Abstract
Lavandula pubescens, belonging to the Labiatae family, is a newly discovered strongly aromatic species of lavender that is potentially beneficial for human health. Given the economic importance of lavender species, we sought in this study to characterize the terpenoid biosynthesis of L. pubescens by obtaining transcriptomic and metabolic datasets. Transcriptome analysis of L. pubescens grown aseptically in tissue culture medium yielded 124,233 unigenes with an average length of 470 bp and N50 value of 522 bp from 9,476,122,928 raw reads. In order to provide relevant biological information, the unigenes were annotated using the following public databases: National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) nucleotide (NT) and non-redundant protein (NR), Brassica (BRAD), Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR), Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG), and Gene Ontology (GO). NR annotation results revealed that L. pubescens is genetically closely related to Sesamum indicum. On the basis of the transcriptome data, a total of 14 cDNA clones encoding the terpene biosynthetic genes LpDXS, LpMCT, LpMCS, LpHDR, LpIDI, LpAACT, LpHMGS, LpHMGR, LpMVK, LpPMK, LpMVD, LpGPPS, LpSQS, and LpGGPPS were identified in L. pubescens. These were quantified in the roots, stems, and leaves of L. pubescens using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), which revealed that the gene expression levels were higher in the leaves and stems than in the roots, which was found to be consistent with the levels of ursolic and oleanolic acids in the different organs using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A total of 48 hydrophilic metabolites were identified and quantified in the organs using gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOFMS). Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of an ethyl acetate extract of L. pubescens leaves was examined using different methods to determine the potential therapeutic properties. A reducing power assay revealed that the absorbance values increased in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay indicated the strong activity (60.4 ± 0.9%) of the ethyl acetate extract at a concentration of 100 µg/mL, which also showed strong hydrogen peroxide (57.4 ± 2.7%), superoxide radical (62.1 ± 0.7%), and hydroxyl radical (58.6 ± 0.4%) scavenging activities.
Highlights
The analysis revealed that the expression levels of LpDXS, LpMCT, LpMCS, LpHMGR, and LpPMK were higher in stems than in roots and leaves, whereas those of LpHDR, LpAACT, LpHMGS, LpMVK, LpSQS, and LpGGPPS were higher in the stems and leaves, and LpGPPS and LpIDI levels were higher in the leaves (Figure 4)
With respect to terpene biosynthesis, we identified a total of 14 terpene biosynthetic genes in L. pubescens (LpDXS, LpMCT, LpMCS, and LpHDR in the MEP pathway, LpAACT, LpHMGS, LpHMGR, LpMVK, LpPMK, and LpMVD in the MVA pathway, and LpIDI, LpGPPS, and LpSQS, and LpGGPP in the terpenoid biosynthesis pathway), which were confirmed based on National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) homology BLAST searches
The transcriptome data obtained provide a rich source of functional information on L. pubescens, which will contribute to further studies on this species, with respect to terpenoid biosynthesis
Summary
Among the species in section Pterostoechas, Lavandula pubescens is a species native unclassified taxa [2]. Among the species in section Pterostoechas, Lavandula pubescens is a to the Yemen Arab Republic, Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Syria, and this species native to the Yemen Arab Republic, Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Syria, aromatic plant is comprised of a distinctive stem with a long white stiff indumentum and this aromatic plant is comprised of a distinctive stem with a long white stiff indumenover a number of short-stalked glandular hairs, two to three pinnatisect leaves, and dense tum over a number of short-stalked glandular hairs, two to three pinnatisect leaves, and unbranched flower spikes [2,3]. A wide variety of lavenders have similar chemical compositions and longer than the calyx. A wide variety of lavenders have similar chemical compositions ethnobotanical properties [4]. [4]
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