Carboxymethyl Cellulose Hydrogel Research Articles

Serum amikacin concentrations in dogs with naturally occurring open wounds treated with topical amikacin in carboxymethylcellulose hydrogel.

To quantify serum amikacin concentrations in dogs undergoing wound management with topical amikacin (45 mg/mL) 3% carboxymethylcellulose hydrogel. Prospective clinical study. Eleven client-owned dogs. Dogs with naturally occurring wounds, undergoing treatment with topical amikacin gel, were enrolled. A whole blood sample was collected prior to initial application of the gel. Up to a maximum dose of 30 mg/kg of gel, was applied directly on the wound and the wound was bandaged. Serial blood sampling was performed at approximately 2, 4, 8, 12, 18, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, and 72 h after application of amikacin gel. The sampling schedule was reset following each bandage change and new application of the gel. Up to 20 samples per dog were collected. The Siemens Syva EMIT Amikacin Assay was used to quantify the concentration of amikacin in each blood serum sample. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of the test was 2.5 μg/mL. Amikacin gel was applied a total of 31 times (dose range, 0.1-24.9 mg/kg). A total of 153 samples were analyzed. Five samples in three different dogs were above the LLOQ at approximately 2 h after gel application (range 2.75-3.82 μg/mL). All other samples were below the LLOQ. Routine use of amikacin gel for open wound management did not result in serum amikacin levels above 5 μg/mL. Topical amikacin gel may be a safe treatment option for wounds in dogs with resistant infections or biofilms.

A development of a gelatin and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogel system for dual-release transdermal delivery of lidocaine hydrochloride

This study introduces a dual-release transdermal drug delivery system using a hydrogel matrix of cross-linked gelatin and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC). Designed for immediate drug release from microneedles (MNs) and sustained release from microcapsules (MCs), this system utilizes lidocaine hydrochloride as the model drug. The fabrication process involved casting the hydrogel into MN molds, with MCs embedded in the backing layer, establishing a dual-release mechanism. MCs of gelatin and NaCMC were prepared by emulsion-crosslinking method and using glutaraldehyde as a crosslinker. MCs ranged in size from 50 to 264 μm and exhibited the highest drug release in acidic environments, showcasing a pH-responsive nature. Drug loading efficiency reached 9.8 %, while encapsulation efficiency was 75.8 %. The MNs, which had a conical shape and strong mechanical properties, demonstrated excellent penetration capabilities. The in vitro release profile indicated an initial burst within 10 min, followed by sustained release over 240 min, in line with the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. Additionally, the system displayed significant antimicrobial properties and good biocompatibility, with cell viability exceeding 86 %. This confirms its potential as a safe and effective platform for transdermal drug delivery.

Synthesis, characterization and adsorption of Pb(Ⅱ), Cd(Ⅱ) and Cu(Ⅱ) by red mud/polyacrylic acid/sodium carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogel

Heavy metal pollution in water and pollution hazards caused by red mud disposal are urgent environmental problems to be solved. Red mud waste can be utilized as resources by preparing hydrogels. By employing free radical polymerization, a red mud/polyacrylate/sodium carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogel (RMAAC) was synthesized using red mud (RM) as the main component, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC) as the grafting substrate, N, N’-methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) as the crosslinking agent, and potassium persulfate (KPS) as the initiator. The proportions of MBA, KPS, and SCMC were optimized using the response surface method. The adsorption kinetics and isothermal adsorption model were applied to analyze the adsorption characteristics, while XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDS, and XPS characterization methods were employed to study the adsorption mechanism. The results demonstrated that the optimal proportions of MBA, KPS, and SCMC in RMAAC were determined to be 0.15 %, 0.2 %, and 1.5 %, respectively, and the addition of 0.5 % RM to enhance the adsorption performance of the hydrogel. The adsorption processes of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Cu(II) by RMAAC followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir model, suggesting chemisorption through a single molecular layer as the main adsorption mechanism. The maximum theoretical adsorption capacities of the three heavy metal ions at 25°C were determined to be 730.16, 292.71, and 215.37 mg/g, respectively. It was found that RMAAC exhibited a higher affinity toward Pb(II) compared to Cu(II) and Cd(II). Characterization analyses revealed that ion exchange and coordination chelation were the predominant mechanisms involved in the adsorption of Pb(II), Cd(II), and Cu(II) by RMAAC.

Facile fabrication and characterization of carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogel loaded with TiO2NPs as a promising disinfectant for eliminating the dissemination of waterborne pathogens through wastewater decontamination

The purpose of this work was to develop and characterize an intriguing hydrogel called TiO₂NPs@CMC hydrogel, which is composed of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) loaded with titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO₂NPs) for effective waterborne pathogen disinfection in wastewater. The TiO₂NPs were synthesized through hydrolysis and peptization. Then, incorporated into CMC matrix, and subsequently cross-linked with calcium chloride (CaCl₂). In this study, TiO2NPs was prepared and affirmed the particle distribution with a small size using TEM. The TiO₂NPs@CMC hydrogel exhibited significant antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties against various pathogens, such as Salmonella typhi, E. coli O157, Shigella dysenteriae, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus cereus, and Candida albicans, with highest inhibition zone diameters 29 mm for S. typhi. The inhibitory effect demonstrated that the hydrogel significantly decreased bacterial populations at 100 μg/mL concentrations. The hydrogel demonstrated a 2.7-log reduction in microbial counts in sewage within 120 min, achieving complete inactivation of pathogens at a concentration of 2xMIC within 180 min. The biofilm inhibition rate reached 87.6 % against B. cereus. Toxicity assessments demonstrated significant biocompatibility, with no adverse effects noted in environmental applications. The findings indicate that TiO₂NPs@CMC hydrogel is a viable option for sustainable wastewater treatment, providing an efficient, safe, and environmentally friendly method for removing waterborne pathogens and preventing biofilm formation.

Optimizing Environmentally-Friendly oil Recovery: Synergies of Imidazolium-Based ionic liquids and carboxymethylcellulose hydrogels

This research focuses on the combined effectiveness of imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) with triflate anion and carboxymethylcellulose-based hydrogels (CBHs) for environmentally friendly oil recovery. The selection of ILs was based on a review of existing literature, and their performance in extreme reservoir conditions was evaluated by studying parameters like concentration, salinity, temperature, and alkyl chain length. A new material,ionic liquid based CBH (CBHIL), was synthesized by incorporating ILs into hydrogels, and its structure was analyzed using various tests including FTIR, TGA, rheology, and SEM morphology tests. To evaluate the performance in EOR processes, particularly in carbonate rocks, a multilayer glass micromodel with permeabilities was designed. The objective was to determine the water-absorbing capacity, equilibrium swelling, and contact angle change, ultimately leading to increased oil recovery. The results indicated that 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium triflate (IL6) was able to reduce interfacial tension (IFT) to a minimum of 6.5 mN/m, surpassing 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium triflate (IL4), especially at high temperatures and salinity. The emulsion stability of IL6 in the oil phase was also confirmed. CBH was used as a carrier for ILs, exhibiting thermal resistance up to 120 °C. Its porous structure and significant equilibrium swelling of up to 1550 % under harsh reservoir conditions were observed. By incorporating IL in the CBHIL-C6 structure, the linear viscoelastic range of CBH increased from 52.2 % to 170 % strain, and effectively altered carbonate rocks to become completely water-wet, reducing the contact angle from 115.4° to 44.62°. The combination of these two substances led to a maximum recovery of 79.85 % of the original oil in place, a significantly superior outcome compared to separate injection of the substances. Thus, these new compounds demonstrate promising potential for EOR applications in challenging reservoir conditions.

Multifunctional carboxymethyl chitosan/oxidized carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogel loaded with ginsenoside Rg1 and polydopamine nanoparticles for infected diabetic wound healing

Besides bacterial infection, diabetic wounds are often accompanied by local inflammatory response, oxidative stress imbalances, and vascular formation disorders, which are the main reasons for long-term non-healing of diabetic wounds. In order to solve this problem, Ch-OCMC-PDA NPs-Rg1 self-healing hydrogel was constructed by Schiff base reaction. With the addition of PDA NPs and Rg1, Ch-OCMC-PDA NPs-Rg1 hydrogel showed excellent physical properties, like compressive strength of 142 kPa, swelling ratio of 148.91 %, and Rg1 carried in the hydrogel could achieve a slow release of 90.59 % within 48 h. What's more, PDA NPs endowed it with highly efficient photothermal antibacterial properties. In addition to excellent biocompatibility, Ch-OCMC-PDA NPs-Rg1 hydrogel could effectively clear intracellular reactive oxygen species, promote macrophages M2 transformation, and facilitate human umbilical vein endothelial cells migration and tube formation. In vivo experiments exhibited that Ch-OCMC-PDA NPs-Rg1 hydrogel could reduce wound inflammation, stimulate early angiogenesis, promote collagen deposition, and shorten the healing process of diabetic infected wounds, and the wound healing rate was significantly increased compared with other groups, reaching 98.41 ± 0.31 %. In summary, the multi-functional dynamic Ch-OCMC-PDA NPs-Rg1 hydrogel provides a new possibility for the treatment of diabetic infection wounds.

Handmade wastepaper conversion into nanourea incorporated carboxymethylcellulose hydrogel as fertilizer release vehicle for augmenting plant growth

The concept of utilizing handmade wastepaper refuse for synthesis of nanocellulose and later converting it into nanourea incorporated carboxymethylcellulose (NU@CMC) hydrogel has been visualized as a sustainable solution to manage solid wastepaper and simultaneously enrich plant growth by providing nanourea. Various characterization techniques like Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR), Field emission scanning electron microscopic (FESEM), High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) analysis and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis confirmed that the NU@CMC hydrogel was rich in functional groups, having porous and rough surface morphology. Swelling ratio was found to be 1457% at pH 7 due to the presence of polar group and porous surface of hydrogel. Maximum water holding capacity (54.45%) was obtained at 2 wt% NU@CMC hydrogels, and it retained moisture in the soil for more than 2 weeks. NU@CMC hydrogel was used as a control release vehicle for the release of nanourea for plants at different pH ranges, and results indicated that this process followed the Fickian diffusion mechanism at pH 7 and 46.71% release efficiency was observed in 18 days. Maximum stem length was observed with NU@CMC hydrogels compared to CMC hydrogel and soil. Thus, eco-friendly, versatile NU@CMC hydrogel with 39.8% biodegradability within 32 days establishes its dual promise for water transport under water-limited conditions and as a fertilizer release vehicle for sustainable plant growth.

Facile fabrication of nano-bioactive glass functionalized blended hydrogel with nucleus pulposus-derived MSCs to improve regeneration potential in treatment of disc degeneration by in vivo rat model

Orthopaedic medicine often treats intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), which is caused by nucleus pulposus (NP) tissue damage and mechanical stress. Bioactive glasses (BGs), widely used for bone regeneration, can incorporate therapeutic ions into their network. Manganese (Mn) activates human osteoblast integrins, proliferation, and spreading. The CMnBGNPs-NPMSCs are carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogels functionalized with MnBGsNPs and NP-derived mesenchymal stem cells to treat IVDD. To ensure stability and biocompatibility of CMnBGNPs-NPMSCs were characterized for rheological properties like gelation time and swelling ratio. Gene expression analysis of PAX1, FOXF1, CA12, HBB, and OVOS2 via qRT-PCR further assessed the hydrogel's characteristics. Rat models with induced IVDD had hydrogel-MSC composite injected into their intervertebral discs for in vivo studies. Histological examination, immunohistochemical staining for inflammation and disc regeneration markers, and disc height assessments assessed therapeutic efficacy. CMnBGNPs-NPMSCs show promising results for IVDD treatment, offering a novel therapeutic strategy with clinical implications for degenerative disc diseases.

Polyion Hydrogels of Polymeric and Nanofibrous Carboxymethyl Cellulose and Chitosan: Mechanical Characteristics and Potential Use in Environmental Remediation.

Recently, cellulose and other biomass nanofibers (NFs) have been increasingly utilized in the design of sustainable materials for environmental, biomedical, and other applications. However, the past literature lacks a comparison of the macromolecular and nanofibrous states of biopolymers in various materials, and the advantages and limitations of using nanofibers (NF) instead of conventional polymers are poorly understood. To address this question, hydrogels based on interpolyelectrolyte complexes (IPECs) between carboxymethyl cellulose nanofibers (CMCNFs) and chitosan (CS) were prepared by ele+ctrostatic cross-linking and compared with the hydrogels of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and CS biopolymers. The presence of the rigid CMCNF altered the mechanism of the IPEC assembly and drastically affected the structure of IPEC hydrogels. The swelling ratios of CMCNF-CS hydrogels of ca. 40% were notably lower than the ca. 100-300% swelling of CMC-CS hydrogels. The rheological measurements revealed a higher storage modulus (G') of the CMCNF-CS hydrogel, reaching 13.3 kPa compared to only 3.5 kPa measured for the CMC-CS hydrogel. Further comparison of the adsorption characteristics of the CMCNF-CS and CMC-CS hydrogels toward Cu2+, Cd2+, and Hg2+ ions showed the slightly higher adsorption capacity of CMC-CS for Cu2+ but similar adsorption capacities for Cd2+ and Hg2+. The adsorption kinetics obeyed the pseudo-second-order adsorption model in both cases. Overall, while the replacement of CMC with CMCNF in hydrogel does not significantly affect the performance of such systems as adsorbents, CMCNF imparts IPEC hydrogel with higher stiffness and a frequency-independent loss (G″) modulus and suppresses the hydrogel swelling, so can be beneficial in practical applications that require stable performance under various dynamic conditions.

Optimizing biomaterial inks: A study on the printability of Carboxymethyl cellulose-Laponite nanocomposite hydrogels and dental pulp stem cells bioprinting

Tissue engineering approaches require biocompatible materials with precise pre-designed geometry, shape fidelity, and promote cellular functions. Addressing these requirements, our study focused on developing an optimized bioink formulation using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and Laponite hydrogels tailored for extrusion-based three-dimensional bioprinting. To this, we investigated the rheological properties and filament behavior before and during printing. As Laponite concentration increased in CMC solutions, it improved shear-thinning behavior, viscosity, and storage modulus, resulting in well-defined filament characteristics with lower diffusion rates, excellent shape fidelity, and robust printability. Thus, we achieved a suitable biomaterial ink formulation with concentrations of 1 wt% of CMC and 4 wt% of Laponite (1C4L). Subsequently, a statistical analysis guided us to select the optimal parameters for large-scale construct printing: a nozzle speed of 5 mm/s, a print distance of 0.41 mm, and an extrusion multiplier of 1.35. After that, we enhanced the structural integrity of printed hydrogels through ionic crosslinking with calcium chloride (CaCl2) and citric acid (CA), revealing higher-strength hydrogels at higher concentrations of CaCl2. Finally, we have confirmed the groundbreaking potential of our bioink by integrating dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells (DPSC) into the 1C4L ink. Our bioprinted constructs showed optimized swelling, non-toxic effects, and retained excellent shape fidelity, crucial for creating anatomically accurate tissues. Our findings provide crucial insights linking the rheological analysis, the bioprinting process, and the biological properties of hydrogels, paving the way for their use for tissue engineering and other biomedical applications.

Redesigned chondroitinase ABC degrades inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in vitro and in vivo in the stroke-injured rat brain

Injuries to the central nervous system, such as stroke and traumatic spinal cord injury, result in an aggregate scar that both limits tissue degeneration and inhibits tissue regeneration. The aggregate scar includes chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), which impede cell migration and axonal outgrowth. Chondroitinase ABC (ChASE) is a potent yet fragile enzyme that degrades CSPGs, and thus may enable tissue regeneration. ChASE37, with 37-point mutations to the native enzyme, has been shown to be more stable than ChASE, but its efficacy has never been tested. To answer this question, we investigated the efficacy of ChASE37 first in vitro using human cell-based assays and then in vivo in a rodent model of stroke. We demonstrated ChASE37 degradation of CSPGs in vitro and the consequent cell adhesion and axonal sprouting now possible using human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons. To enable prolonged release of ChASE37 to injured tissue, we expressed it as a fusion protein with a Src homology 3 (SH3) domain and modified an injectable, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) hydrogel with SH3-binding peptides (CMC-bp) using inverse electron-demand Diels−Alder chemistry. We injected this affinity release CMC-bp/SH3-ChASE37 hydrogel epicortically to endothelin-1 stroke-injured rats and confirmed bioactivity via degradation of CSPGs and axonal sprouting in and around the lesion. With CSPG degradation shown both in vitro by greater cell interaction and in vivo with local delivery from a sustained release formulation, we lay the foundation to test the potential of ChASE37 and its delivery by local affinity release for tissue regeneration after stroke.

Adsorpsi Logam Cu(II) dengan Hidrogel CMC/Pektin Komposisi 2:1 Menggunakan Metode Freeze-Thaw

The Citarum River is included in the category of the most polluted river in the world because it contains chemicals that can reduce air quality. This pollution not only affects air quality but also threatens public health and the surrounding ecosystem. Heavy metals, especially Cu(II), are one of the contaminants that have exceeded the threshold and can cause serious health impacts, including organ damage and nervous system disorders. Hydrogel is an alternative adsorbent that is widely used in various fields, especially in the field of air purification. Hydrogel has the ability to absorb and adsorb contaminants. In particular, Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) hydrogel and pectin hydrogel have attracted much attention for safe water purification because they are non-toxic and have good biodegradability and biocompatibility. The researchers conducted a study on the adsorption of Cu(II) metal using a Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) hydrogel adsorbent and pectin in a 2:1 composition through the Freeze-thaw method. FTIR analysis of the CMC/pectin hydrogel confirmed the presence of C-O-, O-H, C=O, C-H, OH bending, and COOH stretching vibrations. Based on BET analysis, the hydrogel has micropores, a type 1 isotherm, and a surface area of ​​1,889 m2/g. The Langmuir isotherm model was used to determine the ideal adsorption conditions to be a concentration of 298 ppm, an adsorption capacity of 1,0918 mg/g, and an adsorption efficiency of 13,485%.

Electrochromic behaviors and applications of tetrasubstituted thienoviologen derivatives

Electrochromic materials have been widely used in various parts of life due to their advantages of energy conservation and rich colors. In this work, a series of novel viologen derivatives (tetrasubstituted thienoviologen derivatives, a–f) were designed and synthesized as electrochromic materials by decorating 4,4′,4″,4‴-(thiophene-2,3,4,5-tetrayl)tetrapyridine with different N-substituents (alkyl, benzyl and aryl). Electrochromic devices based on a–f exhibited a low working voltage of −1.4 V. The N-substituents markedly affected their electrochromic performance. The compounds with alkyl and benzyl substituents performed better than the compound with aryl substituent. Among them, compound c with benzyl substituent performed best with a high optical contrast (66 %), a high coloration efficiency (389 cm2/C), good cycling stability, and fast response time. Besides, compound c was also applicable to sodium carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogel ECD with good cycling stability and a broad absorption band (500–700 nm) in the visible region. The applications of compound c in electronic tags, functional displays and smart windows were explored, indicating it's a promising ECM with wide application prospects.

Optimized production of carboxymethyl cellulose/guar gum based durable hydrogel for in vitro performance assessment

An important objective of researchers is to develop a perfect wound dressing that can effectively treat different kinds of wounds. Natural substances with beneficial qualities, such as plant extracts and biopolymers are an ideal aid for wound care. Hydrogels based on biopolymers offer a lot of promising applications for topical use and are biocompatible, hydrophilic and non-toxic. When employed alone or in conjunction with other active agents, herbal extracts have a great deal of use in the healing of wounds. This study comprises Ruellia tuberosa extract loaded with carboxymethyl cellulose and guar gum hydrogels that have potential anti-bacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hemocompatibility. Using mouse fibroblast cells (L929), the MTT (3- (4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) test was conducted to assess the biocompatibility. Furthermore, the scratch wound assay using the L929 fibroblast cell line of mouse was employed to assess the in vitro wound healing potential of the synthesised composite hydrogels.

Effective Mosquito Repellents: Myrcene- and Cymene-Loaded Nanohydrogels against Aedes aegypti.

Aedes mosquito-borne diseases remain a significant global health threat, necessitating effective control strategies. This study introduces monoterpenes-based nanohydrogels for potential use as repellents against Aedes aegypti, the primary dengue vector worldwide. We formulated hydrogels using cymene- and myrcene-based nanoemulsions with different polymers: chitosan, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and carbopol®. Our evaluations of rheological, texture, and bioadhesive properties identified CMC hydrogel as the most promising gelling agent for topical application, exhibiting sustained monoterpene release over 12 h with low skin permeation and high retention in the stratum corneum. Myrcene-loaded CMC hydrogel achieved a 57% feeding deterrence compared to 47% with cymene hydrogel in the mosquito membrane-feeding model. Molecular docking studies revealed interactions between myrcene and an essential amino acid (Ile116) in the Ae. aegypti odorant-binding protein 22 (AeOBP22), corroborating its higher repellent efficacy. These findings suggest that myrcene-loaded CMC hydrogels offer a promising, minimally invasive strategy for personal protection against Ae. aegypti and warrant further investigation to optimize monoterpene concentrations for vector control.

Isothiocyanate-Based Microemulsions Loaded into Biocompatible Hydrogels as Innovative Biofumigants for Agricultural Soils.

Biofumigation was proposed as an alternative to synthetic pesticides for the disinfection of agricultural soils, in view of the biocidal effect of isothiocyanates (ITCs) released by some vegetal species, like Brassicaceae. However, biofumigation also presents limitations; thus, a novel and viable alternative could be the direct introduction of ITCs into agricultural soils as components loaded into biodegradable hydrogels. Thus, in this work, ITCs-based microemulsions were developed, which can be loaded into porous polymer-based hydrogel beads based on sodium alginate (ALG) or sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Three ITCs (ethyl, phenyl, and allyl isothiocyanate) and three different surfactants (sodium dodecylsulfate, Brij 35, and Tween 80) were considered. The optimal system was characterized with attenuated ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry to study how the microemulsion/gels interaction affects the gel properties, such as the equilibrium water content or free water index. Finally, loading and release profiles were studied by means of UV-Vis spectrophotometry. It was found that CMC hydrogel beads showed a slightly more efficient profile of micelles' release in water with respect to ALG beads. For this reason, and due to the enhanced contribution of Fe(III) to their biocidal properties, CMC-based hydrogels are the most promising in view of the application on real agricultural soils.

Electrophoretically deposited Asphaltum punjabianum (Shilajit) coatings on polyvinylalcohol/carboxymethylcellulose hydrogels

The present study aims to develop Asphaltum punjabianum (namely Shilajit) coated Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) hydrogels and examine their structural, morphological, degradation, and biological properties. Hydrogels were produced at two different concentrations: 70:30 PVA/CMC and 90:10 PVA/CMC. Following that, Shilajit was applied to the synthesized hydrogels using electrophoretic deposition for a duration of 3 min at 30 V. The scanning electron microscopy images showed that the hydrogel's surface had a regular distribution of irregular Shilajit particles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis demonstrated the presence of hydrogen bonding between PVA and CMC hydrogels and Shilajit, indicating the successful deposition of Shilajit on the hydrogel. The hydrogels coated with Shilajit exhibited strong antimicrobial activity, resulting in an inhibition zone measuring 34 mm against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and 41 mm against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The hydrogels exhibited a cell viability of 80 % with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and the release of collagen II also increased. Furthermore, the PVA/CMC/Shilajit hydrogel exhibited a lower degradation rate compared to the PVA/CMC hydrogel. The results of the swelling, degradation, and drug release studies indicate that the shilajit coating is appropriate for the long-term process of tissue and cartilage regeneration.

MOF-based prodrug entrapped in carboxymethyl cellulose and alginate hydrogel: A drug delivery platform

MOF-based prodrug entrapped in carboxymethyl cellulose and alginate hydrogel: A drug delivery platform

Developments and antioxidant evaluation of Sesbania sesban-leaf-extract loaded carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogel as a potential skin cosmetic

Developments and antioxidant evaluation of Sesbania sesban-leaf-extract loaded carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogel as a potential skin cosmetic

Enhanced photocatalytic regeneration of carboxymethyl cellulose/lignin/ZnO complex hydrogel after methylene blue adsorption

The biodegradable, nontoxic, and renewable carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) hydrogel has been developed into a green adsorbent. However, the weak chemical interaction limits its adsorption capability and reusability. This work incorporated lignin with complex structure and ZnO nanoparticles with photocatalytic properties into CMC hydrogel beads to improve the removal of methylene blue (MB) through chemical interaction. Scanning electron microscopic images and Fourier-transform infrared spectra confirmed the compatibility between lignin and ZnO nanoparticles as well as the increment of active sites for dye removal. The MB adsorption on CMC hydrogel beads was more significantly affected by the temperate and initial concentration compared to contact time, pH, and adsorbent dosage. The MB adsorption capacity of CMC hydrogel was improved to 276.79 mg/g after incorporating lignin and ZnO nanoparticles. The adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model, indicating chemical adsorption. After 6 cycles, the adsorption capacity was reduced by about 15 %. The UV irradiation could recover and improve MB adsorption capacity of CMC hydrogel beads containing ZnO nanoparticles due to the introduction of reactive oxygen species.