Hydrochloride Group Research Articles

Comparison Of Lignocaine And Fentanyl For Attenuation Of Cardiovascular Stress Response To Laryngoscopy And Endotracheal Intubation

BACKGROUND AND AIM Intravenous Fentanyl Citrate and Lignocaine hydrochloride is being used as premedication for general anaesthesia with an intent to attenuate cardiovascular reflexes of laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation. Present study was aimed to compare efficacy of both drugs as premedication to attenuate cardiovascular reflexes of laryngoscopy. METHODOLOGY Present study was carried out on randomly selected 50 patients of ASA Grade 1 and 2, aged 20 to 50 years with mallam pati airway assessment grade 1 scheduled for elective surgery requiring general anaesthesia with endotracheal intubation. All routine non-invasive monitors were applied and iv line secured. Glycopyrrolate 0.004 mg/kg and injection midazolam 0.02 mg/kg was given intravenously and IV infusion of ringer lactate was started. Patients were divided in two groups. Group-1: -Lignocaine hydrochloride group. Here patients received injection lignocaine hydrochloride 1.5 mg / kg IV bolus 3 minutes prior to induction. Group-2: -Fentanyl citrate group. Here patients received injection fentanyl citrate 2 µg / kg IV bolus 3 minutes prior to induction. After preoxygenation general anaesthesia with Thiopentone Sodium 5mg/kg and Succinyl choline 2mg/kg was given and endotracheal intubation was done. Heart rate, SBP, DBP, MAP and ECG were recorded in all patients pre operatively, after premedication, before study drug, after induction, after laryngoscopy and intubation and for every 1 minute up to 6 minutes after intubation during which no stimulus was given to patients. Laryngoscopy done and endotracheal intubation was done. An observation was made related to adverse effects of drugs and laryngoscopy related problems and were attended to appropriately. RESULTS In our study, injection fentanyl citrate 2 µg/kg attenuated the haemodynamic response better than Lignocaine 1.5 mg/kg. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood presuure and mean arterial pressure did not rise significantly after intubation with Fentanyl compared to Lignocaine and reached basal value within study time. CONCLUSION Fentanyl citrate is safe and effective in attenuation of hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy without significant side effects as compared to lignocaine hydrochloride.

Patellar Inward Pushing Method Relieves Knee Osteoarthritis Via Regulating Cytokines

Background and Objective: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a chronic degenerative disease characterized by pain, morning stiffness and swelling in the knee joints. And KOA is common in the elderly and seriously affects the exercise function and physical health of patients. This study aimed to explore the curative effects of patellar inward pushing method (PIPM) on KOA. Methods: In this study, we established rabbit animal models of KOA for the research by using the New Zealand white rabbits. A total of n=30 rabbits were divided into 5 groups by random number table method: blank group, model group, glucosamine hydrochloride (GH) group, PIPM group and PIPM combined with GH group. The rabbits were then modeled. Results: After 9-weeks cultured in groups, 5 ml blood was collected from the heart, and cytokines were detected. The result suggested that iNOS, NO and TNF-α were the pathogenic inflammatory factor of KOA, and aggravated cartilage damage and degeneration. Besides, this study indicated that PIPM combined with GH treatment significantly reduced the activity of inflammatory cytokines in serum and joint fluid of KOA models in rabbits. In addition, PIPM combined with GH therapy exhibited the best therapeutic effect among these treatments, which was working on KOA better than PIPM treatment alone or GH treatment alone.

Patellar Inward Pushing Method Relieves Knee Osteoarthritis Via Regulating Cytokines

<p>Background and Objective:  Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a chronic degenerative disease characterized by pain, morning stiffness and swelling in the knee joints. And KOA is common in the elderly and seriously affects the exercise function and physical health of patients. This study aimed to explore the curative effects of patellar inward pushing method (PIPM) on KOA.</p>
 <p>Methods:  In this study, we established rabbit animal models of KOA for the research by using the New Zealand white rabbits. A total of n=30 rabbits were divided into 5 groups by random number table method: blank group, model group, glucosamine hydrochloride (GH) group, PIPM group and PIPM combined with GH group. The rabbits were then modeled.</p>
 <p>Results:  After 9-weeks cultured in groups, 5 ml blood was collected from the heart, and cytokines were detected. The result suggested that iNOS, NO and TNF-α were the pathogenic inflammatory factor of KOA, and aggravated cartilage damage and degeneration. Besides, this study indicated that PIPM combined with GH treatment significantly reduced the activity of inflammatory cytokines in serum and joint fluid of KOA models in rabbits. In addition, PIPM combined with GH therapy exhibited the best therapeutic effect among these treatments, which was working on KOA better than PIPM treatment alone or GH treatment alone.</p>
 <p>Conclusion:  PIPM could effectively treat KOA via regulating cytokines, and the PIPM combined with GH therapy could be a novel therapeutic strategy for KOA.</p>

To compare intravenous paracetamol with tramadol given pre-emptively for intraoperative and postoperative analgesia- A randomized controlled trial

Introduction: The recommended approach for postoperative pain management is to initiate the treatment with analgesics such as paracetamol, NSAIDS, and aspirin followed by adjunctive use of opioids to treat more acute pain symptoms. However, the adverse effects associated with opioids and NSAIDS are well established. Aim: To study the efficacy of paracetamol in comparison to Tramadol when used as analgesic component of balanced anesthesia, pre-emptively for intraoperative and postoperative purpose. To study their side effects. To find out which of these two drugs is better in providing intraoperative and postoperative analgesia with minimum side effects. Materials and Methods: 60 patients of either sex, divided using computer generated random number table into 2 equal groups. Group T: (n 30): Tramadol hydrochloride group, Group P: (n 30): Paracetamol group. The dose of paracetamol and tramadol hydrochloride was 15mg/kg and 2mg/ kg body weight respectively. Statistical analysis: analysis was done by SPSS software version 11 by using Z test, chi-square test, proportion test (Z). P value less than 0.05 was considered as significant and less than 0.0001 as highly significant. Results: Both the groups were comparable with respect to their demographic profile, ASA status, and surgical procedures. Both paracetamol and tramadol have a good analgesic action and fewer side effects. The mean score of VAS Scale in group P (1.86 i‚± 2.40) and group T (3.03 i‚± 2.42) was similar and difference was not statistically significant. Also the side effects were comparable in both groups. Total number of rescue analgesics required by the group P (1.6) was significantly less as compared to the group T (3.7) with Z value = 4.00, p < 0.0001. Conclusion: Paracetamol has a better efficacy than tramadol hydrochloride in providing intra-operative and post-operative analgesia, when used pre-emptively with reduced number of doses of analgesic and almost no side effects. Keywords: Analgesi

PCN87 Budget IMPACT Analysis of the Use of Transdermal Buprenorphine VS Morphine Hydrochloride in Cancer PAIN from the Perspective of the Public Health System in Colombia

Estimate the 5-year budgetary impact of transdermal Buprenorphine in the treatment of cancer patients in Clinical stage III-IV with moderate to severe pain vs Morphine from the Colombian General Social Security Health System perspective. A budget impact model with a five year time horizon from the third-party payer perspective was developed. Epidemiologic data were used to quantify the proportion of patients diagnosed with cancer in advanced stages with moderate to severe pain. The model considers two arms: One that includes a program aimed to bring the pain management in line with guidelines for cancer pain according to The Zero Acceptance of Pain Quality Improvement Project [Fortner 2003] and treating with transdermal Buprenorphine; and another reflecting the standard clinical practice and treating with Morphine. Costs include hospitalization, outpatient visits, medical consultations, and medications. Procedures costs are taken from the SOAT 2020 tariff catalog; and the Drug Price Information System (SISMED) for drugs. A probabilistic Sensitivity analyses was conducted on main variables. For a total of 62,741 Colombian cancer patients with moderate to severe pain, the total 5-years cost for treatment with transdermal Buprenorphine was USD$74,894,373 vs USD$99,727,480 for the Morphine Hydrochloride group, predicting five-year savings of USD$24,833,108. The majority of savings came from hospitalization, outpatient visits, medical consultations. one way sensitivity analyses found highest sensitivity associated to the drug cost, followed by the probability of inpatient treatment. Despite the availability of effective analgesic medications, pain is frequently inadequately controlled in cancer patients [Fortner 2003]. Guidelines for the treatment of pain have been poorly adopted, resulting in inconsistent selection of analgesic medication and determinations of appropriate analgesic doses and routes of administration. This budget impact model predicts cost savings for the Colombian General Social Security Health System through adding transdermal Buprenorphine as therapeutic option for cancer patients with moderate to severe pain.

Meibomian gland dysfunction model induced with complete Freund's adjuvant in C57BL/6 mice.

To establish a new inflammatory animal model of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) in C57BL/6 mice. C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) group (14 animals, 14 eyes), naphthazolin hydrochloride (NH) group (14 animals, 14 eyes) and control group (14 animals, 14 eyes). In CFA group, CFA was used in eyelid conjunctiva injection; in NH group, NH eye drops were used twice a day; control group was injected with equal dose of saline at the same time point and same site with animals in CFA group. The meibomian gland orifices score (MGOS) was evaluated on a scale of 0 to 3 in the middle five meibomian gland orifices of the upper and lower eyelid using slit lamp. After the successful induction of each animal model, intense pulsed light (IPL) was introduced on each mouse in CFA and NH group. Oil red O (ORO), hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining were performed before and after successful induction of CFA, NH and control group. At 12wk after CFA injection, inflammatory cell infiltration and fiber necrosis was observed, with acinar density and duct dilatation significantly lower compared with control group. In NH group, the meibomian gland acini were relatively smaller and deformed compared with control group, the number of meibomian gland acini was also slightly lower. No inflammatory cell or fiber necrosis was observed in NH group. After three times of IPL treatment (5/10 mice in each group, and the other 5 mice served as non-IPL control), MGOS was significantly lower in IPL-treated mice in NH group (P<0.01). After three times of IPL treatment, the MGOS of NH group was significantly lower than that in the CFA group (P<0.01). We develop a novel animal model that studies the role of inflammation in the development of MGD and IPL treatment. This model indicates that persistent inflammatory state may be the cause of MGD and weaken the therapeutic effect of IPL.

The effect of moxibustion on cognitive attention network function of patients with mild cognitive impairment 艾灸对轻度认知障碍患者认知注意网络功能的影响

ObjectiveTo explore the effect differences between moxibustion and donepezil hydrochloride on the attention network function of patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). MethodsA total of 64 patients of MCI were randomly divided into the moxibustion group and donepezil hydrochloride group, 32 cases in each one. On the basis of conventional treatment, the patients in the moxibustion group were given moxibustion, 6 times a week, and the patients in the donepezil hydrochloride group were given donepezil hydrochloride orally, 5 mg / day. The course of treatment was 60 days for both of the groups. Cognitive attention network function and activities of daily living (ADL) score were examined before and after treatment. ResultsThe differences of alerting reaction time (RT), executive control RT, overall mean RT and accuracy of the moxibustion group after treatment were significantly higher than those of the donepezil hydrochloride group [alert: (60.3 ± 3.3) ms vs (48.3 ± 3.7) ms, P < 0.05; executive control: (81.2 ± 3.2) ms vs (91.7 ± 4.2) ms, P < 0.05; total reaction time: (500.4 ± 17.2) ms vs (536.2 ± 20.1) ms, P < 0.05; accuracy: (83.7 ± 4.6)% vs (77.4 ± 4.3)%, P < 0.05]. After treatment, the ADL scores of the both groups were significantly higher than those before treatment [the moxibustion group: (56.47±4.02) points vs (41.53±4.06) points, P < 0.05; the donepezil hydrochloride group: (50.75±4.05) points vs (40.84±3.67) points, P < 0.05], and the ADL score of the moxibustion group was significantly higher than that of the donepezil hydrochloride group [(56.47±4.02) points vs (50.75±4.05) points, P < 0.05]. ConclusionCompared with donepezil hydrochloride, moxibustion has a better effect on the cognitive function of MCI patients.

The Level of Reactive Carbonyl Derivatives of Proteins, Malondialdehyde, and Catalase Activity in the Brain of Rats after Therapy Following Chronic Unpredictable Moderate Stress

BACKGROUND: Understanding the mechanisms of the behavioral disorders’ emergence under the influence of chronic stress is the most important aspect of the subsequent development of a strategy for its therapy and prevention. Changes in the oxidative metabolism processes can be decisive in the development of the pathogenetic cascade in the brain. Information about these processes can be obtained by studying protein carbonylation, lipid peroxidation, and catalase activity (CA). The complexity of the therapeutic impact in various behavioral disorders implies the search for new pharmacological substances and the study of the previously known drugs’ effects based on the available scientific data.&#x0D; AIM: The aim of the study was to study the reactive carbonyl derivatives of proteins (RCDP), malondialdehyde (MDA), and CA in the brain of rats after therapy following chronic unpredictable moderate stress (CUMS).&#x0D; METHODS: Forty male outbred rats weighing 450–500 g were used in this study. For 21 days, all animals were exposed to the diverse stress factors for developing the CUMS. The animals were divided into four groups of 10 rats, each using randomized selection. The rats of one group were euthanized by decapitation with subsequent brain harvesting (Group 4). Remaining three groups of rats were treated with placebo (Group 1), harmine hydrochloride (Group 2), and amitriptyline (Group 3) for 21 days. Upon completion of therapy, all rats were also euthanized by decapitation with subsequent brain harvesting. The levels of RCDP, MDA, and CA were studied in their brain, and after that, we compared the multiple studied indicators in four groups.&#x0D; RESULTS: The results of the rat brain examinations in four groups showed that RCDP level in Group 2 was significantly lower than in Group 4 (p = 0.000). Similarly, in Group 1, it was lower than in Group 4 (p = 0.021), plus, it did not differ statistically from the harmine hydrochloride group (p = 1,000). Indicators of Groups 3 and 4 did not have any significant differences in RCDP level, too, (p = 0.799); however, the RCDP level in Group 2 was significantly lower than in Group 3 (p = 0.040). MDA indicators did not show significant differences; however, a tendency for lower values was revealed in Group 1 (p = 0.233) and Group 2 (p = 0.151). CA in Group 4 was lower than that in Group 1 (p = 0.000), Group 2 (p = 0.001), and Group 3 (p = 0.003) contemporaneously, while all treatment groups were comparable (p = 1.000).&#x0D; CONCLUSION: The result of exposure to chronic stress can be reproduced with the best quality in the CUMS model. The neurobiological foundations of the model make it possible to assess biochemical markers of oxidative metabolism and evaluate the possibilities of pharmacological correction of stress-induced behavioral disorders. To assess the mechanisms of autoregulation of oxidative metabolism, this study included a placebo group (Group 1), the level of RCDP in which was significantly higher in comparison with Group 3 and Group 4 and slightly lower than in Group 2. In this study, harmine hydrochloride demonstrated activity exceeding amitriptyline, particularly limiting the process of protein carbonylation, not noted for amitriptyline. According to the results of the RCDP assessment in the CUMS model, the process of protein carbonylation can be considered to be one of the significant factors in the deactivation of neurotransmitters. The CA levels determined in all groups allowed us to consider this marker as the most sensitive to the effects of stress, which possibly has an inhibitory effect on catalase, as its activity in all groups after therapy was more than two-fold higher than in animals right after CUMS. We can assume that CA plays an important role in starting the processes of autoregulation of oxidative metabolism. The study was carried out as a part of the implementation of the scientific and technical program No. BR05236584 “Development of new herbal preparations and their pharmacological and clinical studies” (O.0820). (2018–2020) in the priority area, “Life and Health Sciences.”

Transversus Abdominis Plane Block With Liposomal Bupivacaine for Pain After Cesarean Delivery in a Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND:In women undergoing cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia with intrathecal morphine, transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block with bupivacaine hydrochloride (HCl) may not improve postsurgical analgesia. This lack of benefit could be related to the short duration of action of bupivacaine HCl. A retrospective study reported that TAP block with long-acting liposomal bupivacaine (LB) reduced opioid consumption and improved analgesia following cesarean delivery. Therefore, we performed a prospective multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial examining efficacy and safety of TAP block with LB plus bupivacaine HCl versus bupivacaine HCl alone.METHODS:Women (n = 186) with term pregnancies undergoing elective cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia were randomized (1:1) to TAP block with LB 266 mg plus bupivacaine HCl 50 mg or bupivacaine HCl 50 mg alone. Efficacy was evaluated in a protocol-compliant analysis (PCA) set that was defined a priori. The primary end point was total postsurgical opioid consumption (oral morphine equivalent dosing [MED]) through 72 hours. Pain intensity was measured using a visual analog scale. Adverse events (AEs) after treatment were recorded through day 14.RESULTS:Total opioid consumption through 72 hours was reduced with LB plus bupivacaine HCl versus bupivacaine HCl alone (least squares mean [LSM] [standard error (SE)] MED, 15.5 mg [6.67 mg] vs 32.0 mg [6.25 mg]). This corresponded to an LSM treatment difference of −16.5 mg (95% confidence interval [CI], −30.8 to −2.2 mg; P = .012). The area under the curve of imputed pain intensity scores through 72 hours supported noninferiority of LB plus bupivacaine HCl versus bupivacaine HCl alone (LSM [SE], 147.9 [21.13] vs 178.5 [19.78]; LSM treatment difference, −30.6; 95% CI, −75.9 to 14.7), with a prespecified noninferiority margin of 36 (P = .002). In an analysis of all treated patients, including those not meeting criteria for inclusion in the PCA, there was no difference in postsurgical opioid consumption between groups. In the LB plus bupivacaine HCl group, 63.6% of patients experienced an AE after treatment versus 56.2% in the bupivacaine HCl–alone group. Serious AEs after treatment were rare (≈3% in both groups).CONCLUSIONS:TAP block using LB plus bupivacaine HCl as part of a multimodal analgesia protocol incorporating intrathecal morphine resulted in reduced opioid consumption after cesarean delivery in the PCA set. Results suggest that with correct TAP block placement and adherence to a multimodal postsurgical analgesic regimen, there is an opioid-reducing benefit of adding LB to bupivacaine TAP blocks after cesarean delivery (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03176459).

Analysis of Respiratory Mechanisms in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients Under the Effects of Penehyclidine Hydrochloride Combined with Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Ventilation

Objective: Our aim was to evaluate the respiratory mechanical effects of penehyclidine hydrochloride combined with intraoperative pulmonary continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) ventilation on pulmonary function and postoperative pulmonary complications in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) during one-lung ventilation. Methods: Eighty patients with COPD who underwent thoracoscopic surgery under general anesthesia were selected and their conditions were validated using chest X-rays. They were then divided into 4 groups in the light of the random number table (n = 20), the regular group (group-C), the penehyclidine hydrochloride group (Group-P), CPAP ventilation group (Group A) and combination group (PA group). All patients underwent mechanical ventilation after double lumen bronchial intubation, inhaled oxygen concentration 100%, oxygen flow 2 L/min, VT 6~8 ml/kg, RR 10~14 times/min, single lung ventilation (OLV) RR 12~16 times/min, maintaining PETCO2 40~45 mmHg. Before the endotracheal intubation, the P group and the PA group were intravenously infused with penehyclidine hydrochloride 0.01 mg/kg. After the start of the incision, each group was changed to OLV. During the OLV of groups A and PA, the lungs of the operation side were CPAP. The pressure is 2 cm H2O. The respiratory mechanics parameters (Ppeak, Pplat , Raw, Cdyn) were monitored immediately before the incision (T1), OLV 60 min (T2), and OLV 120 min (T3). The blood gas analysis of the radial artery was collected at T2, and the OI, RI was calculated. VD/VT , Aa DO2; venous blood was collected at 120 minutes (OL) of OLV, serum concentrations IL-10, TNF-α, IL-6 were detected by EELISA; pulmonary complications occurred within 72 hours after operation. Results: Compared with group C, the serum concentrations TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, Ppeak, Pplat , Raw, RI, VD/VT, A-aDO2 and pulmonary complications were lower in group P and PA. Cdyn and OI increased (P &lt; 0.05). The serum concentrations IL-10, TNF-α, IL-6 in group A decreased, the incidence of RI, VD/VT, A-aDO2 and pulmonary complications decreased, and OI increased (P &lt; 0.05); compared with group-P or group-A, the concentration of serum IL-10, TNF-α, IL-6 in the PA group, RI, VD/VT, A-aDO2 and pulmonary complications decreased, and OI increased (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: Compared with the single application, penehyclidine hydrochloride combined with CPAP ventilation can improve lung function, inhibit inflammation and reduce lung injury in patients with COPD during thoracoscopic surgery, and help to improve prognosis.

Effectivity of benzydamine hydrochloride gargle to reduce propofol consumption in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography procedure: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundEndoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a complex endoscopic procedure that requires moderate to deep sedation. Propofol is the sedative agent of choice for sedation in ERCP due to its fast distribution and fast elimination time without a cumulative effect after infusion, resulting in shorter recovery time. Benzydamine hydrochloride is a topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that has analgesic, local anesthetic, and anti-inflammatory effects that have been known to be effective in reducing postoperative sore throat. Combination of propofol and topical analgesic may provide adequate sedation and reduce propofol consumption. This study aimed to determine the effectivity of benzydamine hydrochloride gargling in reducing propofol consumption in the ERCP procedure.MethodsThis study was a single-blind randomized controlled trial for patients undergoing ERCP procedures at Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from August to September 2018. A total of 72 subjects were recruited consecutively and randomly assigned into two groups. The first group received 15 mL of 0.15% benzydamine hydrochloride mouthwash prior to the procedure, whereas the second group received 15 mL of water mouthwash. Additional propofol was administered when patient moved or Ramsay Sedation Scale rose above 4. Cumulative propofol consumption per kg body weight per minute and incidence of postoperative sore throat were recorded in each group. Incidence of desaturation, postoperative nausea vomitting, and dysphagia were also recorded. Data analysis was performed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences.ResultsCumulative propofol consumption per minute per kg body weight in the benzydamine hydrochloride group was 152.7 (91.9–238.8) mcg/kg/minute, while in the control group was 200.05 (114.4–380.2) mcg/kg/ minute (p = < 0.001). The incidence of sore throat on the 0th, 2nd, and 4th hour for the benzydamine hydrochloride group was 11.4, 11.4, and 5.7%, while in the control group was 50, 52.8, and 36.1% (p = < 0.001, < 0.001, 0.003). Desaturation was found in control group whereas none in benzydamine hydrochloride group. Complaints of nausea and vomiting were comparable in both groups.ConclusionBenzydamine hydrochloride gargling was effective in reducing cumulative propofol consumption in the ERCP procedure.Trial registrationStudy was registered retrospectively in ClinicalTrials.gov with NCT04167592 on November 8th 2019.

Neuroprotective effects of Fomes officinalis Ames polysaccharides on Aβ25-35-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells through suppression of mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway.

Aggregation of Aβ is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The purpose of this study was to identify the protective roles of different polysaccharide components in Fomes officinalis Ames polysaccharides (FOAPs) against Aβ25-35-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. Different doses of FOAPs components (i.e. FOAPs-a and FOAPs-b) were added to PC12 cells about 2h before β-amyloid protein fragment 25-35 (Aβ25-35) exposure. The AD cellular model of PC12 cells was established using Aβ25-35. Then the PC12 cells were divided into 9 groups including: control group, Donepezil hydrochloride (DHCL) group, model group treated using 40μM Aβ25-35, followed by FOAPs-a and FOAPs-b interference (50, 100 and 200μg/mL). The mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), ATP, superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) were determined by commercial kits. The Cytochrome C, Bcl-2 and Bax expressions in the mitochondria and cytosol was determined by using Western blot analysis. FOAPs-a and FOAPs-b could significantly inhibit the LDH release, MDA level and the over accumulation of ROS induced by Aβ25-35 in PC12 cells in a dose-dependent manner. They could also effectively prevent Aβ25-35-stimulated cytotoxicity, which involved in attenuating cell apoptosis, increasing the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax and inhibiting Cytochrome C release from mitochondria to cytosol in PC12 cells. Moreover, FOAPs-a and FOAPs-b significantly alleviated mitochondrial dysfunction by regulating the MMP, as well as promoting the mitochondrial ATP synthesis. FOAPs-a and FOAPs-b played neuroprotective roles against Aβ25-35-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells through suppressing the mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway.

The expression of Cav3.1 on T-type calcium channels of rats with subarachnoid hemorrhage.

To study delayed cerebral vasospasm (DCVS) induced by subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), 60 healthy Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (12 rats in each group), namely sham operation group, blood injection model group, nimodipine group, flunarizine hydrochloride group, and normal group. Then, the physiological parameters were detected, and after the rats were killed under anesthesia, the degree of nerve injury, vasospasm as well as the therapeutic effect of drugs were evaluated by Western Blot (WB). Neurological impairment (NI), endothelial contraction and spasm were obvious in rats following blood injection. The expression of Cav3.1 on T-type calcium channels was significantly higher in the blood injection model group than in the sham operation group along with the normal group. Moreover, Cav3.1 mRNA was expressed in all groups. The Cav3.1 expression in blood injection model group and two drug groups were significantly higher than that in sham operation group and lower than that in blood injection model group. Vasospasm was improved in two drug groups, which indicated that calcium channel antagonists nimodipine and flunarizine hydrochloride had a certain therapeutic effect on DCVS in rats. The decrease in body weight and food intake of the two groups of rats treated with drugs decreased, and the delayed vasospasm was improved, but the expression of Cav3.1 was not changed significantly, indicating nimodipine and flunarizine hydrochloride had a therapeutic effect on delayed vasospasm in rats, but Cav3.1 expression on calcium channels was not affected.

Effect of levocetirizine hydrochloride on the growth of human dermal papilla cells: a preliminary study.

To conduct an in vitro investigation into the effect of different concentrations of levocetirizine hydrochloride on the growth of human dermal papilla cells (hDPCs) the underlying mechanisms involved. hDPCs were cultured in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) containing different concentrations of levocetirizine hydrochloride for 48 h. The growth of hDPCs was observed by immunofluorescence staining, and the cell proliferation was detected by MTT assay. After the hDPCs were cultured in DMEM containing 1, 10, 100, 1,000, and 10,000 ng/mL levocetirizine hydrochloride for 48 h, the mRNA expressions of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), prostaglandin D2 synthase (PTGDS), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α), G protein-coupled receptor 44 (GPR44), protein kinase B (AKT), and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) were determined by real-time fluorescence-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the protein expressions of PTGDS, phosphorylated protein kinase B (pAKT), and phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3β (pGSK3β) were detected by Western blotting. After the hDPCs were cultured in DMEM containing 1, 10, 100, 1,000, 10,000 ng/mL levocetirizine hydrochloride for 24 h, the secretion levels of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and PGD2 receptor (PGD2R) in the culture supernatant were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using SPSS 17.0 software, and the LSD-t test was used for pairwise comparisons. Immunofluorescence staining showed that hDPCs in the 100 ng/mL group grew well, with over 90% confluency. Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) method showed that the proliferation rate of hDPCs significantly differed between different levocetirizine hydrochloride groups and the blank control group (F=42.22, P<0.05), while the proliferation rate was significantly higher in the 100 ng/mL group (115.80%±5.10%) than in the blank control group (100%) (t=28.26, P<0.05). The relative mRNA expressions of COX-2, PGF2a, PTGDS, GPR44, and AKT showed significant differences in different levocetirizine hydrochloride groups (the F values were 1.97, 3.66, 2.17, 2.66, and 7.32, respectively; all P<0.05), whereas the mRNA expressions of PGE2 and GSK3β showed no significant difference (F=0.87, F=1.19, respectively; both P>0.05). The mRNA expressions of COX-2, PTGDS, and GPR44 in the 100 ng/mL group (0.840.08, 0.810.10, and 0.85±0.09, respectively) were significantly lower than those in the blank control group (t=1.97, t=2.17, and t=2.65, respectively; all P<0.05), whereas the mRNA expressions of PGF2α and AKT in the 100 ng/mL group (1.96±0.25 and 1.74±0.32, respectively) were significantly higher than those in the blank control group (t=3.662 and t=7.325, respectively; both P<0.05). There were significant differences in the levels of PTGDS, pAKT, pGSK3β, PGD2, and PGD2R proteins between the different levocetirizine hydrochloride groups (the F values were 11.84, 3.89, 4.07, 66.15, and 44.33, respectively). The protein expressions of PTGDS, PGD2, and PGD2R in the 100 ng/mL group (0.32±0.05, 141.62±5.44, and 215.08±9.55, respectively) were significantly lower than those in the blank control group (0.73±0.06, 180.08±6.15, and 273.24±3.18, respectively) (the t values were 5.66, 45.07, and 92.05, respectively; all P<0.05), whereas the protein expressions of pAKT and pGSK3β in the 100 ng/mL group (0.59±0.05 and 0.46±0.03, respectively) were significantly higher than those in the blank control group (0.46±0.02 and 0.35±0.042, respectively) (t=16.59, t=7.73, respectively; both P<0.05). Levocetirizine hydrochloride may promote the growth and proliferation of hDPC in vitro by inhibiting the PGD2-GPR44 pathway and activating the AKT signaling pathway.

Effect of Hypericum Perforatum L Extracts on depression induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress in mice

Objective To observe the improving effect of Hypericum Perforatum L Extracts (HPLES)on depression induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress in mice. Methods The depression model was established by the method of chronic unpredictable mild stress. Fifty depression model mice were divided into model control group, fluoxetine hydrochloride group (2.6 mg / kg), Hypericum perforatum extract low, medium and high (0.2 g / kg, 0.4 g / kg, 0.8 g / kg) dose groups according to the random number table method. Another 10 normal mice matched with body weight were taken as the normal control group. The mice in normal control group and the model control group were given pure water by gavage every day, and the mice in other groups were given corresponding solution by gavage for 4 weeks. In addition to the normal control group, the mice in other groups continued to undergo chronic unpredictable mild stress during gavage.The sugar water preference test and forced swimming test were performed after the last administration. Blood samples were collected from the posterior orbital venous plexus, and the levels of dopamine (DA) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were measured by Elisa. The hippocampal tissues of mice were examined by HE staining. Results Compared with the normal control group, the body mass of mice in the model control group decreased significantly at the first, second, third and fourth weeks (t=2.739, 4.162, 4.082, 3.957; all P 0.05). Compared with the normal control group, the sugar water preference index of mice in the model control group was significantly reduced((61.3±4.5)%, (52.6±5.2)%; t=2.721, P<0.05), the swimming immobility time was prolonged((44.3±20.00) s, (101.8±50.8) s; t=2.939, P<0.05), the difference were statistically significant. Compared with the model control group, the sugar water preference index of mice in the low, middle and high dose group of Hypericum perforatum extract increased((61.8±4.7)%, (65.2±4.1)%, (62.6±5.6)%, t=-3.005, 5.073, -2.928, all P<0.05), the swimming immobility time decreased ((47.2±17.9) s, (54.8±50.3) s, (61.3±44.2) s; t=2.803, 1.921, 1.903, all P<0.05). The results of Elisa showed that compared with the normal control group, the levels of serum DA and BDNF of mice in the model control group were significantly lower (t=3.031, 8.507, all P<0.05); compared with the model control group, the levels of serum DA of mice in the low dose and high dose group of Hypericum perforatum were significantly higher (t=5.025, 3.414, P<0.05), and the serum BDNF of mice in the high dose group of Hypericum perforatum was also significantly higher (t=6.098, P<0.05), the difference was statistically significant. HE staining showed that compared with the normal control group, the neurons in CA3 area of hippocampus in the model control group mice were seriously damaged, suggesting the establishment of the mouse model. Compared with the model control group, the atrophy and degeneration of hippocampal CA3 cells in the three dose groups were significantly reduced. The atrophy and deformation of hippocampal CA3 neurons in the low, middle and high dose groups of Hypericum perforatum extract were relieved. Conclusion HPLES have obvious improving and antidepressant effects on the depression model mice induced by chronic unpredictable stress.The above effects may be related to the improvement of serum DA, DBNF level and reduce neuronal damage in CA3 area. Key words: Hypericum perforatum L; Depression; Stress; Forced swimming; Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; Mice

Effect of ephedrine hydrochloride on regulation of body fluid metabolism and AQP1 and AQP2 in a rabbit model of mechanical ventilation

Abstract Objective Ephedrine hydrochloride (EH) is a major component from Ephedra sinica STAPF, which is used as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. This study was designed to investigate the effect of EH on water metabolism and further explore the relevant signaling pathway of body fluid regulation in “lung governing regulation of water passage” using a rabbit model of mechanical ventilation. The molecular mechanism of the EH effect in the kidney was also investigated. Methods Rabbits were randomly divided into a control group, model group, EH group, and dexmedetomidine hydrochloride (DH) group. Urine volume was measured by the intubation method and pathologic changes in lung and renal tissue were measured by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Nitric oxide (NO) production in lung, serum, and kidney were analyzed using chemical methods. An ELISA was used to analyze angiotensin II (Ang II), antidiuretic hormone (ADH), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels in the lung, serum, and kidney. Aquaporin-1 (AQP1) and aquaporin-2 (AQP2) mRNA and protein expression in the kidney was determined using qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Results EH significantly inhibited the decrease in the total urine volume in the third and fourth stages, and displayed significant regulatory effects on NO, Ang II, ADH, PGE2, ANP, and ET-1 in serum, lung, and renal tissues compared with the model group. In the kidney, AQP1 and AQP2 mRNA and protein expression in the EH group were remarkably down-regulated compared with the model group. Conclusion EH exerted a regulatory effect on water metabolism by diffusing the lung and increased urine volume in the rabbit model, which was consistent with the decrease in kidney AQP1 and AQP2 expression levels that led to an increase in urine volume. EH could assist with DH to exert a protective effect on the clinical application of mechanical ventilation.

Effect of levocetirizine hydrochloride on the growth of human dermal papilla cells: a preliminary study

Objective To preliminarily evaluate the effect of levocetirizine hydrochloride at different concentrations on the growth of in vitro cultured human dermal papilla cells, and to explore its mechanism. Methods Human dermal papilla cells were divided into several groups to be cultured with Dulbecco′s modified eagle medium (DMEM) containing 0 (control group) , 1, 10, 100, 1 000, 10 000 μg/L levocetirizine hydrochloride respectively for 48 hours. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to observe the growth of the dermal papilla cells, and methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay to evaluate the proliferative activity of the dermal papilla cells. Real-time fluorescence-based quantitative PCR was conducted to measure the mRNA expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) , prostaglandin D2 synthase (PTGDS) , prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) , prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2α) , G protein-coupled receptor 44 (GPR44) , protein kinase B (AKT) and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) , and Western blot analysis to determine the protein expression of PTGDS. After 24-hour culture with DMEM containing levocetirizine hydrochloride at different concentrations, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to detect the levels of prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) and PGD2R receptor in the culture supernatant of the human dermal papilla cells. Statistical analysis was carried out with SPSS17.0 software using one-way analysis of variance for the comparison of the above indices among the groups, and least significant difference (LSD) -t test for multiple comparisons. Results Immunofluorescence staining showed that human dermal papilla cells grew well and reached over 90% confluence in the 100 μg/L levocetirizine hydrochloride group. MTT assay revealed that there were significant differences in the proliferation rate among all the groups (F=42.22, P 0.05) . The 100 μg/L levocetirizine hydrochloride group showed significantly decreased mRNA expression of COX-2, PTGDS and GPR44 (0.84 ± 0.08, 0.81 ± 0.10 and 0.85 ± 0.09 respectively) compared with the control group (t=1.97, 2.17 and 2.66 respectively, all P < 0.05) , but significantly increased mRNA expression of PGF2α and AKT (1.96 ± 0.25 and 1.74 ± 0.32 respectively) compared with the control group (t=3.66, 7.32 respectively, both P < 0.05) . Moreover, the protein expression of PTGDS, PGD2 and PGD2R significantly differed among these groups (all P < 0.05) , and was significantly lower in the 100 μg/L levocetirizine hydrochloride group than in the control group (P < 0.05) . Conclusion Levocetirizine hydrochloride can promote the in vitro growth of human dermal papilla cells, likely by inhibiting the PGD2-GPR44 pathway and activating the AKT signal pathway. Key words: Cetirizine; Prostaglandins; Alopecia; Receptors, G-protein-coupled; Dermal papilla cells

Effect of penehyclidine hydrochloride on hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury and the relationship with endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent apoptosis in infantile rats

Objective To evaluate the effect of penehyclidine hydrochloride on hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury and the relationship with endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent apoptosis in infantile rats. Methods Ninety-six clean-grade male infantile Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 40-50 g, aged 14 days, were allocated into 4 groups (n=24 each) using a random number table method: control group (C group), penehyclidine hydrochloride group (P group), hyperoxia group (HO group) and hyperoxia plus penehyclidine hydrochloride group (HP group). Infantile rats were intravenously injected with penehyclidine hydrochloride (0.3 mg/kg) at the same time point every day for 3 consecutive days in P and HP groups.Infantile rats were injected with the equal volume of normal saline instead of penehyclidine hydrochloride in C and H groups.Acute lung injury was induced by inhaling oxygen at concentration greater than 90% for 72 h starting from 4th day after administration.Infantile rats were sacrificed at the end of inhaling, and lungs were removed for examination of the pathological changes and for determination of weight to dry weight ratio (W/D ratio), index of quantitative evaluation for alveolar damage (IQA), pneumonocyte apoptosis (using TUNEL), expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein(CHOP) protein and mRNA in lung tissues (by Western blot or using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction). The mitochondrial injury score was assessed, and apoptotic index (AI) was determined. Results Compared with C group, the W/D ratio, IQA, AI and mitochondrial injury score were significantly increased, and the expression of GRP78 and CHOP protein and mRNA was up-regulated in HO and HP groups(P 0.05). Compared with HO group, the W/D ratio, IQA, AI and mitochondrial injury score were significantly decreased, the expression of GRP78 and CHOP protein and mRNA was down-regulated (P<0.05), and the pathological changes of lung tissues were significantly attenuated in HP group. Conclusion Penehyclidine hydrochloride can mitigate hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury, and the mechanism may be related to inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent apoptosis in infantile rats. Key words: Cholinergic antagonist; Acute lung injury; Hyperoxia; Endoplasmic reticulum stress; Apoptosis

Effect of baicalin on growth state of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder animal model and its regulation on Ca MKⅡ and ERK1/2

The aim of this study was to observe the effect of baicalin on the growth state of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder animal model and its regulation on Ca MKⅡand ERK1/2.In the present study,a total of 40 SHR rats were randomly divided into model group,methylphenidate hydrochloride group,and low,medium,and high dose baicalin groups,with 8 rats in each group.Eight WKYrats were selected as a normal control group.The methylphenidate hydrochloride group(0.07 g·L~(-1))and the low(3.33 g·L~(-1)),medium(6.67 g·L~(-1)),and high dose(10 g·L~(-1))baicalin groups received corresponding drugs by gavage administration according to the body weight(0.015 m L·g~(-1)),while the normal group and the model group received the same volume of normal saline by gavage.Thegavage administration lasted for 4 weeks,twice a day.The body weight of the rats and the amount of remaining feed were weighed daily,and the growth state of the rats was statistically evaluated weekly.Percoll density gradient centrifugation was used to prepare brain synaptosomes and an electron microscope was used to observe their structures.The Ca MKⅡand ERK1/2 protein and mRNA expression levels were detected with Western blot and Real-time PCR methods,respectively.RESULTS: showed that baicalin did not affect the normal eating and weight gain of rats,and the weight gain of rats was even more significant than that in the normal group(P<0.05).In the study of its effects on Ca MKⅡand ERK1/2 protein expression in rat synaptosomes,the expression of both proteins in each drug-administered group was higher than that in the model group(P<0.05);besides,the expression levels of Ca MKⅡand ERK1/2 protein were significantly increased in both baicalin high dose group and the methylphenidate hydrochloride group(P<0.05).The relative expression of Ca MKⅡand ERK1/2 mRNA in synaptosome was detected by PCR.The results showed that medium and high doses of baicalin and methylphenidate hydrochloride significantly increased the relative expression of Ca MKⅡand ERK1/2 mRNA in synaptosomes of SHR rats(P<0.05).In conclusion,baicalin does not affect the normal growth and development of SHR rats,so it is safe for administration.Both baicalin and methylphenidate hydrochloride could up-regulate the relative expression of Ca MKⅡand ERK1/2 in mRNA and protein,and the pharmacodynamic stability of baicalin is in a dose-dependent manner to certain extent.

Effect of Pinellia Ageratum Decoction on Cisplatin-induced Vomiting and Its Mechanism

The present study was to investigate the effect of Pinellia Ageratum Decoction on vomiting induced by cisplatin in rats and its mechanism. The experiment was divided into blank control group, cisplatin model group, ondansetron hydrochloride group, Major Pinellia Decoction group and Pinellia Ageratum Decoction group. The vomiting model was established by intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin in rats. At the end of the experiment, the amount of kaolin consumption, food intake, gastric residual rate, gastric binding mucus volume and small intestinal propulsion rate were observed and measured. Serum 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and dopamine levels were detected by ELISA. The results demonstrated that compared with the blank group, the amount of kaolin consumption in the model group increased significantly and the food intake decreased significantly. Compared with the model group, the amount of kaolin consumption in pinellia ageratum decoction group decreased significantly, the food intake increased significantly, the amount of gastric-binding mucus increased significantly, the rate of small intestinal propulsion increased significantly, and the differences were significant (P < 0.05), level of 5-HT decreased slightly, there was no significant difference, the level of dopamine decreased significantly, and the difference was significant (P < 0.05) pinellia ageratum decoction group has a therapeutic effect on cisplatin-induced vomiting in rats, and its mechanism may be related to its reduction of dopamine levels in rats.