Peroxide Scavenging Activity Research Articles

Antioxidant Potential of Crude Powder, Methanol and Aqueous Extracts of Fonio Millet (Digitaria exilis) Grains

This study evaluated the antioxidant potential along with total phenolic content, total flavonoid content of the crude powder, methanol and aqueous extracts of Digitaria exilis grains. The antioxidant activities of the crude powder and extracts were determined by measuring the reducing ability and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity. The results showed that methanol extracts exhibited the highest total phenolic content (57.96 ± 6.84 mg gallic acid equivalence/g dried weight) and total flavonoid content (38.75 ± 9.76 mg quercetin equivalence/g dried weight) compared to the crude powder and aqueous extracts. A concentration- dependent increase in the reducing ability and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity was observed in all the samples. The results were comparable to ascorbic acid, the standard antioxidant used. These results indicate that Digitaria exilis grains have antioxidant activity and may account for the use of the grains in traditional systems of medicine.

Integrated Analysis of Transcriptome and Metabolome and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities in Lavandulapubescens.

Lavandula pubescens, belonging to the Labiatae family, is a newly discovered strongly aromatic species of lavender that is potentially beneficial for human health. Given the economic importance of lavender species, we sought in this study to characterize the terpenoid biosynthesis of L. pubescens by obtaining transcriptomic and metabolic datasets. Transcriptome analysis of L. pubescens grown aseptically in tissue culture medium yielded 124,233 unigenes with an average length of 470 bp and N50 value of 522 bp from 9,476,122,928 raw reads. In order to provide relevant biological information, the unigenes were annotated using the following public databases: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) nucleotide (NT) and non-redundant protein (NR), Brassica (BRAD), Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR), Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG), and Gene Ontology (GO). NR annotation results revealed that L. pubescens is genetically closely related to Sesamum indicum. On the basis of the transcriptome data, a total of 14 cDNA clones encoding the terpene biosynthetic genes LpDXS, LpMCT, LpMCS, LpHDR, LpIDI, LpAACT, LpHMGS, LpHMGR, LpMVK, LpPMK, LpMVD, LpGPPS, LpSQS, and LpGGPPS were identified in L. pubescens. These were quantified in the roots, stems, and leaves of L. pubescens using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), which revealed that the gene expression levels were higher in the leaves and stems than in the roots, which was found to be consistent with the levels of ursolic and oleanolic acids in the different organs using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A total of 48 hydrophilic metabolites were identified and quantified in the organs using gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS). Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of an ethyl acetate extract of L. pubescens leaves was examined using different methods to determine the potential therapeutic properties. A reducing power assay revealed that the absorbance values increased in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay indicated the strong activity (60.4 ± 0.9%) of the ethyl acetate extract at a concentration of 100 µg/mL, which also showed strong hydrogen peroxide (57.4 ± 2.7%), superoxide radical (62.1 ± 0.7%), and hydroxyl radical (58.6 ± 0.4%) scavenging activities.

Protective Effect of Borassus flabellifer Haustorium Extract against Alkoxyl Radical-Induced Cytotoxicity by Improving Glutathione Metabolism by Modulating Nrf2/Haeme Oxygenase-1 Expression

Aim The study was aimed to assess the ability of Borassus flabellifer haustorium methanolic extract (BHE) on de novo glutathione biosynthesis in normal and pro-oxidant exposed cells via Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and haeme oxygenase-1 (HO1) signaling in 2,2′-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) di-hydrochloride (AAPH) induced cytotoxicity in normal intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6 cells). Methods The in vitro antioxidant activity was determined in terms of radical scavenging and ex vivo hemolysis. The cytoprotective effect was studied using AAP H as the alkoxyl radical inducer in IEC-6 cell model. The mechanistic basis of protection is determined by Nrf2/HO1 expression using qPCR. Results In vitro screening observed DPPH, hydrogen peroxide and ABTS radical scavenging activity for the BHE; further, BHE also protected the oxidative hemolysis in the erythrocytes induced by AAPH. In IEC-6 cells, AAPH treatment significantly reduced the cell viability (p < 0.001) by inducing lipid peroxidation. Further, there observed a significant reduction in the activities of enzymes involved in the de novo glutathione biosynthesis (p < 0.01) and glutathione reductase in these cells. However, pretreatment with BHE (10, 25 and 50 µg/mL) dose-dependently protected from the cytotoxicity of AAPH-derived alkoxyl radicals (p < 0.05); besides, the de novo glutathione biosynthesis and regeneration of GSH from oxidized form was also increased in these cells. In corroboration with the biochemical parameters, the Nrf2/HO1 expression was upregulated by the BHE pretreatment concomitantly reducing the cellular lipid peroxidation products. The improvement glutathione biosynthesis was also observed in BHE alone treated cells. Conclusion The study indicated the potential of methanolic extract of Borassus flabellifer haustorium in enhancing the de novo glutathione biosynthesis in normal and pro-oxidant exposed cells by Nrf2/HO1 dependent manner, concomitantly mitigating the toxicity of AAPH-derived alkoxyl radicals in intestinal epithelial cells.

Evaluating the antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of 5- benzyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol

Purpose: To evaluate 5-Benzyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol (OXPA) for antidiabetic and antioxidant properties.&#x0D; Methods: Antidiabetic activity was evaluated using three in vitro models, glucose uptake by yeast cells, alpha amylase inhibition assay and hemoglobin glycosylation inhibition assays. Antioxidant potential was determined by DPPH radical scavenging, reducing power and lipid peroxidation assays.&#x0D; Results: OXPA showed antidiabetic activity in all the three models. The activity of the compound was comparable with that of metronidazole in glucose uptake by yeast cells, but the alpha amylase inhibition activity of the compound was slightly lower than that of acarbose, whereas the hemoglobin glycosylation inhibition activity of the compound was higher than that of vitamin E. DPPH free radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity of the compound was comparable with that of vitamin C. In reducing power assay, the activity of the compound was lower than that of vitamin C (p &gt; 0.05).&#x0D; Conclusion: The results of antidiabetic and antioxidant activity indicate that OXPA may be a drugcandidate for treating both diabetes and its associated oxidative stress.

Analyzing the effect of germination on the pasting, rheological, morphological and in- vitro antioxidant characteristics of kodo millet flour and extracts

The present investigationwas carried out to determine the effect of germination on pasting, rheological, morphological properties of Kodo millet flour and in-vitroantioxidant characteristics of its phenolic and γ-amino butyric acid extracts. Rheological analysis depicted complex flour viscosity decreased with an improvement in shear intensity, symbolizing the shear-thinning action of flour upon germination. The frequency and temperature sweep demonstrated a decrease in visco-elasticity as a result of germination wherein, SEM revealed destruction in the continuous composite structure of starch which got entangled in dense protein matrix following germination. The in-vitroantioxidant activities such as total antioxidant capacity, DPPH*, FRAP, metal chelating ability and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities of both the extracts increased significantly. There was a decrease in pasting properties and gelatinization behaviour whereas, visco-elastic solid behaviour changed to visco-elastic fluid. This research explores the potential of germinated Kodo millet flour for valuable bioactive compounds extraction and its utilization in product development.

Optimization and characterization of exopolysaccharide produced by Bacillus aerophilus rk1 and its in vitro antioxidant activities

ObjectiveIn this study, the isolation and identification of Exopolysaccharide (EPS) producing bacteria from polluted soil samples and its in vitro antioxidant activities were investigated. MethodsIsolation and identification of bacteria was investigating using 16 s rDNA genome sequencing method. Further, optimization (pH, time, and temperature), purification and characterization of EPS were performed using different (UV, FT-IR, C13-NMR and H1-NMR) methods. In addition, 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activities of EPS were performed. ResultsThe molecular characterization of isolated strain was confirmed as Bacillus aerophilus by 16S rDNA sequencing. The sequence was submitted to NCBI (Genbank accession number MH553072). Characterization of EPS by UV, FT-IR, C13-NMR and H1-NMR revealed the presence of hydroxyl, carbonyl, and carboxyl functional groups. SEM analysis of EPS showed a solid surface with an irregular shape. The optimum conditions for EPS production were pH 7.0, cultivation time 72 h (3.73 ± 0.211 g/L) and temperature 30 °C respectively. The yeast and sucrose extract showed higher EPS production. In addition, in vitro DPPH, H2O2 studies showed 56.6 and 67.5% of scavenging activity at 4 mg/mL of concentration. ConclusionsFrom this study, the novel EPS producing Bacillus aerophilus rk1 was identified. Further, the purified EPS showed good antioxidant activity.

Determination of Caffeine and Hydrogen Peroxide Antioxidant Activity of Raw and Roasted Coffee Beans Around Habru Woreda, Ethiopia Using UV-Vis Spectroscopy.

BackgroundCoffee is a well-known beverage that is widely used around the world. Despite the wide use of coffee in Ethiopia, there is a lack of extensive studies addressing the issues related to the caffeine content and hydrogen peroxide antioxidant activity of varieties of coffee types, particularly in Habru woreda, Ethiopia.ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the caffeine content and hydrogen peroxide antioxidant activity of raw and roasted coffee beans collected directly from Habru woreda, North Wollo zone of Ethiopia.MethodsThe study was conducted in Bohoro, Girana, and Wurgisa kebeles of Habru woreda, Ethiopia, by collecting 500 g of green beans of Arabica coffee without considering their variety. Then, the collected beans were divided into raw and roasted coffee to perform aqueous and dichloromethane extraction of their caffeine content and hydrogen peroxide antioxidant activity using UV-Vis spectrophotometry.ResultsThe amounts of caffeine in aqueous and dichloromethane extraction were in the range of 124.01−191.27 ppm and 145.15−200.09 ppm in raw and roasted coffees, respectively. Using the IC50 value, the hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity of the aqueous phase coffee bean extracts in Bohoro raw, Bohoro roasted, Wurgisa raw, Wurgisa roasted, Girana raw, and Girana roasted coffee were 32.17 ppm, 11.69 ppm, 26.14 ppm, 3.12 ppm, 24.83 ppm, and 11.06 ppm, respectively, while that of ascorbic acid was 6.91 ppm.ConclusionThe study showed that the highest amount of caffeine in both aqueous and dichloromethane solvent extraction was found in Bohoro’s raw and roasted coffee beans. Also, the amounts of caffeine in all coffee bean samples were safe and the antioxidant activity was excellent. In most of the samples, significant variations in the concentration of caffeine in raw and roasted coffee bean samples were observed in the two extraction solvents.

PHYTO-CHEMICAL AND NUTRITIONAL PROFILING OF TENDU FRUIT (DIOSPYROS MELANOXYLON ROXB.) AND EVALUATION OF ITS SHELF STABILITY

Tendu fruit is one of the important forest fruit found in major part of India. Originally, plant is well known for its leaves as Bidipatta for making bidi in tribal areas of India. Since, the tendu fruit supposedly have very short shelf-life, therefore, the present study has been undertaken to evaluate the shelf stability as well as the nutritional and phytochemical potential of the fruit.The complete proximate analysis including the mineral and vitamin profiling of the pulp, skin and seeds were done. The fruit pulp was found to be especially rich in calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, phosphorous, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin and vitamin C, with potassium being as high as 305.52±8.94 mg/100 gm (wet basis) . The fruit skin was found to have high amounts of crude fibre, potassium, calcium, phosphorous&amp; magnesium, whereas for seeds, the values of protein, crude fibre and oil were 7.02±0.53 % 25.13±0.41 and 5.54±0.07 % respectively. The storage stability of the fresh fruit was found to be 5 days at 25°C and 65 % R.H. During storage, pH of fruit reduced drastically with an increase in acidity value from 0.12±0.00% to 2.09±0.01 %. The reading of Browning index (A420nm) also gradually increased from 0.2257 to 0.4766. The DPPH scavenging activity, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity,Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and Reducing power assay of fruits were observed to be very high. Gallic acid and Tannic acid content in fruits was reported as 28.43% and25.74 % respectively on dry basis.

Antioxidant and Anticancer Potential of Raja Bulu Banana Peel and Heart (Musa acuminata Colla (AAB group)) Ethanol Extracts in MCF-7 Cell Lines

Breast cancer is an uncontrolled cell growth in breast tissue. Surgical treatments of breast cancer can reduce breast aesthetics and chemotherapy can cause severe side effects. It makes the searches for plants as breast anticancer agents intensively carried out. Several studies have shown that banana peels and hearts possess antioxidant and anticancer activity. This study aims to determine the fruit peel and heart of Raja Bulu banana (Musa acuminata Colla (AAB group)), an endemic banana species in Indonesia, potential as antioxidant and anticancer agent in MCF-7 cells. Antioxidant potential was determined by using 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activity assay. Anticancer potential was determined by cytotoxic test using MTS (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium). The results showed that 70% ethanol extract of fruit peel (PBEE) and heart (HBEE) of Raja Bulu banana had median inhibition concentration (IC50) for DPPH scavenging activity at 115.32 µg/mL and 162.52 µg/mL respectively, while for H2O2 scavenging activity at 624.80 µg/mL and 497.13 µg/mL respectively. Anticancer potential was expressed by inhibiting concentration of 50% proliferation (IC50) of MCF-7 cells for PBEE and HBEE were 115.001 µg/mL and 338.469 µg/mL respectively. This study showed that PBEE and HBEE have antioxidant and anticancer.

Antioxidative potential of Kabasura Kudineer (KSK), an official Siddha polyherbal formulation.

Siddha’s folk medicine system is used to enhance immune responses as preventive medicine Siddha medicine’s enormousplethora of data will enhance human wellbeing Since the oldyears, Kabasura Kudineer(KSK) has beenanimmunedrugtoseveralillnesses Aqueous extract was employed for preparing the extract and analyzed for Total Antioxidant Capacity, Fe2+ chelating activity assay, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, ABTS Scavenging assay and Reducing power assay Thiswas found to possess high antioxidant properties of aqueous extract of KSK and their derivatives have been confirmed with the different tests This experimentation further affirms the antioxidative nature of KSK extract, which further aid in the fight in this COVID-19 pandemic situation

Investigation of Antioxidant Activities and Hypoglycemic Effect of Black and White Myrtle Fruits

Fruits, are in black or white colour Mrytus communis, is known as locally name murt, hambales, mersin. It is an aromatic and medicinal plant that grows naturally in maquis form in regions with Mediterranean climate. We aimed to investigate the hypoglycemic effect and antioxidant activity of Myrtus communis L. in this research. White-black myrtle were collected from Hassa-Hatay and Tarsus-Mersin, respectively in October. Fruits were separated from the leaves and dried in the oven at 40ºC. Fruit extracts were obtained in absolute ethanol (1:15) by using magnetic stirrer at the room temperature for one day. In this study, radical scaving activity-(DPPH), the hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity-(HPSA), metal chelating activity-(MCA), ferric reducing antioxidant power activity-(FRAP), total phenol-flavonoid contents and α-amylase, α-glycosidase inhibition were examined to determine characteristics of samples. DPPH and HPSA values were expressed as µg/ml in terms of SC50. FRAP and MCA features of extract were given as % activity. The hypoglycemic effect was investigated with -amylase--glucosidase inhibition assays. The DPPH-HPSA-FRAP-MCA of white-black myrtle samples were found 56.75-63.52 µg/ml, 193.95-207.73 µg/ml, 81.68-90.87%, and 20.88-27.71%, respectively. When the antioxidant results compare with the used standards such as Buthylated-Hydroxy-Anisole, Rutin, Trolox, white-black myrtle samples have effective antioxidant activity. Samples have shown hypoglycemic effect.

Synthesis of Short-Chain-Fatty-Acid Resveratrol Esters and Their Antioxidant Properties.

To expand the applications and enhance the stability and bioactivity of resveratrol (RE), and to simultaneously include the potential health benefits of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) esters of RE were prepared by Steglich reactions with acetic, propionic, and butyric acids, respectively. RE and the esterified RE-SCFA products (including RAE, RPE, and RBE) were analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). The FTIR and 13C NMR spectra of the esterified products included ester-characteristic peaks at 1751 cm−1 and 171 ppm, respectively. Moreover, the peaks in the range of 1700 to 1600 cm−1 in the FTIR spectra of the esterified products indicated that the esterification of RE-SCFA was successful. The TGA results revealed that the RE-SCFA esters decomposed at lower temperatures than RE. The peaks in the LC–MS profiles of the esterified products indicated the formation of mono- and diesters, and the calculated monoester synthesis rates ranged between 45.81 and 49.64%. The RE esters inhibited the Cu2+-induced low-density lipoprotein oxidation reaction, exhibited antioxidant activity in bulk oil, and effectively inhibited the hydroxyl radical-induced DNA scission. Moreover, the RE-SCFA esters had better hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity than RE. Our results are the first in the literature to successfully including short chain fatty acids in the esters of resveratrol, and the products could be used as a functional food ingredient in processed foods or can be used as dietary supplements to promote health.

Biomedical and therapeutic potential of exopolysaccharides by Lactobacillus paracasei isolated from sauerkraut: Screening and characterization.

The intention of the study was evaluated for purification and characterization of exopolysaccharides from Lactobacillus paracasei; was isolated from homemade Sauerkraut sample collected from Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu, India, confirmed by biochemical and gene sequencing (16S rRNA). The purification and characterization of exopolysaccharides from candidate bacterium were studied on appearance, solubility of the EPS, carbohydrate estimation, emulsifying activity, sulphate, protein, uronic acid content, FTIR, HPLC and GC-MS analysis. The percentage of elemental carbon, (54.36%) hydrogen (21.74%), nitrogen (9.63%) and sulphur content (18.03%) were recorded in exopolysaccharides. The emulsification index (E24) of EPS was higher in toluene (79.20) and benzene (78.867) supplemented medium. FTIR spectrum of the candidate bacterial EPS confirmed presence of sulphate compounds, carboxyl group, and hydrogen bonded compounds etc. EPS exhibited 76.34% of Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), 71.15% of reducing power, 68.65% of Hydrogen Peroxide scavenging activity and also 60.31% DPPH radical scavenging activity. The potential antioxidant properties observed in exopolysaccharides from Lactobacillus paracasei is considered as valuable drugs.

Doped Ceria Nanoparticles with Reduced Solubility and Improved Peroxide Decomposition Activity for PEM Fuel Cells

Ceria nanoparticles (NPs) have unique catalytic properties which make them suited to scavenge degrading radical species and their precursor peroxides during PEM fuel cell operation. However, in the acidic environment of the fuel cell, ceria dissolves and the resulting cations migrate within the MEA, causing performance and durability losses. In this work, ex situ testing was used to evaluate the peroxide decomposition, selectivity towards radical generation, and solubility of Gd, Pr, and Zr-doped ceria NPs over a range of crystallite sizes and dopant levels. These doped materials exhibit better peroxide scavenging activity and dissolution resistance than undoped ceria. In these materials, activity is largely governed by increased surface area due to high internal porosity at smaller crystallite sizes compared to undoped ceria. Of the compounds tested, ceria NPs doped with 15 at% Zr (10 nm) and 5 at% Pr (17 nm) exhibited greater dissolution resistance than undoped ceria. Stabilization of the former doped NPs is attributed to crystallite agglomeration, while the increased stability of the latter is proposed to be due to its internally-porous, mesoscale structure suggested by its sorption isotherm. Both materials are more dissolution-resistant and active peroxide decomposers compared to undoped ceria but exhibit increased byproduct radical generation.

In-vitro Anti-lipid Peroxidation and Other Antioxidant Potentials of Gongronema latifolium Leaf Extract

Gongronema latifolium is a herbaceous plant consumed as a traditional folk medicine. The aim of this work is to evaluate the anti-lipid peroxidation activity and other antioxidant effects of the plant leaf extract of Gongronema latifolium using various in vitro models. Lipid peroxidation was first induced in egg yolk and bovine liver homogenate using the ascorbate-ferrous system and incubated with the plant extract at different concentrations. In another experiment, hydrogen peroxide was used to induce erythrocyte hemolysis and lipid peroxidation and those erythrocytes were incubated with the extract. Finally the potential ferrous reducing ability, hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities of the plant extract were also analyzed. It revealed that the leaf extract significantly reduced chemically-induced lipid peroxidation in both homogenates when compared to quercetin. The extract also reduced both hydrogen peroxide-induced hemolysis and lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes. The extract also possessed significant abilities to reduce ferric ions, scavenge both hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide. In most cases, the responses were concentration-dependent (p &lt; 0.05). The findings are ascribed to the important phytochemicals which are antioxidant in nature hence the plant could be exploited both pharmacologically and neutraceutically.

Evaluation of antioxidant enzyme content, phenolic content, and antibacterial activity of Commiphora gileadensis grown in Saudi Arabia

Commiphora gileadensis is commonly used in Saudi Arabia for oral hygiene. A lack of data about its biological activity encouraged us to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of its leaf and stem extracts. Ethanol, methanol, acetone and deionized water were tested as extraction solvents. 80% methanol gave the highest extracted concentrations of phenolic and flavonoid substances. The leaf and stem extracts were respectively evaluated for their radical scavenging activity with DPPH (EC50 = 3.39, and 1.06), ABTS (EC50 = 0.690, and 0.55), and peroxide scavenging activity (EC50 = 2.43, and 1.28). GC-MS identified a wide range of compounds that may be responsible for these activities of the results observed. The highest levels of chlorophyll, carotenoids, and lycopene were found in the leaf extract while level of proanthocyanidins was found in the stem peels extract. The peroxidase and catalase activities of stem peel extract were higher than those of the leaf extract. The findings showed that the leaf and stem peel extracts of C. gileadensis exhibited significant antibacterial activity against the test organisms. The minimum inhibitory concentrations for the plant extracts were compared with the standard reference drug Augmentin but the time–kill curves for the C. gileadensis extracts showed that they were less effective than Augmentin. Moreover, the stem peel extract exhibited stronger antibacterial activity than the leaf extract. In conclusion, C. gileadensis can be an important source of natural antioxidants, used as a healthy chewing stick for teeth brushing and oral hygiene purposes.

An overview of antioxidant capacity, total phenolics, and amino acids of Aureobasidium pullulans GM6

Aureobasidium pullulans grown in submerged flask culture for 5 days was investigated for antioxidant activity. The ethanolic extract of mycelium was used for determination of the antioxidant properties using different methods: total antioxidant activity, linoleic acid bleaching, DPPH free radical scavenging, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, reduction of metal ions, and chelating abilities against ferrous ions. Total phenolics and amino acids content was establish in amount of 5.78 mg GAE and 5.16 µg Gly/g dry extract, respectively. The result of total antioxidant activity showed 7.83 µg AA/g dry extract. The results for free radical-scavenging activities in terms of DPPH, H2O2, and OH expressed as EC50 were 61.81, 26.61, and 69.79 µg/ml, respectively. The extract showed very potent reducing and chelating power (EC50 = 0.51 and 35.02 μg/ml, respectively). Total phenolics and amino acids contents of the extract were attributed to overall antioxidant capacity (r = 0.707–1.000) and (r = 0.140–0.978), respectively. Practical applications Aureobasidium pullulans is most famous fungus belonging to the family Dothioraceae. The fungus produces a broad range of natural products which have been regarded as safe and very important for nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and environmental application. Among the best known products are: pullulan (exopolysaccharide), numerous commercially enzymes (protease, lipase, xylanase, amylase, pectinase, etc.), secondary metabolites, and antibiotics. Investigating isolates of the fungus that live in different extreme conditions and optimizing the experimental conditions for the production of natural products are of great importance for their practical application. The current study was focused on the details evaluation of antioxidant profile, content of total phenolics and amino acids in EtOH extract of mycelium A. pullulans GM6, after 5 days of incubation in submerged conditions. These data will provide some useful information relevant to understanding the antioxidant role of the fungus and further screening of isolate as potential source of new natural antioxidants.

In vitro antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of soybeans (glycine max [l.] merill) seeds

Introduction: Soybean is widely grown for its edible bean. It is a legume that grows in the tropical, subtropical, and temperate climates of Nigeria. It has been shown to contain a number of antioxidants that are used in preventing and treating chronic diseases. Aims: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of soybean seed using the following assays: DPPH (2,2 diphenyl-2-picryhydrazylhydrate) scavenging activity assay, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging activity assay, inhibition of lipid peroxidation activity assay, reducing power capacity assay, and antioxidant enzyme assay, which include superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activity assay. Materials and Methods: In the present study, the antioxidant activities of ethanol extract of soybeans seed were determined spectrophotometrically using methods that include 2, 2-diphenyl-picryl hydrazyl radical (DPPH) scavenging activity assay, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity assay, inhibition of lipid peroxidation assay, reducing power activity assay, peroxidation assay, and catalase and SOD activity assays. Results: The result of the DPPH scavenging activity revealed that the soybean extract has an EC50 value of 1053.542 μg/ml, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity with an EC50 of 420.1852 μg/ml, and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation of soybeans extract had an IC50 of 1168.771 μg/ml. The reducing power activity of the soybeans extract had an OD0.5 of 484U/mg, catalase activity of 0.12985 U/mg, and SOD activity of 0.004125 U/mg. The EC50/IC50/OD0.5 obtained for the standard butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA) was lower than those of the soybeans extract. Conclusions: The use of soybean as a source of natural antioxidants should be promoted since soybean component can inhibit lipid peroxidation and protect the human body from the oxidative damages by free radicals. Hence, the dietary intake of soybean can be linked to prevention and management of certain diseases.

In vitro antioxidant study of polyphenol from red seaweeds dichotomously branched gracilaria Gracilaria edulis and robust sea moss Hypnea valentiae

In recent years, seaweeds drew the intense attention of the researchers owing their biological properties with their multi assorted applications to the humans. Red seaweeds are well-known for their biological activities due to enrichment of phenolic residues. The present investigation deals with the portrayal of biological behavior of red algae Gracilaria edulis and Hypnea valentiae. Polyphenol was extracted using methanol in a soxhlet extractor for 6 h. The crude polyphenol compound was partially purified in DEAE cellulose52 column. The total phenolic content present in the polyphenol compound was G. edulis (75.49 ± 0.12 %) and H. valentiae (70.08 ± 0.34 %). The phytochemicals present in the two seaweeds were flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenolics, alkaloids and steroids. The antimicrobial activity of polyphenol compounds was assessed against seven human pathogens, five plant pathogens and three fungal pathogens. The free radical scavenging activity of polyphenol compound was assayed such as total antioxidant capacity, reducing power, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl-scavenging assay, superoxide anion radical scavenging and nitric oxide. Polyphenol compound was analyzed by FT-IR and GC-MS.

Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Different Extracts of Some Wild Medicinal Mushrooms from Nigeria.

This study assessed the antioxidant properties and antibacterial effects of hot water, cold water, and ethanol extracts of Agaricomycetes mushrooms Trametes betulina, Pleurotus ostreatus, Agaricus bisporus var. albidus, and A. bisporus var. avellaneus against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The mushroom extracts were assessed for total phenolic content as well as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities. The multiantibiotic resistance index (MARI) of the bacterial isolates was assessed and the antimicrobial activity of the mushroom extracts was assayed with the agar disc diffusion method. The agar well diffusion assay was performed to determine their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). The test bacteria were multidrug resistant against antibiotics, with P. aeruginosa having the highest MARI followed by K. pneumoniae and E. coli. Cold water extracts showed a better antibacterial effect compared to the others and a concentration/effect correlation was observed (from 5 to 500 mg/mL). Ethanol extracts from P. ostreatus and hot water extracts from T. betulina were the most effective in inhibiting and lysing E. coli and K. pneumoniae, respectively, at a MIC and MBC of 3.90 mg/mL. The tested extracts, especially P. ostreatus extract, showed high DPPH and hydrogen peroxide scavenging potential as well as high total phenolic content compared to standard antioxidants. This study showed that the screened agaricomycetous mushrooms possess antibacterial activity against bacterial pathogens as well as antioxidant activity due to their high phenolic content.