Carbonated Hydroxyapatite Research Articles

The Role of Calcium in Non-Invasively Imaging Breast Cancer: An Overview of Current and Modern Imaging Techniques.

The landscape of breast cancer diagnostics has significantly evolved over the past decade. With these changes, it is possible to provide a comprehensive assessment of both benign and malignant breast calcifications. The biochemistry of breast cancer and calcifications are thoroughly examined to describe the potential to characterize better different calcium salts composed of calcium carbonate, calcium oxalate, or calcium hydroxyapatite and their associated prognostic implications. Conventional mammographic imaging techniques are compared to available ones, including breast tomosynthesis and contrast-enhanced mammography. Additional methods in computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are discussed. The concept of using magnetic resonance imaging particularly magnetic susceptibility to characterize the biochemical characteristics of calcifications is described. As we know magnetic resonance imaging is safe and there is no ionization radiation. Experimental findings through magnetic resonance susceptibility imaging techniques are discussed to illustrate the potential for integrating this technique to provide a quantitative assessment of magnetic susceptibility. Under the right magnetic resonance imaging conditions, a distinct phase variability was isolated amongst different types of calcium salts.

Effect of Different Biomimetic Materials on White Spot Lesions in Enamel (A split-mouth clinical trial)

Purpose: To assess the remineralizing effect and clinical effectiveness of different biomimetic materials (Zinc carbonate hydroxyapatite microparticles (Zn CHA), bioactive glass nanoparticles (BAG) and Poly-amido amine (PAMAM)) on white spot lesions in enamel (WSLs). Materials and Methods: A number of 84 teeth (21 patients) were assigned into 3 groups of 28 teeth (7 patients) in accordance to the time of assessment (immediately B1, after one-month B2 and after two months B3). According to the tested material; every patient had a split mouth (four quadrants). Zn CHA was used in the first group A1, BAG was used in the second group A2, PAMAM was used for the third groupA3, whereas in the fourth group A4; no treatment was carried out (control). Standardized periapical radiographs were obtained for assessment of re-mineralization using measurements of radiodensity (%). Standardized digital photography was obtained for colour change assessment. Results: The change between the study groups has statistical significance (pvalue=0.00) at all times grouping (for Radiodensity % and the colour changes). Moreover; results revealed nonsignificant change between BAG and PAMAM groups (at all time groups). Also; difference between Zn CHA and BAG was not statistically significant at two months only (Radiodensity %). Conclusions: All the tested materials have a remineralizing effect and improved the appearance of the WSLs. Zn-CHA needs longer time (2 months) as a biomimetic remineralizing agent. Time is an important issue for biomimetic re-mineralization. Biomimetic re-mineralization can be achieved by regular use of biomimetic toothpaste.

From Wastebin to Wastewater Treatment: Synthesis of Biogenic Carbonate Hydroxyapatite from Eggshells and Its Potential for Lead (Pb2+) Removal

From Wastebin to Wastewater Treatment: Synthesis of Biogenic Carbonate Hydroxyapatite from Eggshells and Its Potential for Lead (Pb2+) Removal

Investigation of Microwave Sintering of B-Type Carbonated Hydroxyapatite Bioceramics

B-type carbonated hydroxyapatite (CBHA) is potentially an excellent biodegradable bioceramic for bone repair. However, conventional sintering results in formation of undesired phases. Therefore, microwave sintering of CBHA was investigated to assess the possibility to reduce formation of unwanted phases. Pellets with 0.8 mol% of B-type carbonate were sintered in a multimode instrumented cavity under static air with short thermal cycles. They were prepared from a CBHA powder alone and from a mixture of CBHA and carbon powder to generate a local in-situ CO2 atmosphere. XRD, FT-IR, SEM and BET analyses indicated that CBHA densification with increase temperature lead to decomposition into apatite. The addition of carbon powder to the CBHA that generate a CO2-rich atmosphere around the samples did not prevent the decomposition. Efficient control of temperature and atmosphere composition is required to improve microwave sintering of CBHA bioceramics.

Degradation and mineralization of electroactive poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) electrospun fibers for bone tissue engineering

Biocompatible and electroactive polymers are increasingly being required for tissue engineering applications to produce active scaffolds, able to directly influence a specific cellular response. Polymers derived from natural sources with the ability to degrade when implanted are needed in specific cases. Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) fits these requirements, which led to its increasing investigation. For tissue regeneration applications, besides providing an electroactive microenvironment and degradation, the ability of a material to mineralize apatite at their surface is required, as it proves its bioactivity and at the same time enables to mimic bone natural microenvironment. This work reports on the processing of electrospun PHBV fibers with varying overall morphology and fiber diameters. The ability of the developed pristine PHBV fibers to degrade and mineralize are also reported. Bone mineral PHBV fibers with average diameter ranging from 1.2 to 3 μm for the oriented fibers and from 2.5 to 8 μm for the random fibers were obtained, proving their bioactivity by nucleating carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA). Further, the fibers degrade partially after 60 days in contact with simulated body fluid, proving their suitability for bone tissue engineering.

Does Melatonin Associated with Nanostructured Calcium Phosphate Improve Alveolar Bone Repair?

Background and objectives: Calcium phosphates have been widely used as bone substitutes, but their properties are limited to osteoconduction. The association of calcium phosphates with osteoinductive bioactive molecules has been used as a strategy in regenerative medicine. Melatonin has been studied due to its cell protection and antioxidant functions, reducing osteoclastic activity and stimulating newly formed bone. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of topical application of melatonin associated with nanostructured carbonated hydroxyapatite microspheres in the alveolar bone repair of Wistar rats through histological and histomorphometric analysis. Materials and Methods: Thirty female Wistar rats (300 g) were used, divided randomly into three experimental groups (n = 10), G1: nanostructured carbonated hydroxyapatite microspheres associated with melatonin gel (CHA-M); G2: nanostructured carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA); G3: blood clot (without alveolar filling). The animals were euthanized after 7 and 42 days of the postoperative period and processed for histological and histomorphometric evaluation. Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's post-test were applied to investigate statistical differences between the groups at the same time point for new bone and connective tissue variables. Mann-Whitney was used to assess statistical differences between different time points and in the biomaterial variable. Results: Results showed a greater volume of residual biomaterial in the CHA-M than the CHA group (p = 0.007), and there were no significant differences in terms of newly formed bone and connective tissue between CHA and CHA-M after 42 days. Conclusions: This study concluded that both biomaterials improved alveolar bone repair from 7 to 42 days after surgery, and the association of CHA with melatonin gel reduced the biomaterial's biodegradation at the implanted site but did not improve the alveolar bone repair.

Development and Investigation of Mesoporous Bioactive Glass/Zein Coatings Electrodeposited on Titanium Alloy for Biomedical Applications

The objective of the present work was the development of cathodic electrophoretic deposition (EPD) to obtain composite coatings of mesoporous sol–gel glass (MSGG) particles embedded in a zein matrix on Ti-13Nb-13Zr substrates. To deposit robust and repeatable coatings, a direct current EPD and pulsed direct current EPD as well as the deposition kinetics were investigated, including the deposition yield and deposition rate. The stability of the suspension was determined based on the zeta potential and conductivity. Macroscopically homogeneous coatings with a thickness of about 10 µm and various volume fractions of MSGG were subjected to further examination. Coatings were uniform, exhibiting open porosity and showing excellent adhesion to the substrates. Both zein and MSGG particles revealed an amorphous structure. The coated substrates demonstrated greater resistance to electrochemical corrosion in Ringer's electrolyte in comparison with the virgin (non-coated) substrate. The coatings showed high roughness and moderate hydrophilicity. The incubation of the coated substrates in concentrated 1.5 simulated body fluid (1.5SBF) showed the formation of carbonate hydroxyapatite. The composite coatings showed improved antibacterial properties against gram-negative E. coli and gram-positive S. aureus bacteria compared to pure zein coatings. Electrophoretic MSGG/zein composite coatings should be further investigated in terms of their osteoconductive behavior, to confirm their suitability for medical applications in orthopedics.

Stage-specific and location-specific cartilage calcification in osteoarthritis development

ObjectivesThis study investigated the stage-specific and location-specific deposition and characteristics of minerals in human osteoarthritis (OA) cartilages via multiple nano-analytical technologies.MethodsNormal and OA cartilages were serially sectioned for micro-CT, scanning...

A comparative study of bone bioactivity and osteogenic potential of different bioceramics in methacrylated collagen hydrogels.

Biomimetic scaffolds composed of bioactive ceramic-based materials incorporated within a polymeric framework have shown immense promise for use in bone tissue engineering (BTE) applications. However, studies on direct comparison of the efficacy of different bioceramics on bone bioactivity and osteogenic differentiation are lacking. Herein, we performed an in vitro direct comparison of three different bioceramics-Bioglass 45S5 (BG), Laponite XLG (LAP), and β-Tricalcium Phosphate (TCP)-on the physical properties and bone bioactivity of methacrylated collagen (CMA) hydrogels (10% w/w bioceramic:CMA). In addition, human MSCs (hMSCs) were encapsulated in bioceramic-laden CMA hydrogels and the effect of different bioceramics on osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs was investigated in two different culture medium-osteoconductive (without dexamethasone [DEX]) and osteoinductive (with DEX). Results showed that the stability of CMA hydrogels was maintained upon bioceramic addition. Compression testing revealed that BG incorporation significantly decreased (p < 0.05) the modulus of photochemically crosslinked CMA hydrogels. Incubation of TCP-CMA and LAP-CMA hydrogels in simulated body fluid showed deposition of hydroxycarbonate apatite layer on the surface indicating that these hydrogels may be more bone bioactive than BG-CMA and CMA only hydrogels. Cell cytoskeleton staining results showed greater cell spreading in TCP-CMA hydrogels. Furthermore, TCP incorporation significantly increased alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP; p < 0.05) in hMSCs. Together, these results indicate that TCP has superior osteogenic potential compared with BG and LAP and hence should be considered as a bioceramic of preferred choice for use in the biomimetic design of cell-laden hydrogels for BTE applications.

Double-Substituted Carbonated Hydroxyapatites for Fir Wood Treatment

Abstract The aim of the paper consist in the synthesis of double substituted carbonated hydroxyapatite using Zn2+ and Mg2+ ions in comparison with the previous obtained Sr-Zn-CHAp. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) coupled with EDS is used to highlight the presence of the metallic ions into the apatite structure. Both inorganic compounds are tested as consolidants for two types of fir wood, young and 30-years old samples. The consolidation efficiency is demonstrated by colorimetric analysis, mechanical tests and the specific methods for water absorption behavior. Stronger specimens, especially of young wood, with no significant color differences, more hygroscopic and with higher hysteresis index result after treatment. In conclusion, carbonated hydroxyapatite double substituted with zinc, magnesium and strontium ions can be used in wood preservation-conservation techniques.

Influence of salt contamination on consolidation of slaked lime mortar by ammonium phosphate and nanolimes

This study aimed at evaluating the influence of salt contamination on the performance of two consolidants (diammonium hydrogen phosphate, DAP, and nanolimes, NL), applied onto slaked lime-based mortars contaminated with sodium sulfate before and/or after consolidation. The strengthening ability of the two treatments was assessed in terms of dynamic elastic modulus and compressive strength by double punch test, while the alterations in the pore system were evaluated by MIP and the features of the new consolidating phases were assessed by XRD and FEG-SEM. To test the durability of the consolidated mortars, salt weathering cycles were performed by alternating immersion into a 14 wt% aqueous solution of Na2SO4·10H2O and drying in oven, as recommended by the European Standard EN 12370. The effects of the salt weathering cycles were assessed by measuring the changes in weight and dynamic elastic modulus after each cycle and the residual compressive strength after 10 cycles and desalination. The results of the study show that, right after the consolidant application, with or without salts initially present in the mortar, the strengthening ability of DAP was higher than that of NL. The DAP treatment induced formation of carbonate hydroxyapatite, as assessed by XRD, and notably the initial presence of salt inside the mortar pores did not negatively affect the outcome of the treatment. However, the formation of carbonate hydroxyapatite was responsible for a shift of the pore size distribution towards smaller pores, which may increase the stress generated by salt crystallization. When the consolidated mortar specimens were subjected to salt weathering cycles, both consolidants provided some benefit against salt weathering, but the high aggressiveness of the salt weathering test might have reduced the performance of the consolidants.

Induction of protein specific antibody by carbonated hydroxy apatite as a candidate for mucosal vaccine adjuvant.

Buccal mucosae are considered as a site for vaccine delivery since they are relatively abundant with antigen-presenting dendritic cells, mainly Langerhans cells. In this study, we formulated carbonated hydroxy apatite (CHA) with ovalbumin (OVA) (denoted as CHA-OVA), incorporated it into bilayer buccal membrane to form hydrogel films containing CHA-OVA complex for vaccination via buccal mucosae. Ethylcellulose blend with polyethylene glycol 400 were used as impermeable backing layer. Physical properties of all tested buccal membranes were found suitable for mucosal application. In vitro and ex vivo release study showed there was no burst release of OVA found from all tested formula. From the in vivo examination, rabbit buccal mucosae vaccinated by mucoadhesive membranes containing CHA-OVA complex demonstrated mucosal specific antibody induction, represented the potential of CHA as a candidate of needle-free vaccine adjuvant. Future research is awaiting to investigate proper CHA crystallinity in complex with protein against targeted diseases.

Cellulose bridged carbonate hydroxyapatite nanoparticles as novel adsorbents for efficient Cr(VI) removal

Removal of Cr(VI) from aquatic environment is crucial due to its bioaccumulation, high mobility and strong toxicity. In this work, a novel nano-adsorbent consisting of carbonate hydroxyapatite (CHAP) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) was designed and successfully synthesized by a simple route for the uptake of Cr(VI). The synthetic CMC bridged CHAP (CMC-CHAP) material exhibited higher surface area (122.90 m2/g) and adsorption capacity for Cr(VI) (13.45 mg/g) than other apatite based adsorbents. The adsorption process of Cr(VI) by CMC-CHAP was in line with the Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The calculated thermodynamic parameters showed that the adsorption of Cr(VI) on CMC-CHAP was a spontaneously endothermic process. In addition, CMC-CHAP had good ability to remove Cr(VI) under the interference of coexisting ions, and possessed remarkable reusability. Based on the pH-effect experiment and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization, the removal of Cr(VI) by CMC-CHAP was considered to be synergistic processes of electrostatic attraction, reduction reaction and chelation. This work provided new insights into performance optimization and application potential of CMC-CHAP on Cr(VI) removal from water.

Substrate dependent structural variations of biomimetic carbonated hydroxyapatite deposited on glass, Ti and sputtered ZnO thin films

The formation of hydroxyapatite films on glass, titanium (Ti), and sputtered ZnO is attempted to understand the crystal growth and its manipulation by substrates of a different kind. The substrates used are commercially available glass and polished Ti (99.9% purity), as-deposited, and annealed nanostructured ZnO thin films developed by pulsed DC magnetron sputtering, which are immersed in the calcifying solution for the nucleation and growth of the hydroxyapatite. The calcifying solution is obtained by mixing equal volumes of aqueous calcium (5 mM) and carbonate-containing phosphate (3 mM) solutions prepared at 37 °C and with a pH of ~7.4. X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and Field Emission Scanning & Transmission Electron Microscopy (FESEM & FETEM) analyses reveal that the structure and morphology of the hydroxyapatite films are dependent on the growth duration, substrate type, and even on the post-deposition annealing of the sputtered ZnO substrates. The Ti substrate induces greater crystallinity in hydroxyapatite, whereas sputtered ZnO thin films cause a significantly reduced crystallinity. Moreover, the thicknesses of HAp are exacerbated by increasing deposition time irrespective of the substrate. FETEM analyses reveal the formation of needle-shaped hydroxyapatite nanocrystals grown on Ti and ZnO thin films. Thicker needle-shaped hydroxyapatite nanocrystals are observed when grown on Ti (~6–12 nm) than ZnO thin films (~4–6 nm). Further, the amorphous calcium phosphate phase coexists with nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite when ZnO thin films deposited at 50 and 70 W sputtering powers are used as the substrates. Both charged surfaces and the supersaturation of the calcifying solution impact the nucleation of hydroxyapatite onto substrates.

Characterization and Evaluation of Composite Biomaterial Bioactive Glass-Polylactic Acid for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications.

The limitations associated with the clinical use of autographs and allografts are driving efforts to develop relevant and applicable biomaterial substitutes. In this research, 3D porous scaffolds composed of bioactive glass (BG) obtained through the sol-gel technique and polylactic acid (PLA) synthesized via lactic acid (LA) ring-opening polymerization were prepared by the gel-pressing technique. Two different weight compositions were evaluated, namely, BG70-PLA30 and BG30-PLA70. The structure and morphology of the resulting scaffolds were analysed by FTIR, XRD, SEM, and under ASTM F1635 standard characterizations. The results confirmed that BG promotes the formation of a hydroxy-carbonated apatite (HAp) layer on composites when immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF). Biodegradability evaluations were carried out according to the ISO 10993-13:2010 standard. In addition, electrochemical evaluations were performed in both Hank’s and SBF solutions at 37 °C in order to analyse the degradation of the material. This evaluation allowed us to observe that both samples showed an activation mechanism in the early stages followed by pseudo-passivation due to physical bioactive glass characteristics, suggesting an improvement in the formation of the HAp nucleation. The described composites showed excellent resistance to degradation and outstanding suitability for bone tissue engineering applications.

Effects of Carbonate Hydroxyapatite (CHA) on the Development of Heart and Cranium Cartilage of Zebrafish (Danio rerio Hamilton, 1882) Larvae

Abstract One of the most commonly utilized materials for dental implants is carbonate hydroxyapatite (CHA). However, its usage must be free of tissue toxicity. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate how the use of CHA as a dental implant material affected the development of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. CHA treatment was administered to 3–3.5 hours to 72 hours post-fertilization (hpf) embryos. Alterations in embryo and larva shape were all studied to determine toxicity. Several abnormalities that might arise during development were also examined by monitoring morphological alterations in embryos and larvae. Furthermore, heart morphology in larvae aged 72 hpf; heart rate in embryos aged 24, 48, and 72 hpf; and cardiac histology structure in larvae aged 30 dpf were all used to study heart development. Alizarin Red and Alcian Blue (ARAB) staining was employed to determine the anatomy of the cranial cartilage in larvae aged 6 dpf. Data were statistical analysis with SPSS ver. 21 and the significance was determined using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The morphological examination results revealed that the embryo and larvae had no morphological abnormalities. Furthermore, the heart was developing normally, according to examinations of morphology, histology, and heart rate. The cranial cartilage had no flaws, the structure was complete, and the length and angle of the cranial cartilage did not change between the control and CHA treatments. Overall, CHA exposure did not affect the development of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos, according to the findings. Keywords: CHA, Cranium, Embryo, Heart, Toxicity, Zebrafish

Bioactive, Degradable and Tough Hybrids Through Calcium and Phosphate Incorporation

We report the first inorganic/organic hybrids that show outstanding mechanical properties (withstanding cyclic loading) and bone bioactivity. This new hybrid material may fulfil the unmet clinical need for bioactive synthetic bone grafts that can withstand cyclic loading. A SiO2/PTHF/PCL-diCOOH sol-gel hybrid system, that combined inorganic and organic co-networks at the molecular level, previously demonstrated unprecedented synergy of properties, with excellent flexibility and promoted formation of articular cartilage matrix in vitro. Here, for the first time, calcium and phosphate ions were incorporated into the inorganic component of the hybrid network, to impart osteogenic properties. Calcium methoxyethoxide and triethyl phosphate were the calcium and phosphate precursors because they allow for incorporation into the silicate network at low temperature. The hybrid network was characterised with ATR-FTIR, XRD and solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, which proved calcium and phosphate incorporation and suggested the Ca2+ ions also interacted with PCL-diCOOH through ionic bonds. This resulted in an increased strength (17–64 MPa) and modulus of toughness (2.5–14 MPa) compared to the original SiO2/PTHF/PCL-diCOOH hybrid material (which showed strength of ∼3 MPa and modulus of toughness of ∼0.35 MPa), while also maintaining the ability to withstand cyclic loading. The presence of calcium and phosphates in the silicate network resulted in a more congruent dissolution of the inorganic and organic co-networks in TRIS buffer. This was shown by the presence of silicon, calcium and phosphate ions along with PCL in the TRIS buffer after 1 week, whereas Ca-free hybrids mainly released PCL with negligible Si dissolution. The presence of calcium and phosphates also enabled deposition of hydroxycarbonate apatite following immersion in simulated body fluid, which was not seen on Ca-free hybrid. All hybrids passed cell cytotoxicity tests and supported pre-osteoblast cell attachment. The phosphate-free hybrid showed the best mechanical behaviour and supported better cell attachment, spreading and potentially differentiation of cells. Therefore, the SiO2-CaO/PTHF/PCL-diCOOH hybrid represents a promising biomaterial for use in bone regeneration.

Quaternary bioactive glass-derived powders presenting submicrometric particles and antimicrobial activity

The biomedical engineering advances in the last years have been rising demand for multifunctional biomaterials. Bioactive glass (BG) submicron particles are potential candidates for the formulation of composites with improved dispersion and homogeneity between the constituents. This work presents the preparation of SiO2–Na2O–CaO–P2O5 glass-derived powders composed of particles with homogenous shapes and sizes between 300 and 500 nm. Two types of synthesis were employed for the preparation of the BG powders, the melt-quenching method, and a citric acid-assisted sol-gel route at a low citric acid concentration (0.005 mol L−1). The morphology of the particles was achieved by a low-energy process using a ball mill. These powders were characterized for their structure and surface area and evaluated for in vitro mineralization and antibacterial behavior. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed different crystalline silicate phases in the sol-gel-derived powder and confirmed the amorphous structure of the melt-quenching-derived one. The surface of the particles was covered by hydroxycarbonate-apatite (HCA) after five days in simulated body fluid (SBF). The antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus was higher for the sol-gel-derived powder, showing inhibition >99% of the bacteria growth in 24 h for all concentrations studied. These BG-based powders present a set of characteristics useful for the formulation of multifunctional composites for orthopedic applications.

Combination of Carbonate Hydroxyapatite and Stem Cells from Human Deciduous Teeth Promotes Bone Regeneration by Enhancing BMP-2, VEGF and CD31 Expression in Immunodeficient Mice.

The objective of this study was to clarify the efficiency of a combination of stem cells from human deciduous teeth and carbonate apatite in bone regeneration of calvarial defects. Immunodeficient mice (n = 5 for each group/4 groups) with artificial calvarial bone defects (5 mm in diameter) were developed, and stem cells from human deciduous teeth (SHEDs) and carbonate hydroxyapatite (CAP) granules were transplanted with an atelocollagen sponge as a scaffold. A 3D analysis using microcomputed tomography, and 12 weeks after transplantation, histological and immunohistochemical evaluations of markers of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cluster of differentiation (CD) 31 were performed. In the 3D analysis, regenerated bone formation was observed in SHEDs and CAP, with the combination of SHEDs and CAP showing significantly greater bone regeneration than that in the other groups. Histological and immunohistochemical evaluations showed that combining SHEDs and CAP enhanced the expression of BMP-2, VEGF, and CD31, and promoted bone regeneration. This study demonstrates that the combination of SHEDs and CAP transplantation may be a promising tool for bone regeneration in alveolar defects.

The Characteristics, Swelling Ratio and Water Content Percentage of Chitosan-gelatin/limestone-based Carbonate Hydroxyapatite Composite Scaffold

The tissue engineering field has developed a scaffold that can be used to increase the bone regeneration process. Carbonate hydroxyapatite (CHA) is a well-known scaffold due to its human bones resembling components. The scaffold was synthesized from K, G, and limestone-based CHA using a freeze-drying method with K-G/CHA ratios (w/w) of 40:60, 30:70, 20:80, and 10:90. A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), a scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the scaffold. The FTIR test showed some functional groups, such as hydroxyl, amide I, amide II, carbonate, and phosphate. The SEM-EDX test showed micropore (&lt;50 um) and macropores (&gt;50 um) structures as well as elements of C, N, O, Mg, Al, Si, P, and Ca. The XRD analysis obtained crystalline and amorphous particles. The water content percentage (WCP) values obtained were 61.29%, 64.30%, 67.71%, and 67.78%. The K-G/CHA composite scaffold with a ratio of 30:70 has ideal characteristics, a swelling ratio, and a water content percentage.