposed to environmental hazards. Materials and methods. We examined immunochemical marker and functional metabolic changes in selected cells, indicators of the adaptive status of the body and xenogenic poisoning of children environmentally exposed to heavy metals. Gene polymorphism was determined by two detoxification genes (GSTP1 and SOD2). Poisoning was assessed by blood levels of heavy metals. Results. We revealed the presence of autoantibodies to the liver and nervous system in 100% of children. A low level of secretory IgA was observed in 27% of children. The salivary lysozyme level indicates a decrease in the protective function of local immunity by 37.9%. We established a direct relationship between the blood levels of heavy metals and genetic instability in somatic cells of the buccal epithelium. The Ile105Val polymorphism of the GSTP1 gene and the Ala16Val polymorphism of the SOD2 gene were found in 45.9% and 28.4% of children, respectively. Limitations. The paper presents the results of a survey of 3 to 6 years children with allergies attending one preschool. The absence of a control cohort prevents us from comparing our findings with those that could have been obtained for children without allergies and/or living in pollution-free areas. Conclusion. The immunochemical and cytogenetic changes, as well as the genetic polymorphism observed in children are most likely associated with adverse health effects of environmental hazards.

Research Trend Analysis of Research Published in the Journal of Dental Hygiene Science from 2011 to 2020

Research Trend Analysis of Research Published in the <i>Journal of Dental Hygiene Science</i> from 2011 to 2020

Grigory Vitalievich Khlopin is the pride of Russian hygiene science

Historical materials about the life and work of G.V. Khlopin, an outstanding scientist and hygienist, who created his own large scientific school. The main activity of which was the development of prevention and public hygiene. Biographical data are given, and scientific activity in the pre-revolutionary and Soviet periods is analyzed. The main directions of research work in the field of General hygiene, water supply hygiene, food hygiene, school hygiene, work in the field of anti-epidemic and anti-chemical protection are presented. The role of G.V. Khlopin in the formation and development of experimental hygiene is emphasized. The article describes his many-sided activities as a Professor of the Department of hygiene at the Military medical Academy, as well as his organizational and pedagogical activities, which laid the foundations for teaching hygiene at the higher medical school based on numerous textbooks and manuals published by him. The author notes the encyclopedic nature of knowledge, the great erudition of the scientist in all matters of hygiene, his unflagging ability to work, which made it possible to create capital guidelines on hygiene based on the works of domestic researchers. Attention is drawn to the activities of G.V. Khlopin in the creation of the Institute of preventive Sciences named after Z.P. Solovyov, organized with the aim of improving the educational process and research activities, as well as his work as a consultant to the Main military sanitary Department of the Workers and peasants red Army. A high assessment of the work of G.V. Khlopin, who holds the rank of full state Councilor, for the benefit of Russia, is the award of the order of St. Nicholas. Vladimir and SV. Stanislav, and in the years of Soviet power conferring the honorary title of honored scientist.

Hygiene Science Development in Ukraine under Social-Political Changes (in the second part ХІХ – 1920s): Historiography

The purpose of the article is to define the level of the scientific research on the hygiene studies development on the territory of Ukraine from the second part of XIX century till the 1920s under the conditions of the social-economical and political challenges of that time. Research methods: logical, chronological, comparative-historical, analytical-syntactical, classification, periodization, historical-genetical, and structural. Main results. This article deals with the scientific contribution into defining the challenges of hygiene studies development in Ukraine from the second part of XIX century till the 1920s. We have analyzed the main historiographic periods in the establishment and development of the hygiene science, all existing methodological approaches in historiography, and the theoretical paradigms in this field. Three historiographic periods concerning this topic were highlighted: the first period – from the second part of ХІХ till 1917; the second period – the soviet one, from 1917 till the end of 1980s; the third period – the modern one, beginning from 1991 till now. We analyzed Ukrainian historiography in terms of the establishment and development of the hygiene as a science, taking into consideration socio-economical and political changes in the country during the second part of the ХІХ till 1920s. Historiography, which reveals the hygiene science development at universities comprises of the significant amount of historical, statistical, encyclopedic, and methodological literature, which reflects the content, structure, organization, university research staff, which allows us to consider the development of hygiene science at the university level as essential in its transformation into a branch of science, a form of the social consciousness, and a part of culture of the society. Hygiene became a science which can make practical recommendations and respond to social needs. Experimental research in the hygiene were conducted at the university departments and at the state research laboratories. In the field of historiography, there were numerous scientific works on the development of hygiene as a science at the universities and in social medicine. Manuals, books, terminology dictionaries for doctors and students were issued during this period. Numerous terms were also defined, for example, “prophylaxis”, “hygiene”, “social hygiene”, “civil hygiene”, “social medicine”. It’s worth mentioning that these terms keep being updated. The significant contribution to the hygiene issues research was made by the outstanding scientists from the universities in Kyiv, Kharkiv, and Novorosiysk, where the respective hygiene departments were established and all the fundamental and applied research were conducted, improved, and expanded. Practical significance. This article is recommended for the courses of the history of Ukraine, science and technology, social medicine ,and for the course of the history of science and technology. Originality. In this article we analyzed and summed up the experience of the Ukrainian scientists, who had studied the history of the hygiene studies, in order to define the most effective model of hygiene component of the social medicine nowadays. The innovative component. We put forward the brand-new prospective of the hygiene studies development from the second part of the XIX century till the 1920s, taking into consideration the historical documents and research paradigms. Moreover, the research assessments under the social-political changes Ukraine from the second part of the XIX century till the 1920s were established. Article type: descriptive.

N.I. Pirogov and his proverbial: «I believe in hygiene»

The great doctor, anatomist, surgeon, teacher, professor Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov (1810-1881) glorified not only Russian medicine, but also Russia as a whole. His discoveries and achievements relate primarily to the anatomy and its topographic direction, surgery and its military field, the military medical administration is the organization of medical support for the army. The vast majority of scientific results were achieved by Professor N.I. Pirogov during his work at the Imperial Medical and Surgical Academy from December 1840 to July 1856. Among all his wonderful quotes and expressions, the words I believe in hygiene and The future belong to preservative medicine gained the most popularity. They were published in Russian in his fundamental work The Beginnings of General Military Field Surgery, Taken from Observations of Military Hospital Practice and Memoirs of the Crimean War and the Caucasian Expedition in 1865. For more than 150 years, these phrases continue to be quoted by doctors of many specialties. . The question of what meaning Nikolay Ivanovich invested in these winged words and served as the reason for this article. To understand the great scientists judgments, his words individuality and fatalism, which preceded these historical phrases, are analyzed. The sources of knowledge and experience of hygiene of the first half of the XIX century, which N.I. could use Pirogov since, until 1865, neither in Europe nor in Russia did hygiene acquire the status of an independent science, its provisions were based on empirical information received by doctors in both peacetime and wartime. With full confidence, it can be argued that the highest authority of N.I. Pirogov and his catch phrase I believe in hygiene served as a powerful incentive for the development of all hygiene science.

The role of the Hygiene Department of Stephen Bathory University in the development and promotion of Public Health in Vilnius in the years 1922–1939

Objective: During the interwar period, the healthcare system in Europe experienced a dramatic transformation. It was perceived that preventive medicine was no less important than curative medicine. Moreover, without proper prevention of the so-called social diseases, all later therapeutic measures were expensive and ineffective. The former battle against the consequences was replaced by measures targeting the causes. The fight against social diseases involved a state-owned strategy and a broad arsenal of measures. The University’s scholars also took part in this process. Our study revealed that the significance of the disease prevention in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Stephen Bathory was well understood. Moreover, the treatment was not segregated from hygiene as strictly as it is today. Many hygienists as well as clinicians contributed to the development of preventive mechanisms. The broad specialization of doctors enabled them to see not only biomedical, but also social and economic aspects of a disease. Hygienists and doctors encouraged cooperation and coordination of their activities with the central and local authorities as well as education of the local population. The progress of medical science in Europe and the World, as well as the Soviet ideology in Eastern Europe distracted doctors from the search for the etiology of social illness. Biomedical treatment had become much more effective, and the development of social hygiene research in Eastern Europe had experienced stagnation. For ideological reasons the disease etiology in the Soviet bloc could not be associated with social factors. Social hygiene in the Soviet Union was highly politicized; it could only be interpreted in a frame of Soviet models. The healthcare system that had been created in the Soviet Union was named as the best in the world. The actual medical statistics were concealed from the public, since their logical interpretation could reveal the social causes of illnesses and the disadvantages of the soviet system. Sometimes we must return to basic ideas to improve current public health mechanisms. It is worth reconsidering fundamental questions, i.e. what public health is and how to achieve it. The breadth of the approach of the interwar Vilnius hygienists and doctors, the sensitivity to the social origins of diseases and persistence in combating them by all possible means could serve as an example for today’s doctors. At that time, hygienists approached the idea that the highest goal of prevention was to create a healthy environment, healthy living and working conditions. Although today we live in a much safer environment than those individuals did, new threats are emerging because of changing technology and lifestyle. The broad approach of physicians remains equally important in order not only to combat individual precedents, but also to overcome the preconditions for emerging precedents. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to reveal the theoretical patterns of hygiene and public health established by the hygienists of the Vilnius Hygiene Department as well as the attempts to apply them in practice. Methods: The study was conducted by analyzing the primary and secondary historical sources using the comparative method. A lot of data from the Lietuvos Centrinis Valstybės Archyvas (Lithuanian Central State Archives) that had been used in this research were published for the first time. According to the original archival data, an analysis of the scientific publications of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Stephen Bathory was made to find out the priorities of the research carried out at that time. Conclusions: The complicated economic conditions, the lack of support from the local and central government as well as the imperfections in health legislation of that time hindered the full implementation of the hygienist strategies of the University of Stephen Bathory. However, the activities of the Department of Hygiene of Stephen Bathory University had a significant impact on the development of hygiene science as well as medical practice in the Vilnius region during the Interwar period (1919–1939).

ALEKSEY PETROVICH DOBROSLAVIN AND DOMESTIC PENITENTIARY HYGIENE (HISTORICAL-MEDICAL AND HISTORICAL-LEGAL ASPECTS)

The article presents the historical medical and historical legal aspects of the development of sanitary care in the domestic penitentiary system; the role of the outstanding Russian scientist, the founder and the first professor of the Department of Hygiene of the Medical-Surgical Academy, a doctor, and scientist, public figure, Professor - Aleksey Petrovich Dobroslavin. For ten years he headed the health care department of the Main Prison Administration of the Russian Empire. November 18, 1871, Aleksey Petrovich Dobroslavin read the first lecture on the course of hygiene for listeners of the 4th year of the Medico-Surgical Academy. That day, according to the authors, can be considered the day of the founding of the national hygiene science. In September 1879, the scientist headed the Health care Department of the Main Prison Administration of Russia. At this position, Aleksey Petrovich combined all his knowledge, obtained earlier - hygiene and public knowledge, medicine and law. He served science and law, the people and the State. In 80 years of the XIX century, A.P. Dobroslavin played a decisive role in the development of domestic penitentiary hygiene. He received a real opportunity not only to develop theoretical provisions of hygiene but also the possibility to implement them by his orders binding on the staff of the penitentiary system of the Russian Empire. The scientist observed the implementation of his scientific provisions, generalized the experience of practical application of his research in various geoclimatic and other environmental conditions. Each of his commanding decisions is a separate, completed scientific work. He introduced the penitentiary science, which he actively developed as a scientist hygienist. Theoretical heritage of A.P. Dobroslavin for many decades determined the ways of the Russian penitentiary hygienic science.

치위생학과 교육과정에서의 치과의료커뮤니케이션 교과목 운영 사례연구

Correspondence to: Deok-Young ParkDepartment of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, College of Dentistry and Research Institute of Oral Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 7 Jukheon-gil, Gangneung 25457, KoreaTel: +82-33-640-2794, Fax: +82-33-640-2794, E-mail: jguitar@gwnu.ac.kCopyright © 2016 by Journal of Dental Hygiene Science This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

대전 시민의 인구사회학적 특성, 일반건강행위, 칫솔질행위의 관련성

Correspondence to: Soo-Jeong HwangDepartment of Dental Hygiene, College of Medical Science, Konyang University, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, KoreaTel: +82-42-600-6381, Fax: +82-42-600-6565, E-mail: denthwang@konyang.ac.krCopyright © 2016 by Journal of Dental Hygiene Science This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

일부 군인들의 입대 전후 간식섭취횟수 변화에 따른 구강건강관리실태와 구강건강증진행위에 대한 조사

Correspondence to: Min Jeong ChoPraha Dental Clinic, 2 Gobun-ro, Yeonje-gu, Busan 47576, KoreaTel: +82-51-861-2878~9, Fax: +82-51-861-2872, E-mail: bada964@hanmail.netCopyright © 2016 by the Korean Society of Dental Hygiene Science This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

내부마케팅이 치과위생사의 고객지향성에 미치는 영향

Correspondence to: Byung-Ho LeeDepartment of Dental Hygiene, Youngsan University, 288 Junam-ro, Yangsan 50510, KoreaTel: +82-55-380-9436, Fax: +82-55-380-9305, E-mail: leebh@ysu.ac.krCopyright © 2016 by the Korean Society of Dental Hygiene Science This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Q-Scan을 이용한 학령전기 아동의 구강보건교육 효과

Correspondence to: Su-Young LeeDepartment of Dental Hygiene, Namseoul University, 91 Daehak-ro, Seonghwan-eup, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan 31020, Korea Tel: +82-41-580-2560, Fax: +82-41-580-2927, E-mail: batty96@nsu.ac.krCopyright © 2015 by the Korean Society of Dental Hygiene Science This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

치과위생사 인력수급현황 분석을 위한 지리정보체계의 활용

Correspondence to: Jin-Young YangDepartment of Dental Hygiene, Daejeon Institute of Science and Technology, 100 Hyecheon-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35408, KoreaTel: +82-42-580-6446, Fax: +82-42-581-6301, E-mail: prime@dst.ac.krCopyright © 2015 by the Korean Society of Dental Hygiene Science This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

기혼 여성 치과위생사의 경력단절 의사에 영향을 미치는 요인

Correspondence to: Hyun-Sook BaeDepartment of Dental Hygiene, Namseoul University, 91 Daehak-ro, Seonghwan-eup, Seobuk-gu, Cheonan 31020, KoreaTel: +82-41-580-2560, Fax: +82-41-580-2927, E-mail: cute6579@hanmail.netThis article is based on a part of the master's thesis from Namseoul University.Copyright © 2015 by the Korean Society of Dental Hygiene Science This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

치위생(학)과 학생의 감성지능과 자아탄력성이 대인관계능력에 미치는 영향

Correspondence to: Ki-Eun KimDepartment of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Science, Eulji University, 553 Sanseong-daero, Sujung-gu, Seongnam 13135, KoreaTel: +82-31-740-7247, Fax: +82-31-740-7352, E-mail: hsun0405@naver.comCopyright © 2015 by the Korean Society of Dental Hygiene Science This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

인문계 고등학생의 치과위생사에 대한 이미지와 진로 고려의사에 관한 연구

Correspondence to: Kyung-Yi JeongDepartment of Dental Hygiene, Honam University, 417 Eodeung-daero, Gwangsan-gu, Gwangju 62399, KoreaTel: +82-62-940-3825, Fax: +82-62-940-3825, E-mail: 2014149@honam.ac.krCopyright © 2015 by the Korean Society of Dental Hygiene Science This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

흰 쥐의 측두하악관절 통증모델에서 Triptolide와 N-nitro-L-arginine Methyl Ester의 통증조절효과

Correspondence to: Min-Kyung LeeDepartment of Biomedical Health Science, Dong-Eui University, 176 Eomgwang-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan 47340, Korea Tel: +82-51-890-4238, Fax: +82-0505-182-6878, E-mail: lmk849@deu.ac.krCopyright © 2015 by the Korean Society of Dental Hygiene Science This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

일부 대학생의 지각된 스트레스와 구강 악습관과의 관련성

Correspondence to: Hyun-Ok LeeDepartment of Dental Hygiene, Wonkwang Health Science University, 514 Iksan-daero, Iksan 54536, KoreaTel: +82-63-860-1265, Fax: +82-63-840-1269, E-mail: holee@wu.ac.krCopyright © 2015 by the Korean Society of Dental Hygiene Science This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.