Peroxide Activity Research Articles

Nonradical oxidative degradation of amino-G acid by hydrogen peroxide induced by copper cerium plate catalyst: Electron transfer mechanisms

Advanced oxidation processes based on nonradical oxidation pathways have become promising pollutant removal methods because of their selectivity and adaptability. In this study, three ceria with different morphologies were synthesized: plate (p-CeO2), rod (r-CeO2), and cubic (c-CeO2). p-CeO2 was observed to have the highest activity for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) decomposition. Cu doping further improved the catalytic activity of p-CeO2 for H2O2 decomposition compared to other metals, such as Mn, Co, Cu, and Zn. The plate copper-ceria material (p-Cu/CeO2-3) activated the H2O2 and completely degraded amino-G acids (10 mg L–1) within 90 min under optimal conditions (0.3 g L–1p-Cu/CeO2-3, 5 mM H2O2). Through a comprehensive study of the scavenging and pretreatment experiment, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and in situ Raman spectroscopy, it was proven that the catalytic oxidation of amino-G acid on p-Cu/CeO2-3 was mainly mediated by an electron transfer mechanism·H2O2 can be absorbed on the surface of p-Cu/CeO2-3 to form the Ce-hydrogen peroxide surface complex (Ce(III)− •OOH), which can act as an electron acceptor when the amino G acid is in close proximity to the complex. In addition, p-Cu/CeO2-3 showed excellent catalytic performance over a wide pH range (3−9). This study provides a new system for the degradation of amino-G acid through electron transfer pathways.

Strong chemiluminescence intensities of bis-acridinium esters under neutral and alkaline conditions

Four novel bis-acridinium esters were synthesized using common methods, and their chemiluminescence properties were investigated at pH 7−10. In the chemiluminescence of bis-acridinium esters, the introduction of fluorine at the 2-position of the phenyl ring and methyl groups at the 2,7-positions of the acridine ring changed greatly the chemiluminescence intensities. Pentane-1,5-diyl bis(2-fluoro-4-(2,7,10-trimethylacridinium-9-carbonyloxy)benzoate) bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate) showed strong chemiluminescence and long-lasting chemiluminescence under both neutral and alkaline conditions. Pentane-1,5-diyl bis(2-fluoro-4-(10-methylacridinium-9-carbonyloxy)benzoate) bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate) was applied for highly sensitive chemiluminescence determination of hydrogen peroxide and catalase activity. The linear calibration ranges of hydrogen peroxide and catalase activity were 5–1000 μM (R = 0.999) and 0.05−1 U/mL (R = 0.998), respectively.

Anti-apoptotic effect of menaquinone-7 protects the brain of ovariectomized rats

BackgroundMood and memory deterioration occurs after ovariectomy (OVX) with various degrees and sometimes requires medical intervention. Menaquinone-7 (MK-7) is a potent isoform of vitamin K2 and has many effects on the bone and cardiovascular system. However, the effect of MK-7 on the brain and its mechanisms of action are still unclear. This study was performed to investigate the effect of MK-7 on mood and memory disorders following ovariectomy. Thirty-two female albino rats were divided into four groups (n = 8). Group I (control group) included sham-operated rats with sunflower oil intake. Group II (K2) included sham-operated rats with an intake of MK-7 dissolved in sunflower oil. Group III (K2 OVX) included ovariectomized rats with an intake of MK-7 dissolved in sunflower oil. Group IV(OVX) included ovariectomized rats with sunflower oil intake. Working memory, anxiety, depression, and sociability behaviors were investigated in all groups. Gene expression of BAX, BCL2, and p53 was measured in the hippocampus of all groups by real-time PCR. Besides, BAX/BCL2 ratio was calculated.ResultsWorking memory, anxiety, depression, and sociability behaviors in the OVX rats showed a significant change compared to the sham-operated. However, the intake of MK-7 after the OVX resulted in significant improvement. Regarding hydrogen peroxide and MDA activity, they were significantly higher in the OVX group compared to the sham-operated groups, while in the K2OVX group, their activity showed a significant decrease in comparison with the OVX group. However, catalase and total antioxidant capacity were significantly lower in the OVX group compared to the sham-operated group, while in the k2OVX group, their activity showed a significant increase in comparison with the OVX group. The OVX group showed a significant elevation in the BAX, BAX/BCl2 ratio, and P53, but BCL2 was significantly reduced. However, the intake of MK-7 caused a significant improvement.ConclusionsOur study showed that the OVX group showed significant physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes, which can be prevented by MK-7 intake.

Induced Inflammatory and Oxidative Markers in Cerebral Microvasculature by Mentally Depressive Stress.

Cerebrovascular disease (CVD) is recognized as the leading cause of permanent disability worldwide. Depressive disorders are associated with increased incidence of CVD. The goal of this study was to establish a chronic restraint stress (CRS) model for mice and examine the effect of stress on cerebrovascular inflammation and oxidative stress responses. A total of forty 6-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into the CRS and control groups. In the CRS group (n = 20), mice were placed in a well-ventilated Plexiglas tube for 6 hours per day for 28 consecutive days. On day 29, open field tests (OFT) and sucrose preference tests (SPT) were performed to assess depressive-like behaviors for the two groups (n = 10/group). Macrophage infiltration into the brain tissue upon stress was analyzed by measuring expression of macrophage marker (CD68) with immunofluorescence in both the CRS and control groups (n = 10/group). Cerebral microvasculature was isolated from the CRS and controls (n = 10/group). mRNA and protein expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in the brain vessels were measured by real-time PCR and Western blot (n = 10/group). Reactive oxygen species (ROS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) activities were quantified by ELISA to study the oxidative profile of the brain vessels (n = 10/group). Additionally, mRNA and protein expressions of NOX subunits (gp91phox, p47phox, p67phox, and p22phox) in the cerebrovascular endothelium were analyzed by real-time PCR and Western blot (n = 10/group). CRS decreased the total distances (p < 0.05) and the time spent in the center zone in OFT (p < 0.001) and sucrose preference test ratio in SPT (p < 0.01). Positive ratio of CD68+ was increased with CRS in the entire region of the brain (p < 0.001), reflecting increased macrophage infiltration. CRS increased the expression of inflammatory factors and oxidative stress in the cerebral microvasculature, including TNF-α (p < 0.001), IL-1β (p < 0.05), IL-6 (p < 0.05), VCAM-1 (p < 0.01), MCP-1 (p < 0.01), ROS (p < 0.001), and H2O2 (p < 0.001). NADPH oxidase (NOX) was activated by CRS (p < 0.01), and mRNA and protein expressions of NOX subunits (gp91phox, p47phox, p67phox, and p22phox) in brain microvasculature were found to be increased. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that CRS induces depressive stress and causes inflammatory and oxidative stress responses in the brain microvasculature.

Changes in biomarkers of redox status in serum and saliva of dogs with hypothyroidism

BackgroundHypothyroidism is the most common endocrine disorder diagnosed in dogs, leading to deleterious effects on a dog’s life quality. This study aims to evaluate changes in the redox status in canine hypothyroidism. For this purpose, a comprehensive panel of antioxidants and oxidants biomarkers were measured in serum and saliva of 23 dogs with hypothyroidism, 21 dogs with non-thyroidal illness, and 16 healthy dogs. Among the antioxidants, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), thiol, paraoxonase type 1 (PON-1) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were determined in serum and CUPRAC, ferric reducing ability of saliva (FRAS) and TEAC in saliva. The oxidant biomarkers included were total oxidant status (TOS), peroxide-activity (POX-Act), reactive oxygen-derived compounds (d-ROMs), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in serum and AOPP and TBARS in saliva.ResultsResults showed a significantly higher TEAC, PON-1, GPx, TOS, POX-Act, and d-ROMs, and a significantly lower AOPP in serum of dogs with hypothyroidism. Meanwhile, significantly lower FRAS and AOPP were observed in saliva of dogs with hypothyroidism. Once salivary concentrations were corrected based on their total protein concentrations, the only analyte showing significant changes was TBARS which was significantly higher in dogs with hypothyroidism.ConclusionsOur results show that dogs with hypothyroidism present alterations in the redox status in both serum and saliva. This study should be considered a preliminary study and further research addressing these changes should be made using larger populations.

Bioaccumulation of industrial heavy metals and interactive biochemical effects on two tropical medicinal plant species.

Concentrations of heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) accumulation were studied in the leaves of two medicinal plant species, namely Holarrhena pubescens and Wrightia tinctoria, from two industrial areas and a control area. Our comparison study revealed that industrialization significantly increased the accumulation of heavy metals in both plant species. A comparison study in control and industrial areas exhibited that heavy metal accumulation was higher in the industrially affected area than in the control area. Heavy metal concentration exceeded the permissible limit recommended by the WHO in both species of two industrial areas. However, both species accumulated the least heavy metal concentration in the control area. Biochemical investigation specifies that in response to heavy metal accumulation, both species increased the activity of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde content, the activity of enzymatic (superoxide dismutase and peroxidase) and nonenzymatic (ascorbic acid) antioxidant, but decreased the primary (soluble carbohydrate and total protein), secondary metabolites (phenol and flavonoid) content and free radical scavenging (DPPH) activity. This study indicates that industrialization potentially harms medicinal plants by reducing the efficacy of their medicinal property.

ApGA20ox1, a key gibberellin biosynthesis gene, regulates somatic embryogenesis and plant height in Agapanthus praecox

Agapanthus praecox is cultivated worldwide as an ornamental plant, and a dwarf ideotype has become more popular due to its superior lodging resistance and its suitability for use in cut flowers. The main bioactive gibberellin (GA) controlling scape height in A. praecox is GA4. A GA biosynthesis gene, ApGA20ox1, controls GA4 biosynthesis in this species. Here, we report the development of an A. praecox dwarf phenotype, which was generated by targeted suppression of the biosynthetic pathway for GAs. We utilized Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation using embryogenic callus with RNA interference (RNAi) to selectively reduce the expression of the ApGA20ox1 gene. Interestingly, suppression of ApGA20ox1 resulted in poor somatic embryogenesis potential in A. praecox, which was accompanied by a higher accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and poorer catalase activity. Subsequently, the RNAi plantlets showed lower GA levels, leading to inhibition of cell longitudinal size in leaves, which reduced plant height. Furthermore, the dwarf (RNAi) plantlets accumulated higher levels of saccharides and plant hormones such as indole acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) than the wild type accumulated. However, the levels of endogenous hormones such as GAs, brassinosteroids (BRs), cytokinins (CTKs), which respond to cell proliferation and cell expansion, were significantly decreased. Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) proteomics revealed that differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) were enriched differently between control and RNAi plantlets in the categories of cell wall, hormone metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and stress response. This study provides new insights into the role of GAs in the process of somatic embryogenesis and plant height control in A. praecox.

Effects of dietary Bacillus coagulans on the productive performance, egg quality, serum parameters, and intestinal morphology of laying hens during the late laying period

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Bacillus coagulans (B. coagulans) on the productive performance, egg quality, blood biochemistry, antioxidant capacity, reproductive hormones, immune function, and intestinal morphology of laying hens (86 weeks old) during the late laying period. A total of 960 Hy-Line Brown layers were randomly assigned to five treatment groups, each with 6 replicates of 32 hens. Hens were grouped as follows: basal diet (control group) and a basal diet supplemented with 3.25 × 105, 6.5 × 105, 9.75 × 105, or 1.3 × 106 cfu/g B. coagulans. Dietary supplementation with B. coagulans significantly enhanced egg mass, egg weight, and laying rate and decreased the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in comparison with the control group. No significant difference was observed in the feed intake, breaking rate, albumen height, haugh unit, egg yolk colour, eggshell strength, and eggshell thickness among all groups. The serum total protein (TP) levels of laying hens fed 6.5 × 105 cfu/g B. coagulans were higher than those of laying hens in the control group. Dietary supplementation with 3.25 × 105 cfu/g and 6.5 × 105 cfu/g B. coagulans improved the activity of glutathione peroxide (GSH-Px) compared with that of the control group. The serum IgA concentration of laying hens in the 1.3 × 106 cfu/g B. coagulans treatment group was higher than that of the control. In the ileum, 6.5 × 105 cfu/g B. coagulans supplementation significantly increased the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (VH/CD) compared to that of the control group. It can be concluded that B. coagulans, at a supplementation level of 6.5 × 105 cfu/g feed, can be used as an effective feed additive to improve the production performance of laying hens during the late laying period by increasing the serum TP level, serum GSH-Px activity, and ileal VH/CD ratio. HIGHLIGHTS Bacillus coagulans improved the productive performance of laying hens during the late laying period. Inclusion of Bacillus coagulans in the diet might benefit laying hens’ health by improving blood biochemistry, enhancing antioxidant activity and intestinal morphology, and slightly enhancing immune ability. The optimum concentration of Bacillus coagulans as a supplement to the basal diet to promote production performance and improve host health is 6.5 × 105 cfu/g.

QUANTITATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND THE ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF THE METHANOL EXTRACT FROM THE LEAVES OF Solanum americanum.

This study estimated the quantity of some phyto- compounds as well as the antioxidants activities of the methanol leave extract of Solanum americanum [S.a]. The quantitative phytochemical analysis were carried out using gravimetric and spectroscopic method while the antioxidant activities were assayed using free radical scavenging activities of DPPH, Nitric oxide, hydrogen peroxide and ABTS. The quantitative analysis showed that the phenolic content of the leaves to have highest concentration at 62mg/100g alkaloids 60mg/100g, total flavonoids and tannins 48 and 45mg/100g respectively. The extract showed inhibitory potential against DPPH free radical, the inhibitory percentages vary from 33.68±0.74 to 80.83±1.10 at 100µg/ml for the methanol extract of the plant Solanum americanum to 48.19±0.73 to 84.59±0.91 at 100µg/ml for the standard [ascorbic acid]. The maximum NO scavenging activity of the plant extract to ascorbic acid are 77.89±0.69 to 89.19±0.35 at a concentration of 100µg/ml. The IC50 value are 47.79 for the inhibition of the plant extract while that of the standard is 27.80. ABTS assay free radical scavenging percent inhibition has an increased concentration from 25-100 μg/ml at 33.75±0.87- 71.92±0.15. H2O2 radicals scavenging activity inhibition percentage of methanol leaf extract of the plant Solanum americanum was from 53.82±0.37 to 76.89±0.32 at 25-100μg/ml as compared to the standard with inhibition percentage from 78.35±0.79 to 95.18±0.37. The quantitative analysis showed that the phenolic content has the highest concentration, hence has the most antioxidant activity also that the plant has strong free radical scavenging activities.&#x0D;

Modulation of wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum Linn) toxicity against breast cancer cell lines by simulated microgravity

This study scrutinizes the effects of simulated microgravity on the antioxidant and cytotoxic potential, along with the phytochemical content of wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum Linn). To imitate microgravity, wheatgrass seeds were germinated in a 3D-clinostat at different rotations per minute (5, 10, 15, and 20 rpm), together with terrestrial gravity control, over 10 days. After germination, the methanolic extracts were analyzed using UPLC-Triple Quad LCMS for their phytochemical composition and tested for their hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, and DPPH scavenging activities. The cytotoxic effects of these extracts were evaluated against normal skin fibroblasts, normal breast cells (MCF-10), and breast cancer cells (MCF-7 and MDA-231). The findings showed an extended root growth in wheatgrass germinated under microgravity (WGM) compared to under gravity (WGG). Additionally, WGM extracts demonstrated increased H2O2–, NO–, and DPPH-scavenging activities and a higher content of polyphenols and flavonoids than WGG extracts. These effects were amplified with an increase in clinostat rotations. Moreover, WGM extracts were found to contain a unique set of bioactive compounds (compounds that were detected in the microgravity-germinated wheatgrass but were either absent or present in lower concentrations in wheatgrass germinated under standard gravity conditions.), including pyridoxine, apigenin, and tocopherol, among others, which were absent in WGG. The UPLC-Triple Quad LCMS analysis revealed these unique bioactive compounds in WGM. Notably, WGM extracts showed enhanced cytotoxic effects against normal skin fibroblasts, normal MCF-10, MCF-7, and breast cancer MDA-231 cell lines, with increased cytotoxicity correlating with the number of clinostat rotations. Particularly, WGM extract (at 20 rpm) demonstrated significantly stronger cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Further in-depth gene expression analysis of MCF-7 cells exposed to WGM revealed a significant downregulation of genes integral to breast cancer pathways, tyrosine kinase signaling, and DNA repair, complemented by upregulation of certain cell survival and cytotoxic genes. These alterations in genetic pathways associated with cell survival, hormone responses, and cancer progression may elucidate the enhanced cytotoxicity observed in WGM extracts. Our findings underscore the potential of microgravity as a tool to enhance the cytotoxic capabilities of wheatgrass against cancer cell lines, presenting a promising direction for future research in the field of space biology and its implications for terrestrial health.

Changes in polyphenolic composition, physiological characteristics, and yield-related traits of Moshgak (Ducrosia anethifolia Boiss.) populations in response to drought stress.

Ducrosia anethifolia (DC.) Boiss. is an aromatic medicinal plant that has been traditionally used as an analgesic to treat headaches, backaches, colic, and cold. This study evaluated the yield, physiological, and phytochemical traits of 24 populations for 2 consecutive years under the water stress condition. The seed yield and physiological traits demonstrated the highest values in the first and second year, respectively. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), and antioxidant activity enzymes were elevated, while chlorophyll, carotenoids, relative water content (RWC), and yield decreased under drought stress. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was also applied to assess the changes in some polyphenolic compounds in response to water stress. The increase in some phenolic compounds, such as p-coumaric acid, was recorded due to drought stress, while there was a decrease in flavonoids, that is luteolin and quercetin. Among the populations, Abarkuh2 indicated the highest increase in p-coumaric acid (96%) in response to drought stress. In general, high diversity among the studied populations provides new insights into choosing the beneficial populations for medicinal and food purposes. HIGHLIGHTS: • Changes in polyphenolics of Moshgak populations were obtained in response to water stress. • Gallic acid, ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid and vanillic acid were the major components. • The phenolic compounds was increased due to drought stress while flavonoids were decreased High variation was obtained between Moshgak populations.

Protection of Vitamin C on Oxidative Damage Caused by Long-Term Excess Iodine Exposure in Wistar Rats.

Vitamin C was reported to be able to protect against oxidative damage due to its reducibility. 120 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 × 2 groups, including normal iodine (NI), high iodine (HI), low vitamin C (HI + LC), and high vitamin C (HI + HC); potassium iodide (KI) and potassium iodate (KIO3) were commonly used as additives for iodized salt, so every group was also divided into KI and KIO3 groups. After 6 months' feed, the activities of antioxidant enzymes and Lipid Peroxide (MDA) content in serum, liver, kidney, brain, thyroid and lens were determined. In serum, for males, long-term excess iodine intake caused oxidative damage; in the liver, male rats in the HI + LC group had the highest MDA content, which showed that low-dose vitamin C might promote oxidative damage; in kidneys, the MDA content in the HI and HI + LC groups of females was higher; in the brain, high-dose vitamin C could increase the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), which was decreased by high iodine intake, and it also decreased MDA content; in the thyroid, for KIO3, the activity of SOD in the HI group was lower than NI and HI + LC; in the lens, the MDA content in females was lower than males. Long-term excess iodine exposure caused oxidative damage and showed sex difference, and vitamin C had a protective effect on it, especially for high-dose vitamin C.

Biostimulation of tomato growth and biocontrol of Fusarium wilt disease using certain endophytic fungi.

Tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum L.) suffers from numerous fungal pathogens that cause damage to yeild production qualitatively and quantitatively. One of the most destructive disease of tomato is Fusarium wilt that caused by soil borne fungus called F. oxysporum. In this study, the anti-Fusarium capabilities of the foliar application of fungal endophytes extracts have been investigated on tomato under Fusarium challenges. Antifungal assay, inhibition of conidial germination, disease severity, photosynthetic pigments, osmolytes, secondary metabolites, oxidative stress, peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidases (PPO) isozymes were tested for potential resistance of tomato growing under Fusarium infection. Ethyl acetate extracts of A. flavus MZ045563, A. fumigatus MZ045562 and A. nidulans MZ045561 exhibited antifungal activity toward F. oxysporum where inhibition zone diameters were 15, 12 and 20mm, respectively. Moreover, extracts of all fungal isolates at concentration 7.5mg/mL reduced conidia germination from 94.4 to 100%. Fusarium infection caused a destructive effects on tomato plant, high severity desiese index 84.37%, reduction in growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, and soluble protein. However, contents of proline, total phenol, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and antioxidant enzymes activity were increased in tomato plants grown under Fusarium wilt. Treatment of healthy or infected tomato plants by ethyl acetate fungal extracts showed improvements in morphological traits, photosynthetic pigments, osmolytes, total phenol and antioxidant enzymes activity. Besides, the harmful impacts of Fusarium wilt disease on tomato plants have also been reduced by lowering MDA and H2O2 levels. Also, treated tomato plants showed different responses in number and density of POD and PPO isozymes. It could be suggested that application of ethyl acetate extracts of tested fungal endophytes especially combination of A. flavus, A. nidulans and A. fumigatus could be commercially used as safe biostimulation of tomato plants as well as biofungicide against tomato Fusarium wilt disease.

Dry waste of red tea leaves and rose petals confer salinity stress tolerance in strawberry plants via modulation of growth and physiology

Climate change is considered one of the major contributing factors to soil salinization, leading to land degradation. Several alternative organic waste materials are proposed for agricultural sustainability. Strawberry ( Fragaria ananassa cv. Tioga) is one of the most consumed crop plants on a global scale due to its numerous economic and industrial benefits. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to understand how varying concentrations of diluted salt water (0%, 10%, 40%, 80%, 100%) affected the growth and physiology of Fragaria ananassa cv. Tioga. Our results indicated that shoot fresh weight (SFW), shoot dry weight (SDW), root fresh weight (RFW), root dry weight (RDW), leaf area, fruits weight, fruits per plants, relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll a and b significantly decreased in salt-stressed strawberry plants as compared to control plants. Moreover, salinity stress increased the malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), sodium (Na) content, SOD and APX activity. However, the application of dry waster of tea leaves (DWT) and dry waste of rose petals (DWR) led to improvements in chlorophyll content, RWC and potassium (K) content, antioxidant enzymes activity, and fruit yield of strawberry plants. In comparison to DWT, the best outcome was observed in plants treated with DWR, suggesting a new and eco-friendly strategy to increase crop yields under salt stress in commercial production. In conclusion, DWT and DWR treatments helps in the improvement of strawberries grown under salt stress conditions and increases their tolerance to salt stress.

The Effect of Hydrolysis on the Antioxidant Activity of Olive Mill Waste

This study presents the effect of hydrolysis on the antioxidant activity of olive mill waste. The olive pomace samples were collected at different stages of maturity and were investigated for their phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Three different extraction procedures were employed, including methanolic maceration extraction and two hydrolysed procedures using 6 M HCL for acid hydrolysis and 10 M NaOH for alkaline hydrolysis. The total phenolic, flavonoid and ortho-diphenolic content, metal ion reducing activity, 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl Radical Scavenging, hydrogen peroxide and superoxide scavenging activity assays were determined for the different extracts. In this study, cultivar and maturation of olives was one of the factors that affected the phenolic content in the olive pomace samples. Results show that alkaline hydrolysis had the highest antioxidant activity with respect to total phenolic content, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, metal ion reducing activity and superoxide scavenging activity, whereas acid hydrolysis had the highest 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) scavenging activity. The correlation analysis carried out on the different phenolic classes revealed that the total phenolic, flavonoid and ortho-diphenolic content were correlated with metal ion reducing activity and Radical Scavenging activity.

One-step synthesized biogenic nanoparticles using Linum usitatissimum: Application of sun-light photocatalytic, biological activity and electrochemical H2O2 sensor

This study aimed to synthesize Ag NPs as a green catalyst for photocatalytic activity and to examine their biological activities. It was determined that they have high activity in catalytic and biological activities. The green synthesis which is an environmentally friendly and inexpensive method was used to synthesize Ag-NPs using Linum usitatissimum as a reducing agent. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), infrared to Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV-Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the Ag NPs. In UV–Vis examination, Ag-NPs had intense peaks in the 435 nm region. The antibacterial activity of Ag NPs was investigated, and Ag NPs showed a high lethal effect against S. aureus, E. coli, B. subtilis, and MRSA. In addition, Ag NPs were tested for anticancer activity against the HT-29 colon cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line, healthy cell line L929-Murine Fibroblast cell Lines, and MIA PaCa-2 human pancreatic cancer cell line at various concentrations (1–160 μg/mL) and showed a high anticancerogenic properties against MDA-MB-231 cells. Ag NPs showed the ability of DNA cleavage activity. Also, the antioxidant activity of Ag NPs against DPPH was found to be 80% approximately. Furthermore, the photocatalytic activity of Ag NPs against methylene blue (MB) was determined to be 67.13% at the 180th min. In addition, it was observed that biogenic Ag NPs have high electrocatalytic activity for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) detection. In the sensor based on Ag NPs, linearity from 1 μM to 5 μM was observed with a detection limit (LOD) of 1.323 μM for H2O2. According to these results, we conclude that the biogenic Ag NPs synthesized using Linum usitatissimum extract can be developed as an efficient biological agent as an antibacterial and anticancer also can be used as a photocatalyst for industrial wastewater treatment to prevent wastewater pollution.

The synergistic antibacterial activity and mechanism of ultrasound and hydrogen peroxide against Staphylococcus aureus in water

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) as an important pathogen with high stress tolerance poses a serious threat to human health. Ultrasound (US) combined with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is considered to be a relatively eco-friendly and efficient approach for pollutant degradation in water, but their synergistic antimicrobial effect has been rarely researched. Therefore, this study investigated the synergetic antimicrobial effects and mechanism of US and H2O2 against S. aureus in water. The results show that US (288 W, 20 kHz) and H2O2 (0.1, 0.25 and 0.5 M) exhibited marked synergistic antibacterial effects against S. aureus, achieving a bacterial reduction ranging from 0.34 to 7.05 log CFU/mL, which was significantly higher than the individual US (0.05–0.48 log reduction CFU/mL) or H2O2 (0.06–4.94 log reduction CFU/mL) treatment. The best synergistic effect was achieved by the combined treatment of US and 0.25 M H2O2 for 6 min (7.05 log reduction CFU/mL). The physiological results show that US combined with H2O2 could disrupt the cell membrane integrity, alter the cell morphology including cell shrinkage, collapse, and fragmentation, decrease the average cell size and cause cell surface oxidation. More importantly, the enhanced generation of hydroxyl radical (OH) was confirmed to play an important role in the synergistic antibacterial effects of US combined with H2O2. These results indicate that the combined treatment of US and H2O2 is a promising technology to reduce S. aureus counts in water.

Oxidative stress, protein metabolism, and physiological potential of soybean seeds under weathering deterioration in the pre-harvest phase

Weathering deterioration affects seed quality, especially in areas with excessive rainfall. This study aimed to evaluate the oxidative stress, physiological quality, and protein metabolism of seeds of different soybean cultivars under weathering deterioration at the pre-harvest phase. Six soybean cultivars (BMX Apolo, DM 6563, NS 5959, NA 5909, BMX Potência, and TMG 1175) were subjected to simulated rainfall at the R8 stage. Each level was divided into two applications at 72-h intervals: 60 mm (30 + 30), 120 mm (60 + 60), and 180 mm (90 + 90). Then, the seeds were harvested and evaluated for physiological potential, antioxidative enzymes, hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, proteins, and protease activity. The simulated rainfall allowed the variation in seed moisture, promoting a significant reduction in germination and seed vigor, especially at 120 and 180 mm levels. There were also reductions in antioxidative enzyme activity with weathering deterioration (mainly for catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and peroxidase), accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde, and reductions in protein content and protease activity. The proposed rainfall system is efficient in inducing weathering deterioration during the pre-harvest phase and its deleterious effects. Weathering deterioration in soybean seeds in the pre-harvest stage is directly influenced by genotype.

Comparative morphological, physiological and molecular analyses of drought-stressed strawberry plants affected by SiO2 and SiO2-NPs foliar spray

Drought stress impairs plant growth leading to depression in yield. This experiment aimed to elucidate the substantial impact of silicon (Si) [in forms of SiO2 and SiO2-nanoparticles (SiO2-NPs)] on modulating adverse effects of drought stress on strawberry plants. The plants grown in the greenhouse were exposed to drought stress simulating 25% field capacity (FC) (severe stress), 50% FC (moderate stress), and 100% FC (control). The strawberry plants were then sprayed with suspensions containing SiO2 or SiO2-NPs (50 mg L−1). The SiO2 treatment improved morphological parameters (number of plant leaves and length of petiole). Under drought stress, application of foliar SiO2 and SiO2-NPs increased osmolytes such as proline and total soluble sugar and improved chlorophylls (Chl a, Chl b, and total Chl) and carotenoids (CARs) as well as Chl fluorescence in strawberry plants as compared to non-treated ones. Moreover, treatment by SiO2 raised tolerance to drought by promoting the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) as well as reduced hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) activity in strawberry plants. Drought stressed strawberry plants treated by Si exhibited the recovery in antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds as non-enzymatic antioxidants. The modifications of abscisic acid and phenolic compounds occurred following up-regulation of some responsive genes as a beneficiary response to drought stress when SiO2 and SiO2-NPs were applied. This application of SiO2 and SiO2-NPs can contribute to protect strawberry plants against damaging effects of drought stress.

Exercise Training and Verbena officinalis L. Affect Pre-Clinical and Histological Parameters.

Verbena officinalis L. or vervain is an herbal medicine and dietary supplement used worldwide. It is used for antidepressant and anticonvulsant purposes, as well as to treat inflammatory disorders, skin burns, abrasions, and gastric diseases, among others. Here, we investigated the biochemical, antioxidant, and histopathological effects of vervain against chronic physical stress. Male Wistar rats were submitted to chronic physical training and oral administration of 200 mg/kg of extract for 7 weeks. Control animals were not treated with either stress or vervain. Body weight was monitored during the study. Liver, kidney, spleen, testis, epididymis, heart, skeletal muscle, and brain samples were collected. Blood cholesterol, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), bilirubin, and creatinine kinase (CREA), among others, were studied. Glutathione peroxidase (GPox) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) antioxidant activity was analyzed in the blood, liver, and kidney. Testosterone measurements were also performed on whole testis extracts. We found significant weight ratios differences in the epididymis, brain, and heart. Animals submitted to training showed hemorrhagic livers. Kidney histology was affected by both stress and vervain. Cell disruption and vacuolization were observed in the testes and epididymis of animals submitted to stress. Hematological and biochemical markers as CREA, LDH, TP, CKI, URCA, γGT, and glucose revealed statistically significantly differences. Additionally, the activity of glutathione peroxide (GPox) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the blood was also impacted. Both stress and vervain have significant in vivo effects. Infusions of vervain include phenylpropanoids, iridoids, verbenalin, hastatoside, and flavonoids, amongst others, which interact synergistically to produce the preclinical effects reported here.