2-hydroxyethyl Acrylate Research Articles

Antifouling coating of membrane surface with branched poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) brushes via aqueous reversible deactivation radical polymerization

Surface fouling would severely reduce the performance of membrane and increase operating costs. Recently, surface coating based on branched polymer has been developed as a novel antifouling strategy. However, synthesis of branched polymer by controlled radical polymerization in aqueous system is often challenging. Herein, we report the coating of membrane surface with branched poly(2-Hydroxyethyl acrylate) (Poly(HEA)) via copper-based reversible deactivation radical polymerization. Hydrophilic coatings based on branched polymer brushes were fabricated from membrane surface by grafting from strategy under ambient temperature or even lower in aqueous solution. The polymerization kinetics, as well as antifouling performance of respective modified membranes between linear and branched Poly(HEA) were explored. Surface analyses verified that membranes modified with branched polymer brushes have 5.75 times higher coating thickness and enhanced hydrophilicity. Antifouling experiments revealed that branched polymer brushes can endow membranes with better fouling resistance and stability.

A novel CO2 based UV-induced peelable adhesive for wafer dicing

Poly (propylene carbonate) diol with double-bonds on the side chains (PPCAGE) was synthesized form CO2, propylene oxide (PO), polyether diol (PPG) and allyl glycidyl ether (AGE). Then, three kinds of CO2 based polyurethane oligomers (PPCAGE-PU) (PPCAGE-PUA, PPCAGE-PUB and PPCAGE-IPDI, respectively) with different contents of double bond were prepared through the reaction of PPCAGE, isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA). The content of -NCO was adjusted by varying the ratio of -NCO terminated prepolymer and HEA. Acrylate copolymer with side double bonds and hydroxyl groups (GMA-PSA) was synthesized by the ring-opening reaction of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and acrylate copolymer (PSA) containing -COOH and -OH. CO2 based UV-induced peelable adhesive was prepared by mixing PPCAGE-PU, GMA-PSA, active diluent and photoinitiator. The structure of PPCAGE was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). The reaction of PPCAGE-PUB and GMA-PSA was monitored by FT-IR, companied by the titration of -NCO and epoxide. The molecular weight of PSA and GMA-PSA was determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The surface morphology of the adhesive was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The viscoelasticity of adhesive was measured by real-time rheology. The 180° peel strength, micro-surface morphology, gel content, unsaturation conversion and glass transition temperature of UV-induced peelable adhesive were characterized. The results showed that the peel strength of adhesive was 17.82 N/25 mm before UV curing. After UV curing, the surface morphology changed from smooth to rough, the peel strength decreased to 0.08 N/25 mm and the modulus of the PSA increased due to the cross-linking. DSC results showed that the glass transition temperature increased after UV curing.

Soft acrylate monomer-based optically clear adhesive for foldable electronics: Mechanical characterization and fractography analysis under large strain

Touchscreen panels and foldable smartphones rely heavily on optically clear adhesives (OCAs) to function effectively. Therefore, these applications have created a demand for OCAs that are flexible, bendable, or stretchable with high transparency. Developing highly viscoelastic, and optically clear adhesives is crucial for flexible electronics to become commercially viable. This study focuses on synthesizing UV-curable soft acrylate-based OCAs using 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (EHA) and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) as functional monomers without any solvent or crosslinker. To make the OCAs stronger under various mechanical loading types, liquid OCAs with primary and final curing under pressure were used to endure high shear stress and strain. Based on the dynamic mechanical analysis results, the shear stresses of samples at room temperature and 65 °C increased from 9.41 ± 0.6 and 2.91 ± 0.31 (90 wt% EHA, cohesive failure) to 97.5 ± 8.54, and 57.81 ± 1.52 kPa (70 wt% EHA, not failed), respectively. Besides, it should be noted that the OCA hyper-viscoelasticity properties were studied in all of the mechanical experiments, and 500 % large strain was applied to match the actual strain loading in the foldable screens. In this condition, the OCA layer's large deformation behavior and other mechanical properties are more relevant for real-world applications. The fabricated OCAs in this study exhibit competitiveness comparable to commercial OCAs, such as TMS and V0, in terms of performance and quality. Moreover, the potential utilization of 70 wt% EHA (49.7 kPa) in various applications, including stretchable displays, wearable electronic devices, and foldable smartphones, is demonstrated through 3-point tests (100 cycles), wrist bending tests (100–120 cycles), and fatigue tests for up to 10,000 cycles.

Construction and evaluation of environment-friendly POSS multi-crosslinked mulch film based on bone gelatin

The non-degradable traditional polyethylene (PE) mulch film has caused great harm to both the ecological environment as well as human health. Therefore, the biodegradable bone gelatin (B-Gel) was innovatively selected to build the mulch film. To further enhance the toughness of the B-Gel mulch films, a POSS star-shaped polymer/bone gelatin (P(POSS-AGE-HEA)/B-Gel) composite was prepared by introducing POSS star-shaped polymer into B-Gel via in situ polymerization using polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS), allyl glycidyl ether (AGE) and hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) as raw material, and then was cast to obtain the P(POSS-AGE-HEA)/B-Gel mulch film. The epoxy group of POSS star-shaped polymer with the -COOH and -NH2 of B-Gel forms a covalent bond, and the hydroxyl group with the active groups of B-Gel forms hydrogen bonds. Meanwhile, the multiple side chains of POSS star-shaped polymer are intertwined with B-Gel. These covalent and hydrogen bonds as sacrificial bonds for effective energy dissipation giving the bone gelatin-based film excellent mechanical properties with a tensile strength of 7.56 ± 0.64 MPa and elongation at break of 197.49 ± 17.63 %. Additionally, it also demonstrated sound water vapor barrier, surface hydrophobicity, light transmittance and the effect of facilitating the growth and germination ratio (93.75 %) of wheat.

Effect of reactive diluent concentration on rheological and curing behavior of zirconia ceramic slurry for DLP printing

AbstractA series of photosensitive zirconia ceramic slurry with adjustable viscosity and cured depth have been presented for the construction of high‐quality zirconia ceramic fabricated by digital light processing 3D printing. The rheological and curing behavior of the slurry can be flexibly optimized by tuning the reactive diluent concentration and category, since the change of dominant position of diluent on viscosity and the different curing mode. Monofunctional reactive diluent (HEA, hydroxyethyl acrylate) exhibits an enhanced dilution effect compared with that of bifunctional reactive diluent (HDDA, 1,6‐hexamethylene diacrylate) due to the lower molecular mass of monofunctional diluent. As a result, the viscosity reaches lower than 2000 mPa·s when the concentration of both HEA and HDDA exceeds 50 wt.%. At the same time, the non‐Newtonian properties of the slurry are also changed, which facilitates the printing process. However, excessive addition of diluent may generate more defects in ceramic green body. Consequently, the cured depth of zirconia slurry can reach 55 and 50 µm, respectively, at the curing time of 3 s while introducing the HEA or HDDA with the concentration below 70 wt.%, and the modified feedstock is promising for high‐quality and low‐defect zirconia ceramic components printing for biomedical applications.

Fast Visible-Light 3D Printing of Conductive PEDOT:PSS Hydrogels.

Functional inks for light-based 3D printing are actively being searched for being able to exploit all the potentialities of additive manufacturing. Herein, a fast visible-light photopolymerization process is showed of conductive PEDOT:PSS hydrogels. For this purpose, a new Type II photoinitiator system (PIS) based on riboflavin (Rf), triethanolamine (TEA), and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) is investigated for the visible light photopolymerization of acrylic monomers. PEDOT:PSS has a dual role by accelerating the photoinitiation process and providing conductivity to the obtained hydrogels. Using this PIS, full monomer conversion is achieved in less than 2min using visible light. First, the PIS mechanism is studied, proposing that electron transfer between the triplet excited state of the dye (3 Rf*) and the amine (TEA) is catalyzed by PEDOT:PSS. Second, a series of poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate)/PEDOT:PSS hydrogels with different compositions are obtained by photopolymerization. The presence of PEDOT:PSS negatively influences the swelling properties of hydrogels, but significantly increases its mechanical modulus and electrical properties. The new PIS is also tested for 3D printing in a commercially available Digital Light Processing (DLP) 3D printer (405nm wavelength), obtaining high resolution and 500µm hole size conductive scaffolds.

Study on Preparation and Mechanism of Concrete Slump Retaining Agent

Using acrylic acid and polyether polymer as the main raw materials, with hydroxyethyl acrylate monomer free radical copolymerization of polycarboxylic acid slump inhibitor, has the effect of reducing the slump loss of concrete. The slow release rate of concrete slump retaining agent synthesized with different ester ratios was studied, and the effects of different ester ratios, different ester ether ratios, and different ambient temperatures on the dispersion, dispersion retention, and hydrolysis rate of polycarboxylic acid slump retaining agent were systematically studied. The knowledge basis for the development of the slump-retaining agent with different sustained release effects. In engineering applications, the working performance of concrete can be controlled more effectively according to the length of the slow release time.

Enhancing pDNA Delivery with Hydroquinine Polymers by Modulating Structure and Composition.

Quinine is a promising natural product building block for polymer-based nucleic acid delivery vehicles as its structure enables DNA binding through both intercalation and electrostatic interactions. However, studies exploring the potential of quinine-based polymers for nucleic acid delivery applications (transfection) are limited. In this work, we used a hydroquinine-functionalized monomer, HQ, with 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate to create a family of seven polymers (HQ-X, X = mole percentage of HQ), with mole percentages of HQ ranging from 12 to 100%. We developed a flow cytometer-based assay for studying the polymer-pDNA complexes (polyplex particles) directly and demonstrate that polymer composition and monomer structure influence polyplex characteristics such as the pDNA loading and the extent of adsorption of serum proteins on polyplex particles. Biological delivery experiments revealed that maximum transgene expression, outperforming commercial controls, was achieved with HQ-25 and HQ-35 as these two variants sustained gene expression over 96 h. HQ-44, HQ-60, and HQ-100 were not successful in inducing transgene expression, despite being able to deliver pDNA into the cells, highlighting that the release of pDNA is likely the bottleneck in transfection for polymers with higher HQ content. Using confocal imaging, we quantified the extent of colocalization between pDNA and lysosomes, proving the remarkable endosomal escape capabilities of the HQ-X polymers. Overall, this study demonstrates the advantages of HQ-X polymers as well as provides guiding principles for improving the monomer structure and polymer composition, supporting the development of the next generation of polymer-based nucleic acid delivery vehicles harnessing the power of natural products.

Mechanochromic and Conductive Chiral Nematic Nanostructured Film for Bioinspired Ionic Skins.

Chameleon skin is naturally adaptive and can sense environmental changes and transform sensing into bioelectrical and optical signals by manipulating ion transduction and photonic nanostructures. The increasing interest in mimicking biological skins has considerably promoted the development of advanced photonic materials with an increasing ionic conductivity. Herein, we report the judicious design and fabrication of a bioinspired mechanochromic chiral nematic nanostructured film with good ionic conductivity by infiltrating fluorine-rich ionic liquids (FILs) into a swollen self-assembled cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) film with helical nanoarchitectures. Notably, the introduction of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate considerably enhances the compatibility of hydrophobic FILs and hydrophilic CNCs. The resulting FIL-CNC nanostructured films exhibited excellent mechanochromism, good ionic conductivity, and outstanding optical/electrical dual-signal sensing performance when used as a bioinspired ionic skin for real-time monitoring of human motions. Owing to the integration of FILs, the underwater stability of the chiral liquid crystal nanostructures of CNCs was significantly enhanced. Notably, underwater contact/contactless sensing modes and encrypted information transmission have been achieved with the FIL-CNC nanostructured film. This study can offer great insights for the advancement of biomimetic multifunctional artificial skins and emerging interactive devices, which can find important applications in wearable iontronics, human-machine interactions, and intelligent robots.

Production of high-energy 6-Ah-level Li | |LiNi0.83Co0.11Mn0.06O2 multi-layer pouch cells via negative electrode protective layer coating strategy

Stable lithium metal negative electrodes are desirable to produce high-energy batteries. However, when practical testing conditions are applied, lithium metal is unstable during battery cycling. Here, we propose poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate-co-sodium benzenesulfonate) (PHS) as negative electrode protective layer. The PHS contains soft poly (2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) and poly(sodium p-styrene sulfonate), which improve electrode flexibility, connection with the Cu current collector and transport of Li ions. Transmission electron cryomicroscopy measurements reveal that PHS induces the formation of a solid electrolyte interphase with a fluorinated rigid and crystalline internal structure. Furthermore, theoretical calculations suggest that the -SO3- group of poly(sodium p-styrene sulfonate) promotes Li-ion motion towards interchain migration through cation-dipole interaction, thus, enabling uniform Li-ion diffusion. Electrochemical measurements of Li | |PHS-coated-Cu coin cells demonstrate an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.46% at 1 mA/cm2, 6 mAh/cm2 and 25 °C. Moreover, when the PHS-coated Li metal negative electrode is paired with a high-areal-capacity LiNi0.83Co0.11Mn0.06O2-based positive electrode in multi-layer pouch cell configuration, the battery delivers an initial capacity of 6.86 Ah (corresponding to a specific energy of 489.7 Wh/kg) and, a 91.1% discharge capacity retention after 150 cycles at 2.5 mA/cm2, 25 °C and 172 kPa.

3D-printed stretchable sensor based on double network PHI/PEDOT:PSS hydrogel annealed with cosolvent of H2O and DMSO

3D-printed stretchable sensors have promising applications in wearable devices, human–computer interaction, soft robotics, and many other fields. However, low conductivity and poor stretchability still hinder their extensive applications. Herein, we report a strategy of double networks and annealed PEDOT:PSS for the first time. The new material combines mechanical stretch performance and conductivity together, where 3D-printed complex stretchable poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate-isobornyl acrylate) (PHI) structure serves as the tough network and annealed highly conductive PEDOT:PSS serves as the functional network. It is adopted to build 3D-printed porous stereo structures with both stretchability and conductivity. It exhibits interconnected uniform networks, improved storage modulus (1.3 * 106 Pa), higher conductivity (The conductivity of PHI/PEDOT: PSS annealed is up to 3.12 * 10−1 S m−1, which is 441 times compared to PHI/PEDOT: PSS), excellent stability and durability at a large strain of 60%. Hence, it is expected that this new strategy will open up wide possibilities for designing stretchable sensors and smart devices.

Polyethylene Incorporating Diels-Alder Comonomers: A "Trojan Horse" Strategy for Chemically Recyclable Polyolefins.

Polyolefins with periodic unsaturation in the backbone chain are sought after for synthesizing chemically recyclable polymers or telechelic polyolefin macromonomers. Here we introduce a bottom-up synthesis of unsaturated high-density polyethylene (HDPE) via copolymerization of ethylene with dimethyl 7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene-3,5-dicarboxylate followed by post-polymerization retro-Diels-Alder to unveil hidden double bonds in the polymer backbone. The incorporation of this "Trojan Horse" comonomer was varied and a series of unsaturated HDPE polymers with block lengths of 1.2, 1.9, and 3.5 kDa between double bonds was synthesized. Cross metathesis of unsaturated HDPE samples with 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate yielded telechelic ester terminated PE macromonomers suitable for the preparation of ester-linked PE. These materials were depolymerized and repolymerized, making them suitable candidates for chemical recycling. The ester-linked PE displayed thermal and mechanical properties comparable to commercial HDPE.

Research on Properties of Silicone-Modified Epoxy Resin and 3D Printing Materials.

A kind of organosilicon intermediate was prepared using isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), hydroxyl silicone oil (HSO), and hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA). The organosilicon modification of epoxy resin was realized by introducing a -Si-O- group into the side chain of epoxy resin by chemical grafting. The effects of organosilicon modification of epoxy resin on the mechanical properties systematically discuss its heat resistance and micromorphology. The results indicate that the curing shrinkage of the resin was decreased and the printing accuracy was improved. At the same time, the mechanical properties of the material are enhanced; the IS and elongation at break (EAB) are enhanced by 32.8 and 8.65%, respectively. The brittle fracture is changed to a ductile fracture, and the tensile strength (TS) of the material is decreased. The glass transition temperature (GTT) of the modified epoxy resin increased by 8.46 °C, and T50% and Tmax increased by 1.9 and 6 °C, respectively, indicating that the heat resistance of the modified epoxy resin was improved.

Regulating structure and properties of gelatine edible film through oxidized poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) crosslinking

Regulating the structure and properties of gelatine edible films through aldehyde-type crosslinkers is a highly promising approach. In the present study, oxidized poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) (OP) with different aldehyde contents and relative molecular weights was successfully prepared and used for crosslinking modification of gelatine edible films to regulate the material structure and properties. The introduction of OP enhanced the UV light barrier property and the hydrophobicity of the pure gelatine film. Moreover, the tensile strength and flexibility of the gelatine films were significantly improved by OP. The results indicated that aldehyde content and the relative molecular weights of OP played a vital role in regulating the structural and mechanical properties of the edible gelatine films. OP crosslinking is an effective approach in regulating structure and properties of gelatine edible films, and the OP modified gelatine films have the potential to be used as a food packaging material.

Light-Dependent RAFT Polymerization of Spiropyran Acrylates.

A light-assisted RAFT copolymerization protocol is established and investigated for the synthesis of 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) / spiropyran acrylate (SPA) copolymers with enhanced SPA-contents. Radiation with visible light prevents the spiropyran (SP) motif from isomerizing into the open merocyanine (MC) form which can interfere with the polymerization process by abstracting a hydrogen atom from an active radical via its phenolic oxygen. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Preparation and characterization of high solid content acrylate latex pressure sensitive adhesives with difunctional cross-linker EGDMA

Cross-linked acrylate latex pressure sensitive adhesives (PSAs) were synthesized via unseeded semi-batch emulsion polymerization processes with butyl acrylate (BA), acrylic acid (AA), 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) and difunctional cross-linker, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). The influences of EGDMA on the comprehensive properties of the acrylate latex PSAs were investigated. The results indicated that both viscosity and particle size of the latexes were independent of the amount of EGDMA in the pre-emulsion feed when unseeded semi-batch emulsion polymerization process was employed. It was also found that water resistance of the latex PSA was improved with increasing EGDMA content, further confirmed by water contact angle measurements. DSC and TGA results showed that Tg of the copolymer was elevated, plus thermal stability was increased with introduction of EGDMA. Besides, with the increase of EGDMA content, the gel content of the polymer increased. Moreover, for the cross-linked adhesive film, the shear strength was improved greatly while at the sacrifice of loop tack and peel strength, when compared with the uncross-linked counterparts.

Regulating copolymer architecture using photoiniferter polymerization to direct composite morphology

Due to mild conditions and straightforward synthetic routes, photoiniferter polymerization has received increasing use as a facile method for preparation of polymers with highly controlled structure. However, low quantum yields inherent to thiocarbonylthio species result in polymerization speeds that are considerably slower than traditional controlled radical polymerization techniques. To improve polymerization speed while maintaining high level control, it is critical to understand relationships between reaction parameters and ultimate polymer structure. In this work, initiating light intensity, reactant concentration, and monomer pendant groups were manipulated in the photoiniferter polymerization of acrylate monomers to explore the effect of these conditions on reaction kinetics and molecular weight control. Polymerization rate of n-butyl acrylate was significantly enhanced by increasing light intensity rivaling speeds of conventional thermally initiated RAFT polymerization while enabling more precise control over molecular weight. Interestingly, photoiniferter rate asymptotically approached saturation at relatively high light intensities. Moreover, degradation of trithiocarbonate species occurred at greater intensities, ultimately resulting in moderate increases in molecular weight. Increased reactant concentration enabled faster rates with bulk polymerization, possibly due to reduced macro radical mobility and termination. Additionally, comparing photoiniferter polymerization of methyl acrylate and hydroxyethyl acrylate showed that greater polarity considerably enhanced polymerization speeds. Finally, the utility of precisely controlling polymer structure was demonstrated by synthesizing and incorporating a series of amphiphilic block copolymers with increasing molecular weight into a photocurable epoxy resin. The well-defined block copolymer structures enabled controllable phase separation and thermomechanical properties in epoxy composites. This work showed that photoiniferter polymerization speeds could be significantly enhanced using elementary reaction conditions, and that these conditions enable facile production of well-defined copolymers allowing tailored composite morphology and properties.

EPOXY RESIN, VINYL COPOLYMER, AND RICE HUSK SILICA BASED TERNARY NANOCOMPOSITES: FABRICATION, MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS, AND THERMAL AGING

In this research, the bio-composites based on epoxy resin filled with nano-silica and vinyl copolymer were fabricated using diethylene triamine as a curing agent and casting method. The vinyl copolymer was synthesized from Hydroxyethyl Acrylate and Methacrylic acid using ammonium persulfate as an initiator. The bio-silica was extracted from rice husk via a simple technique of acid treatment and calcination. The chemical structure of poly(HEA-Co-MAA), silica was confirmed with help of the FTIR, and NMR-1H. The high-speed mechanical stirrer was used to obtain the good dispersion of silica and poly(HEA-Co-MAA) in epoxy resin before mixing and curing with Diethylenetriamine (DETA) hardener. The thermal stability of cured epoxy resin was enhanced with the presence of rice husk silica and poly(HEA-Co-MAA). The composite sample with 1 wt.% of bio-silica and 3 wt.% of poly(HEA-Co-MAA) showed the best mechanical properties with an improvement of up to 28.82%; and 35.36% of impact strength and tensile strength, respectively when compared with a pristine sample. The aging testing was also performed to investigate the effect of additive added on the thermal resistance of epoxy resin.

Ionic conductive cellulose-based hydrogels for Al-air batteries: Influence of the charged-functional groups on the electrochemical properties

Gel electrolytes for aluminum-air (Al-air) primary batteries were prepared based on hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and acrylate monomers bearing differently charged functional groups (i.e., -COOCH2CH2N+(CH3)3Cl−, -COO- and -COOCH2CF3). The acrylate monomers were grafted from HEC backbone and crosslinked using methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) to obtain hydrogels with tuned mechanical (15–75 kPa), morphological (pore size 35–125 μm) properties and varied swelling degrees at alkaline electrolyte (900–2500%). Electrochemical measurements were performed on Al-air cells assembled from Al anode, gel electrolytes (in 1 M NaOH) and carbon-based air-cathodes containing silver fine particles (Ag-FPs). Hydrogels with quaternary ammonium salt (HEC-AEtMACl) showed very long discharge time (6.5 h) compared to 1.8 h with the fluorinated hydrogels (HEC-TFEMA) and 1.1 h with carboxylated hydrogels (HEC-AA). Also, HEC-AEtMACl showed the highest current peak (3.9 μA at 1.4 V). Polarization curves proved that the anodic polarization behavior is dominant resulting from the anodic parasitic reaction. The Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) evidenced that HEC-TFEMA has ionic conductivity (34.4 mScm−1) higher than that of HEC-AEtMACl. However, the highest specific capacity was observed to HEC- AEtMACl 0.928 mA h/cm2 compared to 0.26 and 0.15 mA h/cm2 for HEC-TFEMA and HEC-AA respectively.

Investigation on the catalysis performance of metal-doped zeolites on ring-opening acidolysis reaction

Metal-incorporated zeolites as heterogeneous Lewis acid were applied in the ring-opening acidolysis of ethylene oxide with acrylic acid to prepare 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA). The catalysis characteristics, including Lewis acid strength and internal mass transfer resistance, were systematically investigated to facilitate the rational design of zeolite catalysts. Through modifying the Lewis acid strength of zeolites via different metals (Sn, Zr and Ti) incorporation and the internal mass transfer resistance of zeolites from the particle size, pore diameter or pore structure, it was found that the increased Lewis acidity can accelerate both the main and side reactions, resulting in the high activity but low selectivity of zeolite catalysts; the enhanced internal diffusion was the key to limiting subsequent cascade alcoholysis side reactions as well as the decline of catalytic performance. Based on these findings, Zr-containing zeolites featured with moderate Lewis acidity and uniform intracrystalline mesoporosity were designed and prepared, presenting excellent catalysis and recycling performance. These results demonstrated the great potential of the developed zeolite catalysts for the green synthesis of HEA as well as the similar ring-opening acidolysis of epoxides.