Hydroxy Compounds Research Articles

Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activities of Novel Ether Conjugates ofDihydroartemisinin and Zerumbone: Evidenced by Intergrating Network Pharmacology and In Vitro Assay.

O-alkylation of the hydroxy compounds, including acetaminophen, starting compounds for the synthesis of the drug, and natural compounds with the bromides of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) and zerumbone, produced twenty novel ether conjugates 15a-j and 16a-j, respectively. Their structures were elucidated by 1D-, 2D-NMR, and HRMS data. Their in vitro cytotoxic activity was screened using three cancer cell lines: HepG2, HeLa, and PC-12. The results showed that eight out of ten conjugates in series 15a-j containing DHA skeleton exhibited activity against the tested cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 4.26-47.37 µM. Notably, all conjugates in series 16a-j containing zerumbone scaffolds inhibited the growth of HepG2, HeLa, and PC12 with IC50 in the range of 4.46-35.07 µM. Using network pharmacology and molecular docking to target anti-liver cancer in the above 20 synthetic compounds, 271 intersection targets were discovered, including 5 targets with high degree values (EGFR, ESR1, AKT1, MDM2, and NFKB1). Artemisinin derivative 15i gave the highest binding energy for targets AKT1, EGFR, and NFKB1, while zerumbone-murrayafoline A ether 16g in the remaining series also gave the highest energy for proteins EGFR, AKT1, and NFKB1.

RNAseq analysis of whole zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae revealed the main cellular biological effects of geosmin and microcystin exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations

Cyanobacterial blooms are common events that releases secondary metabolites into water posing considerable threats to the environment, wildlife, and public health. Some of these metabolites, such as microcystin, have been extensively studied and associated with harmful effects in mammals and aquatic organisms, while the biological effects of others, like geosmin, remain much less investigated. Enhancing our understanding of cyanotoxins effects on organisms is especially relevant facing the complex scenarios projected due to global warming. The aim of this study was to assess the transcriptional modulation in whole zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae (n = 9) in response to a 7-days immersion exposure to 3 μg L−1 MCLR or 5 μg L−1 geosmin. No mortality or differences in length gain were observed in zebrafish larvae exposed to environmentally realistic doses of both cyanotoxins. The exposure to MCLR and to geosmin caused the differential expression of 164 and 172 genes respectively, being 23 upregulated by MCLR and 98 upregulated by geosmin. Among the upregulated genes, 16 were shared, while 42 were shared among the downregulated genes. Over-representation analysis identified three enriched GO terms only among the genes upregulated by geosmin: organic hydroxy compound metabolic process (1901615), small molecule biosynthetic process (0044283), and lipid metabolic process (0006629). In fact, the expression of 12 of the 13 genes directly involved in the synthesis of cholesterol from acetyl-CoA was upregulated by geosmin. A chronic upregulation of cholesterol biosynthetic pathway is linked to several diseases and metabolic disorders, including alterations in sex-related hormones. Moreover, our results indicate that geosmin and MCLR acts through different mechanisms. Geosmin does not appear to provoke short-term adverse effects as MCLR but could disrupt the endocrine system by altering the lipid and steroid metabolism.

Determining rational parameters for the treatment of concentrated wastewater from etching site by using combined systems producing sediments of predefined composition

The object of this study is model solutions, spent sulfuric acid and chloride acid etching solutions, degreasing of metal products at enterprises. The paper reports results of research on the possibility of obtaining sediments of predefined composition and reducing the consumption of chemical reagents in comparison with conventional cleaning schemes. The systematization of the elements of the technological scheme has been shown, which provides for the treatment of concentrated wastewater of the etching area in combined systems with obtaining sediments of predefined composition and is the basis for the implementation of resource-saving technology. Rational parameters were established for the state (рН=3‒4, Eh=+0.3‒+0.33 V, and rH2=16.3–19.38 V) and technological parameters (degree of iron extraction ψ=0.8, reagent consumption from the stoichiometric norm of B=0.8). Such parameters provide the proper conditions for the oxidation of organic compounds and their co-precipitation with insoluble iron hydroxy compounds (the maximum degree of extraction of organic impurities is 86 %). The formed precipitate corresponds to the FeOOH.nH2O composition, contains 2‒3 % of organic impurities, and is subject to burial. As a result of studies on the treatment of concentrated iron-containing wastewater, the obtained sediment is ready for further utilization by processing. The composition of this sediment corresponds to the natural mineral limonite FeOOH (Fe2O3.nH2O) and is formed at pH values from 3.5 to 7.5 with rH2 values from 26 V to 21 V and at technological regeneration parameters of pH=4.0–4.6; rH2 =23.34–32.25 V. As a result of research into the deep purification of wastewater using a magnetic device, a suspension of sediment of ferromagnetic impurities (hydroxo compounds of iron) is obtained, which could be the basis for extraction or production of magnetically favorable dispersed material.

Hydrothermal synthesis of regular and flaky gold particles for printed electronics

In this study, the gold precursors were rapidly reduced by hydroxy compound and micron-sized flaky gold powder was obtained under hydrothermal conditions. Isopropyl alcohol was selected as solvent and reducing agent after investigating the effect of reducing agent on the morphology of the gold powder. The influence of reaction concentration and temperature on the particle size and morphology of gold powder were researched. By controlling the reaction concentration and temperature, the prepared gold particles have regular flaky structure with the diameter of about 5 μm and the sintered gold conductor paste shows excellent conductivity and sintering density.

Production and Optimization of Hydroxy and Methyl Phenolic Compounds Through Microwave-Assisted Catalytic Hydrogenolysis from Lignin Valorization

Production and Optimization of Hydroxy and Methyl Phenolic Compounds Through Microwave-Assisted Catalytic Hydrogenolysis from Lignin Valorization

Environmentally safe technology of waste processing of galvanic production

It is known that waste is difficult to purify using existing reagent methods to the standards of the MPC. In addition, the formed sediments contain poorly soluble hydroxy compounds of heavy metals and gypsum, which makes it impossible to dispose of iron- and copper-containing electroplating sludges. The purpose of the study was to study the possibility of ion exchange separate and simultaneous extraction of iron and copper ions from acidic solutions of pickling and copper plating in galvanic production to obtain ferrites. In the course of research, the highly acidic cation exchange resin Dowex HCR S/S in the H+ form was chosen as the cationite. The choice of a strongly acidic cationite is justified, based on the fact that cationites of this type are able to easily lose hydrogen ions due to their displacement from the cationite matrix by other cations of the solution. The sorption processes of iron (II) and copper (II) ions were carried out under dynamic conditions. In the course of experimental studies, it was shown that with an increase in the concentration of sulfuric acid, the full exchangeable dynamic capacity of the cationite significantly decreases both during the sorption of iron ions and during the sorption of copper ions. For iron-containing solutions, full dynamic exchange capacity decreases from 1.39 g-eq/dm3 in the absence of H2SO4 in the initial solution and decreases to 0.3-0.46 g-eq/dm3 at a concentration of sulfuric acid at the level of 1-3 g/dm3. An increase in the concentration of iron (II) ions leads to a significant increase in full dynamic exchange capacity, even with a concentration of sulfuric acid of 8 - 13 g/dm3, full dynamic exchange capacity was at the level of 1.35 g-eq/dm3, which corresponds to the level of sorption of diluted solutions even in the absence of acid. However, the total concentration shows that the efficiency of sorption of metals from acidic solutions remains quite high and increases with the increase of the initial total content of sorbed ions. The main indicator used when choosing an ion exchange method is the possibility of effective regeneration of the cation exchange material. When using 5% solution of sulfuric acid already at the specific consumption of the regeneration solution, it was possible to achieve a degree of regeneration at the level of 95-98%, and when using 10% solution, the degree of regeneration reached 100%. According to the developed technological scheme, regeneration solutions are processed by precipitation into magnetite in a ferritizer reactor. To remove iron ions from concentrated iron-containing regeneration solutions by the ferrite method in order to obtain ferrite particles (magnetite) with maximum magnetic properties, a mixture of Fe (II) and Fe (III) sulfates was used with their concentration ratio K = [Fe2+]/[Fe3+] = 0.5, as a stable relationship between magnetic properties and sediment volume was noted. At maximum magnetic properties, the sediment volume is minimal, and vice versa. Obtaining highly dispersed magnetic particles from a mixture of ferric and ferric sulfates by precipitating them with 10% NaOH solution during heating allows to significantly reduce the duration of the process, simplify it and increase the productivity of the equipment. To obtain magnetic particles of copper ferrites from regeneration solutions by precipitation with alkali at normal temperatures, the concentration ratio K1 = [Fe2+]/[Cu2+] = 3.15-7.76 should be maintained. With an increase in the concentration of Cu2+ ions, there is an increase in the period of crystallization of the obtained sediments and their acquisition of magnetic properties. The formed ferrite material can be used for environmental purposes as a valuable raw material for carbon monoxide neutralization catalysts, as part of alkaline cement for concrete products, or sent for safe disposal. The obtained results on the application of ion-exchange extraction of iron and copper ions from acidic solutions of galvanic production are expedient as the first stage of complex ecologically safe processing of galvanic wastes with the production of ferritic materials for industrial use.

Protection of aldehydes, hydroxy compounds with acetic anhydride in presence of sulfonic acid functionalized ionic liquid

Protection of aldehydes, hydroxy compounds with acetic anhydride in presence of sulfonic acid functionalized ionic liquid

Potential use of Thai mango (Mangifera indica Linn. cultivar Chok-Anan) seed porous starch for retention of aroma compounds from coffee extract

This study aimed to extract and modify the properties of the starch from Thai mango seeds (cultivar Chok-Anan). The porous starch samples were obtained using enzymatic treatment and its potential to retain aroma compounds from coffee extract was evaluated. The physicochemical properties, structure characteristics, porosity characteristics and adsorption quantity of starches were also determined. The retention of coffee aroma compounds was investigated through combining starch or porous starch with odorants, and storing the mixtures at room temperature for 7 and 14 days, respectively. The chemical properties of aroma compounds as well as starch surface properties were observed to affect the retention of aroma compounds upon storage. Additionally, 2-furanmethanol, d-limonene and maltol were selected to be the primary target compounds to assess the retention of odorants. This study observed a noticeable decrease in d-limonene content throughout the storage period. On the contrary, after 14 days of storage, the porous starch exhibited high retention of hydroxy compounds including 2-furanmethanol and maltol. However, after prolonged storage their ability to retain 2-furanmethanol and maltol slightly decreased. Therefore, the porous starch derived from mango seeds exhibited the potential to retain coffee aroma compounds and could be a desirable green adsorbent for food and cosmetic industries.

Recognition of specific monosaccharides by fluorescence change through the suppression effect on excited-state intermolecular proton transfer reactions.

Pyrene-urea derivatives and acetate anions were used to investigate the excited-state intermolecular proton transfer (ESPT) reaction, where a molecule undergoes intermolecular proton transfer to form a tautomer species in the excited state. Since ESPT occurs when intermolecular hydrogen bonds exist between urea compounds and acetate species, we hypothesize that this reaction might be influenced by compounds with hydroxy groups. In this study, cyclodextrins, saccharides, and ethanol were examined to assess the effects of hydroxy groups on the ESPT reaction. After introducing various hydroxy compounds into the urea-acetate system in dimethylformamide, we observed differences in the fluorescence spectra and fluorescence decay curves. These differences indicate varying interactions between the hydroxy compounds and complexes, leading to distinct fluorescence lifetime behaviors, which makes fluorescence lifetime imaging technology particularly suitable.

Screening and identification of differential-expressed RNAs in thrombin-induced in vitro model of intracerebral hemorrhage.

Survival of olfactory mucosal mesenchymal stem cells (OM-MSCs) remains the low level in the cerebral microenvironment during intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). This article aims to reveal the differential expression profile of ICH-stimulated OM-MSCs based on whole transcriptome sequence analysis. OM-MSCs were isolated from 6-week C57BL/6 mice. Morphology and surface markers of OM-MSCs were investigated by light microscope and flow cytometry, respectively. OM-MSCs were incubated with 20 U/mL thrombin for 24h to mimic ICH-induced injury in vitro. Total RNA was extracted for whole transcriptome sequencing and qPCR. OM-MSCs were characterized by negative for CD45 and CD34, and positive for CD44, CD90 and CD29. Thrombin led to decrease in cell viability and increase in senescence and apoptosis in OM-MSCs. In total, 736 lncRNAs (upregulated: 393; downregulated: 343), 21 miRNAs (upregulated: 7; downregulated: 14) and 807 mRNAs (upregulated: 422; downregulated: 385) were identified. GO and KEGG pathways were enriched in protein heterodimerization activity, trans-synaptic signaling, membrane pathway, alcohol metabolic process, organic hydroxy compound biosynthesis process, secondary alcohol metabolic process, alcoholism, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, systemic lupus erythematosus, metabolic process, steroid biosynthesis and drug metabolism-cytochrome P450. 200 lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA were predicted in thrombin-induced OM-MSCs. Based on qPCR, we validated COMMD1B, MOAP1, lncRNA CAPN15, lncRNA ALDH1L2, miR-3473b and miR-1964-3p were upregulated in thrombin-stimulated OM-MSCs, and GM20431, lncRNA GAPDH and miR-122b-3p were downregulated. Our findings provide novel understanding for thrombin-induced injury in OM-MSCs. Differently-expressed RNAs can be the targets of improving therapeutic application of OM-MSCs.

Recent Progress in Understanding the Impact of Food Processing and Storage on the Structure-Activity Relationship of Fucoxanthin.

Fucoxanthin, a brown algae carotenoid, has attracted great interest because of its numerous biological activities supported by in vitro and in vivo studies. However, its chemical structure is susceptible to alterations when subjected to food processing and storage conditions, such as heat, oxygen, light, and pH changes. Consequently, these conditions lead to the formation of fucoxanthin derivatives, including cis-isomers, apo-fucoxanthinone, apo-fucoxanthinal, fucoxanthinol, epoxides, and hydroxy compounds, collectively known as degradation products. Currently, little information is available regarding the stability and functionality of these fucoxanthin derivatives resulting from food processing and storage. Therefore, enhancing the understanding of the biological effect of fucoxanthin derivatives is crucial for optimizing the utilization of fucoxanthin in various applications and ensuring its efficacy in potential health benefits. To this aim, this review describes the main chemical reactions affecting the stability of fucoxanthin during food processing and storage, facilitating the identification of the major fucoxanthin derivatives. Moreover, recent advancements in the structure-activity relationship of fucoxanthin derivatives will be critically assessed, emphasizing their biological activity. Overall, this review provides a critical updated understanding of the effects of technological processes on fucoxanthin stability and activity that can be helpful for stakeholders when designing processes for food products containing fucoxanthin.

Revelation of bimolecular tautomerization induced by the concerted and radical interactions in lignin pyrolysis

Bimolecular interactions play crucial roles in lignin pyrolysis. The tautomerization of key intermediates has a significant impact on the formation of stable products, whereas bimolecular tautomerization has been rarely clarified. In the present work, the bimolecular tautomerization mechanism induced by both concerted and radical interactions was proposed and carefully confirmed. A characteristic β-O-4 lignin dimer, 2-phenoxy-1-phenylethanol (α-OH-PPE), was used as the model compound to reveal two representative keto-phenol and enol-keto tautomerism mechanisms, based on theoretical calculations combined with pyrolysis experiments. The results indicate that the unimolecular tautomerism as the rate-determining step limits product generation, due to fairly high energy barriers. While the free hydroxy compounds and radicals derived from initial pyrolysis can further initiate bimolecular tautomerism reactions through the one-step concerted hydroxyl-assisted hydrogen transfer (hydroxyl-AHT) and two-step radical hydrogen abstraction interactions, respectively. By alleviating and even avoiding the large ring tension of tautomerism, the unstable tautomers (2,4-cyclohexadienone and 1-hydroxystyrene) can be rapidly tautomerized into stable phenol and acetophenone with the help of intermolecular interaction. Benefitting from the significant advantage of retro-ene fragmentation in breaking the β-O-4 bond to form tautomers, a large amount of stable phenolic and ketone products can be generated following bimolecular tautomerization in the pyrolysis of β-O-4 linked lignin.

A Novel Four Mitochondrial Respiration-Related Signature for Predicting Biochemical Recurrence of Prostate Cancer.

The biochemical recurrence (BCR) of patients with prostate cancer (PCa) after radical prostatectomy is high, and mitochondrial respiration is reported to be associated with the metabolism in PCa development. This study aimed to establish a mitochondrial respiratory gene-based risk model to predict the BCR of PCa. RNA sequencing data of PCa were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases, and mitochondrial respiratory-related genes (MRGs) were sourced via GeneCards. The differentially expressed mitochondrial respiratory and BCR-related genes (DE-MR-BCRGs) were acquired through overlapping BCR-related differentially expressed genes (BCR-DEGs) and differentially expressed MRGs (DE-MRGs) between PCa samples and controls. Further, univariate Cox, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), and multivariate Cox analyses were performed to construct a DE-MRGs-based risk model. Then, a nomogram was established by analyzing the independent prognostic factor of five clinical features and risk scores. Moreover, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), tumor microenvironment, and drug susceptibility analyses were employed between high- and low-risk groups of PCa patients with BCR. Finally, qRT-PCR was utilized to validate the expression of prognostic genes. We identified 11 DE-MR-BCRGs by overlapping 132 DE-MRGs and 13 BCR-DEGs and constructed a risk model consisting of 4 genes (APOE, DNAH8, EME2, and KIF5A). Furthermore, we established an accurate nomogram, including a risk score and a Gleason score, for the BCR prediction of PCa patients. The GSEA result suggested the risk model was related to the PPAR signaling pathway, the cholesterol catabolic process, the organic hydroxy compound biosynthetic process, the small molecule catabolic process, and the steroid catabolic process. Simultaneously, we found six immune cell types relevant to the risk model: resting memory CD4+ T cells, monocytes, resting mast cells, activated memory CD4+ T cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and macrophages M2. Moreover, the risk model could affect the IC50 of 12 cancer drugs, including Lapatinib, Bicalutamide, and Embelin. Finally, qRT-PCR showed that APOE, EME2, and DNAH8 were highly expressed in PCa, while KIF5A was downregulated in PCa. Collectively, a mitochondrial respiratory gene-based nomogram including four genes and one clinical feature was established for BCR prediction in patients with PCa, which could provide novel strategies for further studies.

Discovery of benzoxazole-thiazolidinone hybrids as promising antibacterial agents against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus species.

Antibiotic resistance is rapidly exacerbating the unceasing rise in nosocomial infections caused by drug-resistant bacterial pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE). Therefore, there is a dire need for new therapeutic agents that can mitigate the unbridled emergence of drug-resistant pathogens. In the present study, several benzoxazole-thiazolidinone hybrids (BT hybrids) were synthesized and evaluated for their antibacterial activity against the ESKAP pathogen panel. The preliminary screening revealed the selective and potent inhibitory activity of hydroxy BT hybrids against S. aureus with MIC ≤ 4 μg mL-1. Hydroxy compounds (BT25, BT26, BT18, BT12, and BT11) exhibited a good selectivity index (SI > 20), which were determined to be non-toxic to Vero cells. An engaging fact is that two compounds BT25 and BT26 showed potent activity against various clinically-relevant and highly drug resistant S. aureus (MRSA & VRSA) and Enterococcus (VRE) isolates. These hybrids showed concentration-dependent bactericidal activity that is comparable to vancomycin. These experimental results were corroborated with docking, molecular dynamics, and free energy studies to discern the antibacterial mechanisms of hydroxy BT hybrids with three bacterial enzymes DNA gyrase B, MurB, and penicillin binding protein 4 (PBP4). The reassuring outcome of the current investigation confirmed that the aforementioned BT hybrids could be used as very promisingly potent antibacterial agents for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus infections.

Unexpected electrophiles in the atmosphere - anhydride nucleophile reactions and uptake to biomass burning emissions.

Biomass burning is a significant contributor to atmospheric pollution, its emissions have been found to have adverse impacts on climate and human health. Largely, these impacts are dictated by how the composition of the emissions changes once emitted into the atmosphere. Recently, anhydrides have been identified as a significant fraction of biomass burning emissions, however, little is known about their atmospheric evolution, or their interactions within the burn plume. Without this understanding, it is challenging to predict the impact of anhydrides on biomass burning emissions, and by extension, their influence on climate and health. In this study, we investigate anhydrides as potentially unrecognized electrophiles in the atmosphere. Firstly, by exploring their reactivity towards important biomass burning emitted nucleophiles, and secondly, by measuring their uptake on the emissions themselves. Our results show that phthalic and maleic anhydride can react with a wide range of nucleophiles, including hydroxy and amino-containing compounds, such as levoglucosan or aniline. Additionally, using a coated-wall flow tube setup, we demonstrate that anhydrides reactively uptake to biomass burning films and influence their composition. The anhydride nucleophile reaction was found to be irreversible, proceeding without sunlight or free radicals and indicating it may occur during the day or nighttime. Furthermore, the reaction products were found to be water-stable and contain functional groups which enhance their mass and likely contribute to the formation of secondary organic aerosol, with knock-on climate effects. Overall, our study sheds light on the fundamental chemistry of anhydrides and their potential impacts in the atmosphere.

Surface oxidation promotes the flotation of ilmenite: a critical review

Due to its high efficiency, ease of operation, and superior selectivity, flotation separation has emerged as a promising technique for the extraction of ilmenite from natural resources. In light of the solution chemistry of ilmenite, it is widely accepted that ferrous ions and ferrous hydroxy compounds serve as the primary active sites for collector adsorption across a broad range of slurry pH values. The commonly used collectors like sodium oleate and hydroxamic acid are capable of chemical bonding with Fe2+ to form complexes and then enhance the floatability of ilmenite. However, Fe3+ ions perform a higher affinity to both collectors rather than Fe2+, the formed stronger complexes are advantageous for enhancing the hydrophobicity of ilmenite and increasing the probability for air bubble attachment, resulting in an improved ilmenite flotation recovery. Consequently, how to maximize the conversion efficiency of Fe2+ to Fe3+ and provide additional Fe3+ active sites on ilmenite surface for collector attachment have become the hot spot. Herein, this review aims to firstly analyze the crystal structure and solution chemistry of ilmenite and then provide a concise summary of recent advances in different oxidation technologies for promoting the conversion of Fe2+ to Fe3+, including hydroxyl radicals oxidation, direct chemical oxidation, and thermal oxidation, and the in-depth activation mechanisms are well illustrated. Also, current challenges and perspectives in this field are discussed. This review would benefit the development of next-generation flotation techniques for earth-abundant titanium resources.

Inhibition mechanism of trans-resveratrol on thermally induced trans fatty acids in peanut oil

The unanticipated inhibitory effect of trans-resveratrol (trans-Res) on the formation of trans fatty acids (TFAs) by thermal isomerization of peanut oil (PO) and its mechanism were investigated by experiment and density functional theory. Results showed that trans-Res inhibited the amount and formation rate of TFAs. trans-Res first inhibited the formation of C18:2, then C18:1, by the mechanism of proton transfer isomerism. The most active reaction site of trans-Res (4′-OH free radical) preferentially combined with the OOL-L-C11• (di-allyl) and then with OOL-O-C11• (mono-allyl) allyl groups in PO, resulting in the higher reaction energy barrier of speed control steps in OOL-L (transition state 1) and OOL-O (transition state 2), and the lower reaction rate of OOL-L and OOL-O (both decreased by 1–103 times), to reduce the formation of TFAs. Our study provided a theoretical foundation for the precise regulation of natural hydroxy compound to TFAs in oil.

Effect of pressure on the low-temperature reaction of ethylene with N2O4

Calorimetric monitoring of the autoclave reaction N2O4 + C2H4 at –85 to +10 °C under argon pressure 10–30 bar revealed that the exothermic chemical reaction started at temperatures above –52 °C at 10 bar, whereas an intensive exothermic reaction started at –85 °C and pressure of 30 bar. IR study showed that oligo/polynitroethylene was formed at 30 bar, while carbonyl and hydroxy compound as well as nitrate R–ONO2 formation occurred upon processing at 10 bar.

Screening of ferroptosis-related genes in sepsis-induced liver failure and analysis of immune correlation.

PurposeSepsis-induced liver failure is a kind of liver injury with a high mortality, and ferroptosis plays a key role in this disease. Our research aims to screen ferroptosis-related genes in sepsis-induced liver failure as targeted therapy for patients with liver failure.MethodsUsing the limma software, we analyzed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the GSE60088 dataset downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Clusterprofiler was applied for enrichment analysis of DEGs enrichment function. Then, the ferroptosis-related genes of the mice in the FerrDb database were crossed with DEGs. Sepsis mice model were prepared by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP). ALT and AST in the serum of mice were measured using detection kit. The pathological changes of the liver tissues in mice were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (H & E) staining. We detected the apoptosis of mice liver tissues using TUNEL. The expression of Hmox1, Epas1, Sirt1, Slc3a2, Jun, Plin2 and Zfp36 were detected by qRT-PCR.ResultsDEGs analysis showed 136 up-regulated and 45 down-regulated DEGs. Meanwhile, we found that the up-regulated DEGs were enriched in pathways including the cytokine biosynthesis process while the down-regulated DEGs were enriched in pathways such as organic hydroxy compound metabolic process. In this study, seven genes (Hmox1, Epas1, Sirt1, Slc3a2, Jun, Plin2 and Zfp36) were obtained through the intersection of FerrDb database and DEGs. However, immune infiltration analysis revealed that ferroptosis-related genes may promote the development of liver failure through B cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Finally, it was confirmed by the construction of septic liver failure mice model that ferroptosis-related genes of Hmox1, Slc3a2, Jun and Zfp36 were significantly correlated with liver failure and were highly expressed.ConclusionThe identification of ferroptosis-related genes Hmox1, Slc3a2, Jun and Zfp36 in the present study contribute to our understanding of the molecular mechanism of sepsis-induced liver failure, and provide candidate targets for the diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

One-Electron Oxidation of Geranyl Acetone Derivatives Using Ceric(IV) Ammonium Nitrate and Manganese(III) Acetate: Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation

Oxidation of geranyl acetone derivatives with ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) and Mn(OAc)3 afforded tricyclic and bicyclic compounds as well as hydroxy and nitro compounds as a result of one-electron oxidation followed by carbon–carbon bond formation. This is the first example of radical cyclization (formed by one-electron oxidation) of geranyl acetone derivative 1 and its isomer 4 to give tri- and bicyclic products with carbon–carbon bond formation.