Hydroxy Compounds Research Articles

Review of Reaction Mechanisms of Oxygen and Proposed Intermediate Reduction Products in Wine: Central Role of Iron and Copper

The chemical, biochemical, and enological literature has been broadly surveyed to identify the reaction mechanisms of oxygen and of its intermediate reduction products that should apply to wine. The reduction potentials of redox couples derived from wine polyphenols and oxygen, as well as that of the Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ couple, have been calculated for wine conditions and form the basis for discussing how these redox systems are likely to interact. Values obtained for wine quinone/catechol couples agree well with those reported for wine-model conditions. Catechol derivatives are oxidized sequentially to semiquinones and quinones, while oxygen is reduced in turn to hydroperoxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide. The whole process is mediated by redox cycling of the Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ couple, which is made possible by the lowering of its reduction potential by coordination of Fe³⁺ to hydroxy acids. Hydrogen peroxide is then further reduced by Fe²⁺ in the Fenton reaction to produce hydroxyl radicals, which oxidize saturated hydroxy compounds. Intermediate radicals may react with oxygen, providing an additional pathway for its reduction. Thus, both ferric and ferrous ions, which are present in wine, perform an important catalytic function. The antioxidant activity of bisulfite is largely restricted to its reaction with hydrogen peroxide. Direct reaction of sulfur dioxide with oxygen, which is a radical chain process, is prevented by the radical scavenging activity of polyphenols.

Cellulose Oligomers: Preparation from Cellulose Triacetate, Chemical Transformations and Reactions

Cellulose oligomers obtained by a new degradation method (pivaloylysis) are used as starting materials in organic synthesis. On the one hand these oligomers are functionalized to potent glycosyl donors, on the other hand several methods are shown to generate different types of hydroxy compounds (glycosyl acceptors). Glycosidation reactions performed with these two types of building blocks allow an access to linear products (unidisperse celluloses) as well as to new branched cellulose units.

Effect of Water Vapor on Chromatographic Characteristics of the Cyclodextrin-Containing Stationary Liquid Phase in Capillary Gas Chromatography

The effects of the presence of water vapor in the carrier gas and the temperature on the retention of achiral and chiral compounds, enantioselectivity, and performance of an open-tubular column with a cyclodextrin-containing phase were studied. The use of a carrier gas containing water vapor in the determination of optically active isomers, such as camphor, slightly increases the retention factor. A substantial improvement of performance characteristics of the column was found: for hydroxy compounds, the column performance increased by two to three times and the peak symmetry improved by more than twice.

Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of polyhydroxy compounds by class A bacterial acid phosphatases.

Nonspecific acid phosphatases share a conserved active site with mammalian glucose-6-phosphatases (G6Pase). In this work we examined the kinetics of the phosphorylation of glucose and dephosphorylation of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) catalysed by the acid phosphatases from Shigella flexneri (PhoN-Sf) and Salmonella enterica (PhoN-Se). PhoN-Sf is able to phosphorylate glucose regiospecifically to G6P, glucose-1-phosphate is not formed. The K(m) for glucose using pyrophosphate (PPi) as a phosphate donor is 5.3 mM at pH 6.0. This value is not significantly affected by pH in the pH region 4-6. The K(m) value for G6P by contrast is much lower (0.02 mM). Our experiments show these bacterial acid phosphatases form a good model for G6Pase. We also studied the phosphorylation of inosine to inosine monophosphate (IMP) using PPi as the phosphate donor. PhoN-Sf regiospecifically phosphorylates inosine to inosine-5'-monophosphate whereas PhoN-Se produces both 5'IMP and 3'IMP. The data show that during catalysis an activated phospho-enzyme intermediate is formed that is able to transfer its phosphate group to water, glucose or inosine. A general mechanism is presented of the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation reaction catalysed by the acid phosphatases. Considering the nature of the substrates that are phosphorylated it is likely that this class of enzyme is able to phosphorylate a wide range of hydroxy compounds.

Conformational analysis of trans‐2‐halocyclohexanols and their methyl ethers: a 1H NMR, theoretical and solvation approach

AbstractThe conformational equilibria of trans‐1‐methoxy‐2‐chloro‐ (1), trans‐1‐methoxy‐2‐bromo‐ (2) and trans‐1‐methoxy‐2‐iodocyclohexane (3), and their corresponding alcohols (4–6), were studied through a combined method of NMR, theoretical calculations and solvation theory. They can be described in terms of the axial–axial and equatorial–equatorial conformations, taking into account the main rotamers of each of these conformations. From the NMR experiments at 183 K in CD2Cl2–CS2, it was possible to observe proton H2 in the ax–ax and eq–eq conformers separately for 1 and 2, but not for 3, which gave directly their populations and conformer energies. In the alcohols the proportion of the ax–ax conformer was too low to be detected by NMR under these conditions. Those HH couplings together with the values at room temperature, in a variety of solvents allowed the determination of the solvent dependence of the conformer energies and hence the vapor state energy difference. The ΔE (Eax–Eeq) values in the vapor state for 1, 2 and 3 are −0.05, 0.20 and 0.55 kcal mol−1, respectively, increasing to 1.10, 1.22 and 1.41 kcal mol−1 in CD3CN solution (1 kcal = 4.184 kJ). For 4–6 the eq–eq conformation is always much more stable in both non‐polar and polar solvents, with energy differences ranging from 1.78, 1.94 and 1.86 kcal mol−1 (in CCl4) to 1.27, 1.49 and 1.54 kcal mol−1 (in DMSO), respectively. Comparison of the hydroxy and methoxy compounds gives the intramolecular hydrogen bonding energy for the alcohols as 1.40, 1.36 and 1.00 kcal mol−1 (in CCl4) for 4, 5 and 6, respectively. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Reactivity study of 1,1,2,4,4,5,7,7,8,8,9,9,9-tridecafluoro-5-trifluoromethyl-3,6-dioxanon-1-ene in nucleophilic reactions: fluorination properties of secondary amine adducts

A series of nucleophiles was reacted with 1,1,2,4,4,5,7,7,8,8,9,9,9-tridecafluoro-5-trifluoromethyl-3,6-dioxanon-1-ene ( 1) as a representative of perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ethers). All reactions were completely regioselective with the nucleophilic attack at the terminal carbon atom. Reactions of hydroxy compounds, thiols and sec-amines afforded addition products, but butyllithium, tributylphosphane or complex hydrides caused displacement of vinylic fluorine: butyllithium afforded cis-derivative, while reactions with hydrides and the phosphane led to mixtures of cis- and trans-derivatives. Diethylamine and piperidine adducts displayed the property to substitute hydroxyl for fluorine in hexadecan-1-ol. Molecular properties of hexafluoropropene and perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether) were calculated by ab initio method at the MP2/6-311G(d,p) level of theory and their impact on relative reactivity was estimated.

Sulfamoyloxy-substituted 2-phenylindoles: Antiestrogen-based inhibitors of the steroid sulfatase in human breast cancer cells

Estrone sulfate (E1S) is an endogenous prodrug that delivers estrone and, subsequently, estradiol to the target cells following the hydrolysis by the enzyme estrone sulfatase which is active in various tissues including hormone dependent breast cancer cells. Blockade of this enzyme should reduce the estrogen level in breast cancer cells and prevent hormonal growth stimulation. Sulfamates of a variety of phenolic compounds have been shown to be inhibitors of estrone sulfatase. Our rational is based on findings that these inhibitors can undergo hydrolysis and the pharmacological effects of the free hydroxy compounds contribute to the bioactivity of the sulfamates. A desirable action of the metabolites would be an estrogen antagonism to block stimulatory effects of residual amounts of estrogens. Thus, we synthesized a number of sulfamoyloxy-substituted 2-phenylindoles with side chains at the indole nitrogen that guarantee antiestrogenic activity. All of the new sulfamates were studied for their inhibitory effects on the enzyme estrone sulfatase from human breast cancer cells and their (anti)hormonal activities in stably transfected human MCF-7/2a mammary carcinoma cells. The hormonal profile of the sulfamates was partly reflected by the properties of the corresponding hydroxy precursors. Some of the sulfamoylated antiestrogens strongly inhibited estrone sulfatase activity with IC 50 values in the submicromolar range. They were devoid of agonist activity and suppressed estrone sulfate-stimulated gene expression mainly by blocking the enzyme. Examples are the disulfamates of the indoles ZK 119, 010 and ZK 164, 015. Their IC 50s for sulfatase inhibition were 0.3 and 0.2 μM, respectively, and 50 and 80 nM, respectively, for the inhibition of E1S-stimulated luciferase expression in transfected MCF-7 cells. With some of the new sulfamates an additional direct antiestrogenic effect was noticed which might be due to a partial hydrolysis during incubation and would improve the growth inhibitory effect on estrogen-sensitive breast cancer cells.

Phenol antioxidant efficiency in various lipid substrates containing hydroxy compounds

The oxidation stability of triacylglycerols of sunflower oil (TGSO) at 80 ?C in the presence of 0.1 mM 2, 6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) was found to decrease in the presence of 40 mM lipid hydroxy compounds (R'OH), 1-tetradecanol (1-TD), 1-octadecanol (1-OD), and 1-monopalmitoylglycerol (1-MP). Taking into account the significant effect of these compounds on the chain initiation via an acceleration of the hydroperoxide decomposition, the relative protection activity of BHT was found to increase in the presence of R'OH in the sequence: (TGSO) < (TGSO+1-TD) < (TGSO+1-OD) < (TGSO+1-MP). This result was explained with the so-called “micellar effect”: the relatively higher concentration of polar species such as hydroperoxide, peroxyl radicals and BHT within and nearby the micro aggregates formed in the presence of R'OH, leads to an increase of the rate of chain termination compared to that in the bulk lipid. When free radicals are generated in the bulk oil via the decomposition of a special nonpolar initiator, azo-bis-isobutyronitrile, 1-OD and 1-MP do not affect the BHT antioxidant efficiency. The effect of the lipid medium (linoleate or oleate type) on the antioxi-dant activity of α-tocopherol (TOH), 1.3 mM, in the presence of 1-OD has been assessed on an example of oxidation of sunflower oil (SO) and lard (L) at 100 ?C. Inspite of their different oxidizability 1-OD caused the same relative decrease in the TOH efficiency during SO and L oxidation.

Enantioselective Reduction of 2-Ketoalkanephosphonate by Baker's Yeast

Bioreduction of 2-oxo-3-halo (or azido) alkanephosphonates and 4-ethoxy-4,2-dioxobutanephosphonates by baker's yeast afforded 3-substituted 2-hydroxyalkanephosphonates in moderate to good yields and ee value. Moreover, a regio- and stereoselective bioreduction of 2,3-dioxoalkanephosphonates and 2,4-dioxoalkanephosphonates by baker's yeast was studied also. The resulting chiral hydroxy compounds can be used as chirons for the stereoselective synthesis of biologically active molecules.

Differential Pulse Polarographic Determination of Procymidone in Formulations and Wine

The dicarboximide fungicide procymidone was studied systematically by using direct current polarography, cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse polarography (DPP), controlled potential electrolysis, and millicoulometry in the universal buffer medium with dimethylformamide as the solvent. Procymidone exhibited a single well-defined polarographic wave in the pH range 2.0-6.0, leading to the formation of the hydroxy compound. The overall reduction process was diffusion-controlled and adsorption-free. The variation of half-wave potential with pH, the concentration of the analyte, and other experimental conditions are described. The reduction mechanism proposed is an overall 4-electron process, in which the dicarboximide group is reduced. DPP was used to determine procymidone in agricultural formulations and wine at the optimum conditions found; a detection limit of 2.4 x 10(-9) M was estimated. The results obtained by the proposed method were also compared with those obtained by other methods.

A multivariate study of α-tocopherol and hydroperoxide interaction during the oxidation of methyl linoleate

Interactions between α-tocopherol (α-TOH) and lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) during the oxidation of methyl linoleate were studied in a model system using the response surface methodology statistical technique. When no α-TOH is present, LOOH had only slight pro-oxidative effects on the oxidation of methyl linoleate. High initial levels of α-TOH caused increased consumption and loss of efficiency for this antioxidant. The time for α-TOH consumption and the induction period for the oxidation of methyl linoleate were increased by increasing initial α-TOH concentration but were decreased by increasing initial LOOH as well as by interactions between LOOH and α-TOH. Interactions among LOOH molecules and between LOOH and α-TOH molecules had negative effects on the stability of α-TOH and the rate of oxidation of methyl linoleate as evidenced by the rate of α-TOH consumption, the rate of LOOH formation, the ratio of cis,trans/trans,trans LOOH and the rates of formation of hydroxy and ketodiene compounds during the induction period. Thus, the efficiency of α-TOH as an antioxidant is determined by, as yet unknown, interactions involving α-TOH and/or LOOH which are both present during the induction period.

Homology-based model of the extracellular domain of the taste receptor T1R3

Abstract The extracellular ligand binding domain of the sweet receptor T1R3 has been homology-modeled on the basis of the crystal structure of the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR1). The region of the model that corresponds to the ligand binding site of mGluR1 has numerous polar and charged side-chains, consistent with expectations for a site that would respond to poly hydroxy compounds such as mono- and disaccharides. Docking studies show that proposed active conformations of the high-potency sweeteners neotame, superaspartame, and SC-45647 could interact favorably in this binding site, forming ion pairs or ionic hydrogen bonds with His-163, Glu-318, and His-407, in addition to hydrophobic interactions with numerous nonpolar side-chains.

Tissue Response to Biodegradable Suture Threads Made of Polyhydroxyalkanoates

Physicomechanical characteristics of biodegradable suture threads, such as rigidity and elasticity, should meet a number or requirements. The rate of resorption of suture threads should correspond to the kinetics of tissue recovery. The products of destruction of the thread material should be easily eliminable from the implantation zone and harmless to the patient’s health. They should not cause any adverse response of adjacent tissues and the body as a whole [1]. Polymers of hydroxy compounds of fatty acids (polyhydroxyalkanoates, PHA) are biocompatible and biodegradable materials of microbial origin. Polyhydroxyalkanoates hold much promise as materials for surgical elements. They can be used for tissue engineering and drug batching [25, 26, 28]. In distinction to polylactides and polyglycolides, PHA are thermoplastic and not susceptible to chemical hydrolysis. Thus, PHA are destroyed only gradually without losing their mechanical strength. Some basic properties of PHA can be adjusted by varying their composition [11]. Nonwoven fabrics, polymer films, suture threads, and other medical articles can be made of PHA [17, 18, 29]. Currently available data about the tissue response to PHA implants and the kinetics of PHA destruction in vivo are ambiguous. It was shown in [12] that the tissue response to PHA implants depends only slightly on the implant composition. On the other hand, PHA implants containing polyhydroxyvalerianate were shown to cause tissue inflammation [15]. The problem of in vivo destruction of PHA implants is also unsolved. According to [21, 27], PHA threads implanted into laboratory animals remained intact for up to 6-12 months. In other works [12, 14, 19] it was shown that the weight of a PHA implant decreased by 30-80%. The goal of this work was to study the tissue response to implanted PHA suture threads during the post-operative period and to compare PHA to conventional surgical materials (silk and catgut).

Kinetics of Anodic Dissolution of Gold in Cyanide Solutions Containing Bismuth Hydroxy Compounds

Effective values of order of the reaction of the gold dissolution process by cyanide ions p, transfer coefficient α, and exchange current i0 are measured at constant values of the coverage of the gold surface by bismuth adatoms θ. The constancy of θ is ensured by maintaining a constant value of the time t during which the electrode is in contact with solution after the renewal of its surface until the instant of taking measurements. The solutions under study contain 2.5 × 10–6 to 7 × 10–6 M bismuth hydroxy compounds, 0.1 M KCN, 0.01 M KAu(CN)2, and 0.1 M KOH. With increasing t, quantities p, α, and i0 increase from 0.17, 0.1, and 10–5 A cm–2, respectively, which are the values typical for the gold dissolution process in plain potassium cyanide solutions, to p ≅ 1.1, α ≅ 0.45, and i0 ≅ 2 × 10–4 A cm–2. The increase in the quantity p by approximately a unity is interpreted as an evidence in favor of the assumption that the presence of bismuth adatoms alters the nature of the limiting stage: the latter starts involving cyanide ions localized outside an adsorption layer, rather than the adsorbed cyanide ions only, as is the case in plain solutions. A comparison of obtained results with the data of similar investigations performed earlier in thallium- and lead-containing solutions shows that possible mechanism of acceleration of anodic process suggested in the previous works may be used for explaining regularities of the gold dissolution process observed in the presence of bismuth adatoms as well.

Kinetics and mechanism of hydrolysis of 3-diazobenzofuran-2-one and its hydrolysis product (3-hydroxybenzofuran-2-one)

Rates of acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of 3-diazobenzofuran-2-one, measured in concentrated aqueous perchloric acid and hydrochloric acid solutions, were found to correlate well with the Cox–Yates Xo excess acidity function, giving kH+ = 1.66 × 10–4 M–1 s–1, m‡ = 0.86 and kH+ /kD+ = 2.04. The normal direction (kH/kD &gt; 1) of this isotope effect indicates that hydrolysis occurs by rate-determining protonation of the substrate on its diazo-carbon atom. It was found previously that the next higher homolog of the present substrate, 4-diazoisochroman-3-one, also undergoes hydrolysis by this reaction mechanism but with a rate constant 15 times greater than that for the present substrate; this difference in reactivity can be understood in terms of the various resonance forms that contribute to the structures of these substrates. The product of the present hydrolysis reaction is 3-hydroxybenzofuran-2-one, which itself quickly undergoes subsequent acid-catalyzed hydrolysis to 2-hydroxymandelic acid. The acidity dependence of this subsequent hydrolysis is much shallower than that of the diazo compound precursor, and rates of reaction correlate as well with [H+] as with Xo. This is due in part to incursion of a nonproductive protonation on the hydroxy group of 3-hydroxy benzo furan-2-one that impedes hydrolysis and produces saturation of acid catalysis. Rates of hydrolysis of the hydroxy compound were also measured in dilute HClO4 and NaOH solutions as well as in CH3CO2H, H2PO4–, (CH2OH)3CNH3+, and NH4+ buffers, and the rate profile constructed from these data showed the presence of uncatalyzed and hydroxide ion-catalyzed reactions. This hydroxide-ion catalysis became saturated at [NaOH] [Formula: see text] 0.05 M, implying occurrence of yet another nonproductive substrate ionization. Key words: diazo compound hydrolysis, lactone hydrolysis, Cox–Yates excess acidity, acid catalysis, alcohol protonation.

Anodic dissolution of gold in cyanide solutions containing lead ions: Effect of the solution pH

The effect of the electrode potential on the gold dissolution rate in alkali–cyanide solutions with and without 10–5 M of hydroxy compounds of lead is studied. With the compounds, the process rate passes through a maximum, whose potential Em shifts in the negative direction and whose height drops with increasing pH. The pH dependence of Em is linear, with the slope dEm/dpH = –71 ± 5 mV, and correlates with that of the potential at which lead adatoms start to undergo desorption from the gold surface in alkali solutions. Without the compounds, the gold dissolution rate in alkali–cyanide solutions is independent of the solution pH at E < 0. Thus, the effect of the solution pH in this potential range is connected not with a direct participation of hydroxide ions in the anodic process but is of a secondary nature caused by the dependence of the region of adsorption of catalytically active lead adatoms on the hydroxide ion content in solution.

Anodic Dissolution of Gold in Cyanide Solutions Containing Bismuth Hydroxy Compounds

The gold dissolution rate in alkali–cyanide solutions with and without bismuth hydroxy compounds is studied as a function of potential E, with the electrode surface renewed before taking measurements. At E < 0 (NHE), these ions accelerate the process. At more positive E, their influence is ambiguous. At negative potentials, the effect depends on the time of electrode contact with solution prior to beginning the measurements, the scan rate of E, and the KCN and KOH concentrations. Possible approaches are suggested to explaining the established regularities.

A SELECTIVE KINETIC METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF BENZYL ALCOHOL IN CLOSELY RELATED MIXTURES

Ethylenebis(biguanide)silver(III) ion quantitatively oxidises benzyl alcohol and its derivatives (XC6H4CH2OH; X = H, CH3, Cl or NO2, substituents in ortho or para position). The difference in reaction rates for different alcohols has been utilised in developing a kinetic method for the estimation of benzyl alcohol (2.0–40.0 mmol dm−3) in the presence of a large number of closely related alcohols and hydroxy compounds. The relative standard deviation for ten replicate measurements of 5 mmol dm−3 benzyl alcohol is 1.5%. The method was satisfactorily applied to analyse real samples.

Synthesis of novel water-soluble linear and heterocyclic phosphino amino acids from 2-phosphinophenols or 2-phosphinophenolethers, formaldehyde and amino acids

Acyclic and cyclic amino acid derivatives of 2-phosphinophenols have been synthesised by reaction of primary phosphinophenols (4- R-2-H 2PC 6H 3OH; R=H, Me, OMe) 1a– c with formaldehyde and amino acids ( o- and p-aminobenzoic acid, l-lysine) via in situ formed hydroxymethyl species 2a– c. Condensation reactions with glycine did not afford defined products except when the methoxymethyl and tetrahydropyranyl ethers of 1d, e were used instead of the hydroxy compounds. o-Aminobenzoic acid gives rise to linear bis( o-carboxyphenylaminomethyl)phosphines 3a– e. p-Aminobenzoic acid, dependent on the molar ratio, affords bis( p-carboxyphenylaminomethyl)phosphines 4a, d as well as eight-membered heterocyclic 1,5,3,7-diazadiphosphacyclooctanes 5a– e. The aliphatic amino acids glycine and l-lysine form six-membered heterocyclic 1,3,5-diazaphosphorinanes 6d and 7a– e, respectively, in presence of excess formaldehyde. l-lysine differs from glycine by reaction at the terminal amino group. The structures of the compounds have been elucidated by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. The salts of the phosphino amino acids are soluble in water. Water solubility increases with the number of hydrophilic groups, i.e. free phenols are more soluble than their ethers. Ligand concentrations in water from 0.1 to 1 M were observed.

Oxidation assisted new reaction of glycerol

AbstractCatalytic oxidation of tartronic acid (TA) in water over a BiPt/C catalyst generates ketomalonic acid (KM) which polymerizes via ketone‐carbonyl to form the corresponding polyether, poly(ketomalonate) (PKM), preventing the competitive formation of KM‐hydrate available as reagent. Formation of the polyether (I) and of the hydrate (II) constitute the relaxation processes of generated active KM (keto‐form). Polymerization of KM proceeds cationically or anionically depending on pH, which shows that ketone‐carbonyl of KM is a dipole. TA, which can be prepared by catalytic oxidation of glycerol (GLY), functions as a precursor for KM as well as initiators such as proton or TA‐carbanion for cationic and anionic polymerization of KM, respectively. Perchloric acid and zinc chloride are effective promoters for polymerization of KM. The CeBiPt/C is an excellent multi‐functional catalyst which has three functions; (a) oxidation of the two primary hydroxy groups of GLY to form TA; (b) oxidation of the secondary hydroxy group of TA to generate KM; (c) polymerization of generated KM. PKM prepared by anionic polymerization of KM has no hydrogens bonded to the carbon atoms of the polyether chain. Decarboxylation of PKM can be easily performed by adding mineral acid. This shows that PKM is a polymer of carbon dioxide which is bonded to carbon of the polyether chain and is stabilized by sodium ion. Excess oxidation of PKM formed by pure oxygen accelerates complete decarboxylation to form poly(oxymethylene). These observations, assisted by catalytic oxidation, demonstrate new chemistry of GLY as a renewable resource. TA‐carbanion can also be used as an initiator for the anionic polymerization of glyoxylic acid (GOA) in a basic aqueous media to form poly(glyoxylate).Zinc chloride, a Lewis acid, can be an initiator for cationic polymerization of half‐neutralized GOA in water. GOA, which has been generally used as an ester for polyether synthesis, can be polymerized in water by controlling pH‐dependent hydration equilibrium of GOA to aldehyde‐form. Copolymer of KM and pyruvic acid prepared by anionic copolymerization initiated by TA‐carbanion shows excellent Ca‐sequestrancy as a detergent builder. Polymerization of a substituted ketone, generated by catalytic oxidation of a corresponding precursor, polymerizes via ketone‐carbonyl even in water to form the corresponding polyether. Oxidative polymerization in water of an aliphatic hydroxy compound is a new methodology for the advancement of fine chemistry and functional polymers. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.