Peroxide Activity Research Articles

Copper and nanocopper toxicity using integrated biomarker response in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus.

The current study focused on assessing the toxicological effects of copper (Cu) and copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) in acute condition on Pangasianodon hypophthalmus. The median lethal concentration (LC50 ) for Cu and Cu-NPs were determined as 8.04 and 3.85 mg L-1 , respectively. For the subsequent definitive test, varying concentrations were selected: 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, and 9.0 mg L-1 for Cu, and 3.0, 3.3, 3.6, 3.9, and 4.2 mg L-1 for Cu-NPs. To encompass these concentration levels and assess their toxic effects, biomarkers associated with toxicological studies like oxidative stress, neurotransmission, and cellular metabolism were measured in the liver, kidney, and gill tissues. Notably, during the acute test, the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-s-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, and lipid peroxide in the liver, gill, and kidney tissues were significantly increased due to exposure to Cu and Cu-NPs. Similarly, acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain was notably inhibited in the presence of Cu and Cu-NPs when compared to the control group. Cellular metabolic stress was greatly influenced by the exposure to Cu and Cu-NPs, evident from the considerable elevation of cortisol, HSP 70, and blood glucose levels in the treated groups. Furthermore, integrated biomarker response, genotoxicity, DNA damage in gill tissue, karyotyping in kidney tissue, and histopathology in gill and liver were investigated, revealing tissue damage attributed to exposure to Cu and Cu-NPs. In conclusion, this study determined that elevated concentrations of essential trace elements, namely Cu and Cu-NPs, induce toxicity and disrupt cellular metabolic activities in fish.

γ-Aminobutyric acid is involved in overlapping pathways against chilling injury by modulating glutamate decarboxylase and defense responses in papaya fruit.

The effect of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) treatment at two concentrations (1 mM or 5 mM) on papaya fruit stored at 4°C and 80%-90% relative humidity for 5 weeks was investigated. The application of GABA at 5 mM apparently inhibited chilling injury, internal browning, electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phospholipase D (PLD), and lipoxygenase (LOX) activities of papaya fruit. Fruit treated with 5 mM GABA enhanced the activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). In addition, GABA treatment significantly displayed higher levels of proline, endogenous GABA accumulation, phenolic contents, and total antioxidant activity than the nontreated papaya. The results suggested that GABA treatment may be a useful approach to improving the chilling tolerance of papaya fruit by reducing oxidative stress and enhancing the defense system.

Establishment of descriptor for screening high-performance catalysts for hydrogen peroxide production through surface stress modulation induced by metal atom doping

Metal atoms doped onto the catalyst surface form surface alloys, enabling the modulation of surface electronic and geometric structures, consequently exerting control over the catalytic reactions occurring on the catalyst surface. However, as the concentration and placement of metal atom doping vary, makes the activity of surface reaction centers ambiguous. Herein, we demonstrate a methodology to describe the catalytic activity of hydrogen peroxide on the metal doped surface of Pd(111) by constructing a structural descriptor. By integrating the work function, d-band center, electronegativity of elements, number of electron shells, and surface compression/extension stress resulting from metal atom doping, this descriptor enables the discrimination of catalyst performance. This work provides novel insights for the screening of high-performance surface alloy catalysts and the development of catalyst descriptor studies.

Bacterial adaptation to rhizosphere soil is independent of the selective pressure exerted by the herbicide saflufenacil, through the modulation of catalase and glutathione S-transferase.

Herbicides cause oxidative stress in nontarget microorganisms, which may exhibit adaptive responses to substances they have not previously encountered. Nevertheless, it is unclear whether these characteristics occur in bacteria isolated from agricultural soil. Two possible adaptation strategies of Stenotrophomonas sp. CMA26 was evaluated in agricultural soil in Brazil, which is considered stressful due to the intense use of pesticides. The study focused on degradation and antioxidant enzymes in response to the herbicide Heat, which was absent at the isolation site. The results indicated that higher concentrations of herbicide led to more intense stress conditions during the initial periods of growth. This was evidenced by elevated levels of malondialdehyde and peroxide, as well as a significant reduction in growth. Our data show that herbicide degradation is a selection-dependent process, as none of the 35 isolates from the same environment in our collection were able to degrade the herbicide. The stress was controlled by changes in the enzymatic modulation of catalase activity in response to peroxide and glutathione S-transferase activity in response to malondialdehyde, especially at higher herbicide concentrations. This modulation pattern is related to the bacterial growth phases and herbicide concentration, with a specific recovery response observed during the mid phase for higher herbicide concentrations. The metabolic systems that contributed to tolerance did not depend on the specific prior selection of saflufenacil. Instead, they were related to general stress responses, regardless of the stress-generating substance. This system may have evolved in response to reactive oxygen species, regardless of the substance that caused oxidative stress, by modulating of the activities of various antioxidant enzymes. Bacterial communities possessing these plastic tolerance mechanisms can survive without necessarily degrading herbicides. However, their presence can lead to changes in biodiversity, compromise the functionality of agricultural soils, and contribute to environmental contamination through drift.

Imide-functionalized Cu-MOF: Biomimetic peroxidase activity and detection of hydrogen peroxide and ascorbic acid

The synthesis of MOF with imide-functionalized aromatic conjugated carboxylic acid ligands has been a hot topic of field. A novel biomimetic peroxidase material (Cu-BDCPPI) was designed, synthesized and characterized by combining imide-functionalized aromatic conjugated carboxylic acid ligands N, N′-bis (3,5-dicarboxyphenyl) homophthalic diimide (H4BDCPPI) and catalytically active copper ions. The potential catalytic effect of Cu-H4BDCPPI on peroxidase-like activity was found firstly. It can catalyze the typical colorimetric substrate 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzyl (TMB) from colorless to blue ox-TMB in the presence of H2O2, and its enzymatic catalytic activity is similar to that of natural horseradish peroxidase (HRP). So, based on the catalytic performance of Cu-BDCPPI, a colorimetric method and test strips can be established for the detection of H2O2 and ascorbic acid (AA). This work provides a feasible strategy for synthesizing MOF materials with peroxidase like properties, expanding the application of MOF materials in the field of biological analysis.

Impact of phosphorus omission fertilizer on growth, nutritional status, biochemical and physiological parameters in a Pinus taeda L. plantation

Low availability of phosphorus (P) in the soil is one of the factors limiting the productivity of Pinus taeda plantations. Phosphate fertilizer application in Pinus shows divergence in growth responses. Thus, understanding the response of plant photosynthetic efficiency and growth in relation to phosphate fertilizer application can serve as a basis to guide management practices in Pinus taeda plantations. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of P omission fertilizer on growth parameters, nutritional, biochemical, and physiological status of a Pinus taeda L. plantation. The experiment was conducted on a Pinus taeda plantation subjected to P fertilization: Control - without addition of N, P and K; P–fertilized - with addition of N, P and K; and P–omission - addition of N and K, and P omission fertilizer. The parameters height, stem and canopy diameter and productivity factor, P concentration in needles, soil available P, electron transport rate (ETRm), maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), initial (Fo) and maximum (Fm) fluorescence, chlorophyll a, b and total, carotenoids, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidation (TBARS), and acid phosphatase activity, were evaluated. P fertilized application increased soil available P, providing largest P uptake by roots and P concentration in needles. The increase in available soil P contributed to elevate photosynthetic parameters, such as ETRm, Fv/Fm, chlorophyll a, b and total, and carotenoids. These factors contributed to increase C assimilation, height, stem and canopy diameter and productivity factor parameters. On the other hand, the P–omission and control conditioned the growth of Pinus taeda under stress, elevating the values of Fo, Fm, SOD and POD, which reduced plant development.

Profiling of tyrosinase levels, antioxidant and DNA protective properties in different edible and medicinal mushroom species from India

AbstractBackgroundTyrosinase is a polyphenol oxidase, one of the globally attracted enzymes for its multi‐mechanistic approaches in various fields such as pharma, food, environment, medicine, and agriculture. Tyrosinase from natural nutritive edible mushrooms gained more attention for their rich levels and inexpensive nature. Our previous work has revealed that mushroom tyrosinase has strong similarities in structure and function with that of skin tyrosinase, which has significance as a skin tumor marker. Besides, mushrooms are a richer source of antioxidants. However, it is imperative to analyze all the available varieties of mushrooms for bioactive potentials like tyrosinase and antioxidant levels. Thus, the main goal of the study was to identify the variety of mushrooms that can be selected for continuous multiplication and propagation as a viable source for tyrosinase, which can be employed to screen tyrosinase inhibitors as skin tumor inhibitors.ResultsOf the 18 varieties screened for tyrosinase levels, Boletus edulis, Termitomyces hemii, and Termitomyces mummiformis had high levels of tyrosinase and exhibited potent hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide scavenging activity as well as DNA protection. The potent DNA and antioxidant abilities appear to be due to the enriched levels of hydroxybenzoates.ConclusionThe current study could provide an economic source of tyrosinase (mushrooms) that can be used to monitor tyrosinase inhibitors, a potent component that enables their use against skin cancer.

Activation of H2O2 via sulfide-modified nanoscale zero-valent iron for tetracycline removal: Performance and mechanism

Tetracycline (TC) is widely detected in various environments and promotes bacterial resistance. In the present research, sulfide-modified nanoscale zero-valent iron (S-nZVI) was fabricated and used as activator of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for TC degradation. Sulfidation could improve the hydrophobicity of nZVI and its reactivity for TC degradation by up to 260 %. The reaction rate constant of the S-nZVI/H2O2 system was 16 times faster than that of the S-nZVI system. The quenching experiments results proved that •OH was the predominant radical involved in TC degradation. •OH played a significant role in ferryl ion (Fe(IV)) formation under acid conditions, while TC plays crucial roles under neutral pH condition in Fe(IV) formation by accelerating Fe(III) oxidation into Fe(IV). The possible degradation pathways were analyzed, and the toxicity analysis confirmed that the S-nZVI/H2O2 system is an effective method for degrading, and thus reducing the toxicity of TC. Therefore, this study suggests the possibility of an S-nZVI/H2O2 system for the efficient degradation of TC.

Bioremediation and stress alleviation of HBCD in plant-soil by bacterial strain HBCD-sjtu

The inherent toxic nature of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and its adverse effects pose a grave risk to both ecosystems and human health. HBCD has greatly influenced the soil-plant interface. The current investigation set out to examine the effects of strain Bacillus sp. HBCD-sjtu on HBCD degradation in soil, the morphophysiological traits, and antioxidative enzyme activity in wheat under different HBCD-stress conditions (0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mM HBCD). Wheat plants injected with strain HBCD-sjtu showed dramatically enhanced growth features in comparison to control plants. Plants inoculated with HBCD-sjtu showed homeostasis despite HBCD stress increasing total soluble sugars (TSS), free proline, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), protein content, malondialdehyde (MDA), and high activity of peroxidase (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in leaves. The formation of the new metabolite 1,5,9-cyclododecatriene (CDT) after HBCD degradation was identified on the basis of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analyses. The results indicated that HBCD-sjtu improved the growth of wheat plants under both HBCD and non-HBCD conditions. Additional research on the effect of HBCD on plant development, alongside the exploration of innovative, environmentally sustainable approaches for HBCD degradation and its conversion into alternative intermediates, could yield valuable insights and potential applications from this study.

Pachymic acid (PA) inhibits ferroptosis of cardiomyocytes via activation of the AMPK in mice with ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial injury.

Pachymic acid (PA) is a lanostane-type triterpenoid with various pharmacological effects. However, little is known about the effect of PA on myocardial infarction (MI) induced by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). In this study, we aimed to investigate the protective effect of PA and its underlying mechanism. A cellular MI model was established by oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) treatment in HL-1 cardiomyocytes, and we found that OGD/R treatment decreased cell viability and glutathione peroxide (GSH-Px) activity, increased Fe2+ concentration and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, promoted malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and inhibited the expression of ferroptosis marker proteins SLC7A11 and GPX4 in a time-dependent manner. OGD/R-induced HL-1 cells were pretreated with different concentrations of PA (0, 20, 40, 60 μg/mL) for 24 h, and toxicological experiments showed that 150 μg/mL PA decreased cell viability, while low concentrations of PA had no toxic effect on cells. 20 μg/mL PA reversed the inhibitory effect of OGD/R on cell viability, reduced MDA and ROS production, and Fe2+ accumulation, increased GSH-Px activity and the expression of SLC7A11 and GPX4, and decreased LDH activity, especially at 60 μg/mL PA. Meanwhile, PA promoted the phosphorylation of IRS-1, AKT, and AMPK proteins in a dose-dependent manner. AICAR, an AMPK activator, inhibited ferroptosis, while STO-609, an AMPK inhibitor, largely abolished the effect of PA on OGD/R-induced ferroptosis of HL-1 cells. In addition, PA inhibited ferroptosis and myocardial I/R injury in wild-type mice and AMPK knockout (AMPK-/- ) mice. Collectively, PA inhibited ferroptosis of cardiomyocytes through activating of the AMPK pathway, thereby alleviating myocardial I/R injury in mice.

Amorphous titanium dioxide with abundant defects induced by incorporation of silicon dioxide: A potential non-radical activator of hydrogen peroxide

Catalysts based on titanium dioxide (TiO2) have demonstrated a significant potential for oxidizing intractable organic pollutants in heterogenous Fenton-like reactions, even in the absence of light irradiation. In this study, defective amorphous TiO2 enriched Ti3+ and oxygen vacancies (Ov) was synthesized by incorporation of silicon dioxide (SiO2) via a simple sol–gel method. Based on a systematic exploration, an optimal amount of SiO2 was found to be crucial in promoting the formation of Ov and Ti3+, which was achieved by maximizing the non-hexacoordinate structure (Ti4/5/7c) in amorphous TiO2. Furthermore, an unusual singlet oxygen (1O2) based non-radical mechanism was confirmed. It was proposed that the hydroxyl radicals (•OH) produced by Ti3+ active sites during hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) activation may adsorb on the TiO2 surface for extended periods, owing to their favorable interactions with the surface Ov and hydroxyl groups (–OH), thus facilitating their transformation to 1O2. Moreover, the optimized catalyst exhibited favorably catalytic performance across a broad pH range (3–11), making it a promising candidate for applications in rigorous environmental conditions.

In Vitro Evaluation and In Silico Calculations of the Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Secondary Metabolites from Leonurus sibiricus L. Root Extracts.

Leonurus sibiricus L. has great ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal significance. This study aimed to assess the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Leonurus sibiricus L. transgenic roots extracts transformed by Rhizobium rhizogenes, with and without the AtPAP1 transcriptional factor. The study determined the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, as well as in vitro antioxidant assays, including hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide scavenging activity. In addition, in silico computational studies and molecular docking were conducted to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of the identified compounds. The ligands were docked to NADPH oxidase, cyclooxygenase 2,5-lipoxygenase, inducible nitric synthase and xanthine oxidase: enzymes involved in the inflammatory process. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents ranged from 85.3 ± 0.35 to 57.4 ± 0.15 mg/g GAE/g and 25.6 ± 0.42 to 18.2 ± 0.44 mg/g QUE/g in hairy root extracts with and without AtPAP1, respectively. H2O2 scavenging activity (IC50) was found to be 29.3 µg/mL (with AtPAP1) and 37.5 µg/mL (without AtPAP1 transcriptional factor), and NO scavenging activity (IC50) was 48.0 µg/mL (with AtPAP1) and 68.8 µg/mL (without AtPAP1 transcriptional factor). Leonurus sibiricus L. transformed root extracts, both with and without AtPAP1, are a source of phytochemicals belonging to different classes of molecules, such as flavonoids (catechin and rutin), phenolic compounds (caffeic acid, coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid) and phenylpropanoid (verbascoside). Among the radicals formed after H removal from the different -OH positions, the lowest bond dissociation enthalpy was observed for rutin (4'-OH). Rutin was found to bind with cyclooxygenase 2, inducible nitric synthases and xanthine oxidase, whereas chlorogenic acid demonstrated optimal binding with 5-lipoxygenase. Therefore, it appears that the Leonurus sibiricus L. transformed root extract, both with and without the AtPAP1 transcriptional factor, may serve as a potential source of active components with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential; however, the extract containing AtPAP1 demonstrates superior activities. These properties could be beneficial for human health.

Elucidating the molecular mechanisms of exogenous melatonin for improving heat tolerance in Solanum tuberosum L. seedlings

In the era of climate change, the rise in temperature can adversely impact the potato growth, yield and even threaten food security. Temperature both as high and long-term have always retarded growth and development of potatoes. Based on this, overall study provides experimental proof of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) heat tolerance mechanisms. Plant hormone melatonin (MT) elicits and improves potato tolerance against high temperature, but scarce information is present about detailed mechanisms. Therefore, introduction of exogenous MT in potato seedlings (Lishu 6) together with high-temperature stress was investigated to find the physiological and molecular mechanisms. Temperature stress results in wilting of basal leaves and inhibits photosynthesis in potato seedlings. Interestingly, we found distinct effects of introduced MT with increase in the actual photosynthetic quantum yield (ΦPSII), apparent photosynthetic electron transport rate (ETR), chlorophyll content, intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), photochemical quenching (qP), and transpiration rate (Tr). Further, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content and activities of antioxidant enzymes in potato seedling leaves reduced after introduction of exogenous MT. Through transcriptome analysis, we found that during temperature stress, MT significantly upregulated the expression of genes involved in photosynthesis and antioxidant enzymes, and plant hormone signal transduction. Importantly, it also augmented antioxidant capacity in potato seedlings and alleviated the damage at high temperature. In summary, we provide evidence that identifying factors could modulate the potential interaction of temperature stress with introduced MT to improve the heat tolerance of potato seedlings for maximum function.

Microplastic abundance and characterization in municipal sewage sludge from cities across upper Ganga River, India: Apprising microplastic uptakes and their toxicity in the plant during sludge application in agriculture

This study investigates the occurrence and characterization of microplastic (MP) in sewage sludge from 3 different cities along the Ganga River, India and their toxic impact while applying sludge for crop production. MP occurred in the ranges of 29.2–60.8 × 103 particles kg−1 with an abundance of 1–5 mm (11.12%), <1 mm–100 μm (32.65%), and 20–100 μm (56.23%) size particles. ATR-FTIR analysis suggested polypropylene, polyethylene, nylon, and polycarbonate as sludge's most common MP polymer. In lab scale trials, sludge MP showed significant toxicity in Vigna radiata and reduced vegetative growth and plant weight was recorded with sludge-inoculated setups. Seedlings with sludge exhibited higher activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde than the control setups. Furthermore, fluorescence microscopy confirmed the MP bioaccumulation in tested seedlings. In summary, our results suggested that wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) sink large volumes of MP in sewage sludge, which could be hazardous while applying such biosolids for crop production. MP seasonal dynamics in local WWTPs and their role in the mobilization of other toxicant chemicals could be investigated in future studies in this series.

Synthesis, design, in silico, in vitro and in vivo (streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice) biological evaluation of novels N-arylacetamide derivatives

The organic compounds 2-chloro-N-(aryl)acetamide (Ps13–Ps18) and 2-azido-N-(aryl)acetamide (148–153) were synthesized and analyzed using 1 H, 13C NMR. The acute oral toxicity study was carried out according to OECD guidelines, which approve that the compounds (Ps18 and 153) were nontoxic. In addition, the compounds were evaluated for its antidiabetic and antihyperglycemic properties (in vitro and in vivo) and for antioxidant activity by utilizing several tests as 1,1-diphenyl2-picrylhydrazyl DPPH, (2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethyl benzthiazoline-6-sulfonicacid) ABTS, reducing power test FRAP and hydrogen peroxide activity H2O2 . The molecular docking studies were performed to investigate the antidiabetic activity of Ps18 and 153 and compared with the experimental results. These compounds are a potent antidiabetic from both the experimental and molecular docking results. Finally, the physicochemical, pharmacokinetic and toxicological properties of Ps18 and 153 have been evaluated by using in silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity analysis prediction. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Anti-ischemic drug trimetazidine blocks mercury nephrotoxicity by suppressing renal redox imbalance, inflammatory stress and caspase-dependent apoptosis in rats

Trimetazidine (TMZ) is a promising emerging therapeutic piperazine derivative for renal pathologies. However, the nephroprotective mechanism of TMZ against heavy metal-induced toxicity is unknown. This study, therefore, aimed to explore whether TMZ could mitigate mercury-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Rats were injected TMZ (3 mg/kg bw) and/or mercury chloride (HgCl2) (4 mg/kg bw) for 4 days (n = 6 rats per group). The blood analysis revealed marked increases in creatinine, urea and uric acid levels in HgCl2 group compared to the control. HgCl2 induced prominent decreases in renal superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxide (GPx) activities compared to the control followed by marked increases in the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), caspase-3 and caspase-9. Whereas the renal levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) reduced considerably compared to the control. Contrarily, it was found that in the rats administered TMZ + HgCl2, levels of renal markers, MDA, TNF-α, IL-6 and caspases-3/-9 were prominently reduced compared to the HgCl2 group. The renal SOD, CAT, GPx, IL-4, and IL-10 were markedly elevated along with ameliorated histopathological lesions. On the whole, therefore, TMZ could be repurposed for blocking HgCl2 nephrotoxicity via inhibition of oxidative inflammation and apoptosis in rats.

Pharmacological bioactivity of Ceratonia siliqua pulp extract: in vitro screening and molecular docking analysis, implication of Keap-1/Nrf2/NF-ĸB pathway

Inflammation is interfaced with various metabolic disorders. Ceratonia siliqua (CS) has a higher pharmaceutical purpose. The research aimed to investigate the biofunction of CS pulp aqueous extract (CS-PAE) with an emphasis on its integrated computational approaches as opposed to different specific receptors contributing to inflammation. The extract was assessed for its chemical and phenolic components via GC–MS, LC–MS, HPLC, and total phenolic and flavonoid content. In vitro, bioactivities and molecular docking were analyzed. Findings indicate that CS-PAE demonstrated higher scavenging activities of nitric oxide, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and anti-lipid peroxidation (IC50 values were 5.29, 3.04, 0.63, 7.35 and 9.6 mg/dl, respectively). The extract revealed potent inhibition of RBCs hemolysis, acetylcholine esterase, monoamine oxidase-B, and α-glucosidase enzymes (IC50 was 13.44, 9.31, 2.45, and 1.5 mg/dl, respectively). The extract exhibited a cytotoxic effect against prostate cancer Pc3, liver cancer HepG2, colon cancer Caco2, and lung cancer A549 cell lines. Moreover, CS-PAE owned higher antiviral activity against virus A and some bacteria. When contrasting data from molecular docking, it was reported that both apigenin-7-glucoside and rutin in CS-PAE have a good affinity toward the Keap-1/Nrf2/ NF-ĸB pathway. In conclusion, CS-PAE showed promise in therapeutic activity in metabolic conditions.

Phytochemical screenings and evaluations of antibacterial and antioxidant activities of methanolic leaf extract of Senna auriculata (L). Roxb

The current study examineed the "Phytochemical contents, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the methanolic leaf extract of S. auriculata". Methanol was used to extract a leaf sample from a plant. The phytoconstituents and functional groups in the leaf extract had been investigated using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis. Concurrently, the agar well-plate method was used to assess antimicrobial activity against ten bacterial strains. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), reducing power activity, phosphomolybdenum activity, hydrogen peroxide activity, and nitric oxide inhibitory activity were employed to assess antioxidant activity. Carbohydrates, protein, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids were found in the phytochemical analysis. The GC-MS study of the leaf extract revealed the presence of 13 major bioactive substances with antimicrobial, free radical scavenging, and anticancer properties. The appearance of distinctive peak values with various functional groups, such as alcohol, alkanes, aromatic, esters, and amines, was indicated by the FTIR result. The leaf extract exhibited a potent antibacterial effect against all pathogens tested. The highest activity against A. hydrophila (15±0.6 mm) was found at a 100 µg/mL concentration. The antioxidant properties of leaf extract increased as concentration was increased. The leaf extract contains 108.13 mg GAE/g and 61.25 mg RE/g of phenolic and flavonoid content, respectively. Finally, the methanolic leaf extract of S. auriculata was found to have powerful antibacterial and antioxidant features and could be a valuable source of natural compounds for creating new medications. Although S. auriculata has been extensively studied for its antibacterial activity against pathogenic organisms, the findings showed that it is also effective against the fish pathogen A. hydrophila. More investigation is required to find and identify the biologically active compounds responsible for the plant’s antibacterial and antioxidant activity.

Iron-Coordinated L-Lysine-Based Nanozymes with High Peroxidase-like Activity for Sensitive Hydrogen Peroxide and Glucose Detection.

It is crucial to develop sensitive and accurate sensing strategies to detect H2O2 and glucose in biological systems. Herein, biocompatible iron-coordinated L-lysine-based hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-mimetic enzymes (Lys-Fe-NPs) were prepared by precipitation polymerization in aqueous solution. The coordinated Fe2+ ion acted as centers of peroxidase-like enzymes of Lys-Fe-NPs, and the catalytic activity was evaluated via the oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) by H2O2. Therefore, a sensitive colorimetric detection sensor for H2O2 was constructed with a linear range of 1 to 200 μM and a detection limit of 0.51 μM. The same method could also be applied to highly sensitive and selective detection of glucose, with a linear range of 0.5 to 150 μM and a detection limit of 0.32 μM. In addition, an agarose-based hydrogel biosensor colorimetric was successfully implemented for visual assessment and quantitative detection of glucose. The design provided a novel platform for constructing stable and nonprotein enzyme mimics with lysine and showed great potential applications in biorelevant assays.

In Vitro Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, and Antidiabetic Activities of Synthesized Chitosan-loaded p-Coumaric Acid Nanoparticles.

p-Coumaric acid is a phenolic compound widely distributed in fruits and vegetables that displays an array of therapeutic properties, including antidiabetic effects. Prominent application in diabetes is limited due to its suboptimal pharmacokinetics, poor aqueous solubility, and poor bioavailability. Nanotechnology-based delivery methods have been developed to address these limitations and improve the therapeutic uses of p-coumaric acid, and the nanoencapsulation method is emerging as a feasible alternative. The objective of this study is to synthesize p-coumaric acid nanoparticles (PCNPs) and to evaluate their In Vitro activities. The PCNPs were synthesized by the nanoprecipitation method and characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, zeta potential, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with dispersive energy X-ray (EDX) analysis. In addition, the PCNPs were analyzed for In Vitro antioxidant activity using six different free radical scavenging assays and were also analyzed for antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, and antidiabetic effects. The formation of PCNPs was confirmed by UV-visible spectra at 283 nm, and FTIR analysis revealed the reduction and capping of the chitosan nanoparticles. SEM was used to assess the size and shape of the PCNPs, and the high absorption property of the PCNPs was investigated using EDX analysis. The PCNPs had significant antioxidant, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide and nitric oxide (NO) radical scavenging power activities, and showed potent antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, and antidiabetic activities. The present study suggests that PCNPs can be used as a potential medication delivery approach to provide a greater nephroprotective effect in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt at the synthesis of chitosan-loaded PCNPs.