Hydrazine Sulfate Research Articles

The Use of Hydrogen Peroxide and Hydrazine Sulfate for Removal of Chromium from Electroplating Effluents

The use of hydrogen peroxide and hydrazine sulfate for the treatment of chrome-containing rinsing waters of galvanic production of machine-building enterprises is proposed. The process of reducing chromium (6+) to (3+) from rinsing waters with a concentration of 8.55 mg/dm3 was studied. These reagents allow reducing more than 99% of chromium (6+) to chromium (3+) and maintaining a low salt content of treated wastewater. The consumption of hydrogen peroxide is 1.5 mg/dm3, and the consumption of hydrazine sulfate is 10 mg/dm3. The current situation in the treatment of galvanic wastewater leads to pollution of the environment with dangerous substances (CN-, Cr6+, F-, Cd2+), irrational use of raw materials and significant economic losses. The possibility of extracting valuable components from wastewater, in order to recycle them and return the treated water to production, is considered. Hydrogen peroxide is effective for treating acidic wastewater, and hydrazine sulfate can be used for both acidic and alkaline wastewater. Removal of excess hydrogen peroxide from the solution after reduction of chromium (6+) before precipitation of chromium (3+) hydroxide is required. The toxicity of hydrazine compounds must be taken into account.

Spectrophotometric estimation of hydrazine in various water samples via direct and indirect methods

Direct and indirect spectrophotometric methods were suggested to estimate hydrazine sulphate in various water samples, the first method was based on charge transfer reaction between hydrazine sulphate and alizarin at pH 4.31 to form a very stable red colored complex measured at the selected wavelength 512 nm. The linearity of this method was followed Beer's law at the range of concentration from (0.2–26)µg, molar absorptivity was (1.17 × 10 4 ) l.mol −1 .cm −1 , and Sandal sensitivity was (0.0111)µg −2 .cm −1 . The second method was based on the oxidation reduction reaction between hydrazine sulphate and chromate then the subsequent reaction of chromate IIII produced with chromazurol S, in acidic medium of 1 N hydrochloric acid (pH 2.0), to produce a burgundy red colored complex measured at 573 nm. Beer's law was obeyed at the range of concentration from (0.4–50)µg, molar absorptivity was (0.29 × 10 4 ) l.mol −1 .cm −1 , and Sandal sensitivity was (0.0448) µg −2 .cm −1 . The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) for the first method were 0.1976 and 0.6584 μg ml −1 .While 0.3257 and 1.0663 μg ml −1 for the second method. These two methods were applied for estimation of hydrazine sulphate in various water samples with good recoveries.

New Bioadsorbent Derived from Winemaking Waste Cluster Stalks: Application to the Removal of Toxic Cr(VI) from Liquid Effluents

A winemaking waste was used as a precursor of activated carbon used for the removal of hazardous Cr(VI) from solutions. The preparation process consisted of a hydrothermal process and a chemical activation of the resulting product, with KOH. The adsorption results show that the adsorption of Cr(VI) on the obtained activated carbon is strongly dependent on the stirring speed applied to the carbon/solution mixture, pH of the solution, and temperature. The equilibrium isotherm was well fitted to the Langmuir Type-II equation, whereas the kinetic can be described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic studies revealed that Cr(VI) adsorption was an exothermic and spontaneous process. Finally, desorption experiments showed that Cr(VI) was effectively desorbed using hydrazine sulfate solutions, and, at the same time, the element was reduced to the less hazardous Cr(III) oxidation state.

Comparative effect of different pathogens on the condition of dysbiosis in rat kidneys

Aim. Compare the effect of different pathogens on the development of kidney dysbiosis.Methods. The pathogens used were hydrazine sulfate, prednisolone, cyclophosphamide, lincomycin, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The condition of kidney dysbiosis was assessed in rats by a decrease in lysozyme activity and an increase in urease activity.Results. A decrease in the activity of lysozyme in the kidneys under the action of pathogens was established, which, when calculated per 1 mg of a pathogen, is hundreds of times stronger in LPS. All pathogens cause an increase in urease activity in the kidneys, which, when calculated per 1 mg of a pathogen, is hundreds of times stronger in LPS. A similar effect is exerted on the degree of dysbiosis, determined by the ratio of the relative activities of urease and lysozyme.Conclusion. All pathogens (except lincomycin) cause the development of dysbiosis in the kidneys, due to the possible bacteriolysis of tissue gram-negative bacteria with the release of LPS.

Comparative nephrotoxic effect on rats of different pathogens

Aim. Compare the nephrotoxicity of different pathogens.Methods. Nephrotoxicity was assessed in rats treated with the following pathogens: hydrazine sulfate, prednisolone, cyclophosphamide, lincomycin and lipopolysaccharide, according to the degree of increase in biochemical markers of inflammation: elastase activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content.Result. A significant increase in the level of both inflammatory markers in the kidneys was established, the most pronounced under the influence of hydrazine sulfate. The recalculation of the percentage increase in the level of markers per 1 mg of the pathogen (specific pro-inflammatory activity, SPIA) showed the highest SPIA in lipopolysaccharide, especially after oral applications, exceeding SPIA for hydrazine sulfate by a factor of thousands.Conclusion. The pro-inflammatory effect on kidneys of many non-microbial toxicants can be realized through the formation of lipopolysaccharide by lysis of gram-negative bacteria.

The insulin signaling pathway in Drosophila melanogaster: A nexus revealing an “Achilles' heel” in DDT resistance

Insecticide resistance is an ongoing challenge in agriculture and disease vector control. Here, we demonstrate a novel strategy to attenuate resistance. We used genomics tools to target fundamental energy-associated pathways and identified a potential “Achilles' heel” for resistance, a resistance-associated protein that, upon inhibition, results in a substantial loss in the resistance phenotype. Specifically, we compared the gene expression profiles and structural variations of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) pathway genes in DDT-susceptible (91-C) and -resistant (91-R) Drosophila melanogaster (Drosophila) strains. A total of eight and seven IIS transcripts were up- and down-regulated, respectively, in 91-R compared to 91-C. A total of 114 nonsynonymous mutations were observed between 91-C and 91-R, of which 51.8% were fixed. Among the differentially expressed transcripts, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), down-regulated in 91-R, encoded the greatest number of amino acid changes, prompting us to perform PEPCK inhibitor–pesticide exposure bioassays. The inhibitor of PEPCK, hydrazine sulfate, resulted in a 161- to 218-fold decrease in the DDT resistance phenotype (91-R) and more than a 4- to 5-fold increase in susceptibility in 91-C. A second target protein, Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β-PO), had one amino acid difference between 91-C and 91-R, and the corresponding transcript was also down-regulated in 91-R. A GSK3β-PO inhibitor, lithium chloride, likewise reduced the resistance but to a lesser extent than did hydrazine sulfate for PEPCK. We demonstrate the potential role of IIS genes in DDT resistance and the potential discovery of an “Achilles' heel” against pesticide resistance in this pathway.

Reductive acid leaching of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries using hydrazine sulfate as reductant

Abstract Hydrazine sulfate was used as a reducing agent for the leaching of Li, Ni, Co and Mn from spent lithium-ion batteries. The effects of the reaction conditions on the leaching mechanism and kinetics were characterized and examined. 97% of the available Li, 96% of the available Ni, 95% of the available Co, and 86% of the available Mn are extracted under the following optimized conditions: sulfuric acid concentration of 2.0 mol/L, hydrazine sulfate dosage of 30 g/L, solid-to-liquid ratio of 50 g/L, temperature of 80 °C, and leaching time of 60 min. The activation energies of the leaching are determined to be 44.32, 59.37 and 55.62 kJ/mol for Li, Ni and Co, respectively. By performing X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, it is confirmed that the main phase in the leaching residue is MnO2. The results show that hydrazine sulfate is an effective reducing agent in the acid leaching process for spent lithium-ion batteries.

ФОТОМЕТРИЧЕСКОЕ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ОБЩЕГО ФОСФОРА В НЕКОТОРЫХ ПРОДУКТАХ ПИТАНИЯ

A method for determining the total phosphorus content in foods containing food additives of pyrophosphates and polyphosphates (E 450, E339, E452) is proposed. The reaction of formation of a reduced form of phosphormolybdenum heteropolyacid was used. As a reducing agent, a solution of hydrazine sulfate was used as a reagent that provides high sensitivity of determination . The objects of analysis were: chicken meat Roll "Snezana", processed Cheese "Cheeseburger", Instant coffee "Nescafe Gold Crema," containing food additives of pyrophosphates and polyphosphates (E 450,E339, E452). The correctness of the obtained results was confirmed by the method of additives.

Separation of radio-chemically pure 106Ru from radioactive waste for the preparation of brachytherapy sources: an insight of process development study

ABSTRACT This paper reports the separation of radiochemically pure 106Ru from acidic high-level liquid waste. Optimized process utilizes oxidation of Ru species to volatile RuO4 using potassium metaperiodate and selective extraction to chlorinated carbon tetrachloride. The process yielded a maximum of about 70% extraction efficiency. Quantitative stripping of Ru(III) from the organic phase was obtained using an aqueous solution of hydrazine sulfate. It is established the process is effective for the production of radiochemically pure 106Ru and the product is suitable for the preparation of brachytherapy sources for the treatment of a different kind of cancer of the eye.

ANTIOXIDANT, METABOLIC AND ANTITUMOR ACTIVITY OF TRITERPENOIDS COMBINATION WITH CYTOSTATICS

Objective: To study the effect of betulin derivatives combination with 5-fluorouracil or hydrazine sulfate on the ROS generation, the SOD and LDH activity using rat blood, as well as the effect of combination drugs on Ehrlich carcinoma in experiments on mice.
 Methods: We used a chemiluminescence technique to study the ROS generation, and spectrophotometry to determine the MDA level and the SOD and LDH activity. The model of transplanted Ehrlich ascites carcinoma was investigated on mice using a cytological analysis of ascitic fluid cells according to Pappenheim`s method.
 Results: In vitro experiments on rat blood at the doses of 2, 5 and 10 μg per ml revealed the dose-dependent effect of combination drugs on the antioxidant properties. In plasma, the ROS generation and the MDA level increased by 10-300% in comparison with control at the doses of 5 and 10 μg per ml only. Still, the SOD and LDH activity in general increased by 10-130% in comparison with control under the action of the studied combination drugs. The study on mice showed the effectiveness of a combination of triterpenoids and cytostatics in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma therapy. The state and behavior of the animals improved, the volume of ascites fluid decreased by 40-50% after treatment for 10 d.
 Conclusion: The combination of betulin derivatives with cytostatics can be used as antitumor drugs in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma therapy that is due to metabolic plasticity, increased ROS generation in enhanced antioxidant enzyme protection.

Electrochemical Properties of Nitrogen and Oxygen Doped Reduced Graphene Oxide

Carbon nanostructures are promising electrode materials for energy storage devices because of their unique physical and chemical properties. Modification of the surface improves the electrochemical properties of those materials because of the changes in morphology, diffusion properties, and inclusion of additional contributions to redox processes. Oxygen-containing functional groups and nitrogen doped into the carbon matrix significantly contribute to the electrochemical behavior of reduced graphite oxide (RGO). In this work, RGO was synthesized during hydrothermal treatment of graphite oxide with a hydrazine sulfate aqueous solution. Different amounts of hydrazine sulfate were used to synthesize RGO with different nitrogen contents in the structure, and the same synthesis conditions made it possible to obtain a material with a similar composition of oxygen-containing functional groups. The materials with different nitrogen concentrations and similar amounts of oxygen were compared as electrode materials for a supercapacitor and as a negative electrode material for a Li-ion battery. It was shown that the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups has the greatest influence on the behavior and efficiency of supercapacitor electrode materials, while nitrogen atoms embedded in the graphene lattice play the largest role in lithium intercalation.

Synthesis and Properties of Sulfonated Copolymers of Oxadiazole, Dioxophenoxathiine, and Diphenyl Oxide

Sulfonated copolymers of 1,3,4-oxadiazole, diphenyl oxide, and 10,10-dioxophenoxathiine are obtained for use as polymer superabsorbents. The one-pot synthesis of the copolymers is carried out in an oleum medium, with the starting reagents being 4,4'-oxydibenzoic acid and hydrazine sulfate. As a result, the copolymers are obtained with the same proportion of the oxadiazole fragment in the chain but different ratio of fragments containing sulfonic acid groups: diphenyl oxide fragments with two sulfonic acid groups and dioxophenoxathiine fragments with one sulfonic acid group and one sulfonyl group. The copolymers are capable of a 100-fold swelling in an aqueous medium and dissolving to a limited extent upon the addition of polar aprotic cosolvents or with an increase in pH. The ratio of sulfonic acid and sulfonyl groups in the composition of the copolymer influences its swelling in water and the viscoelasticity of hydrogels that are in the mesophase state in case of a high content of the copolymer.

COMPARATIVE EFFICIENCY OF BIOFLAVONOID PREPARATIONS WITH EXPERIMENTAL HEPATITIS

The aim of the work is comparative study of hepatoprotective properties of Quertulin (quercetin, inulin and calcium citrate) and Lecasil (squeezed from leaves of thistle, lecithin and calcium citrate) in rats on the background of toxic hepatitis modeling.Materials and Methods: The studies were conducted on 28 white rats, with caused toxic hepatitis. Prophylaxis of the disease was performed using Quertulin or Leсasil (300 mg / kg) from the first day of the experiment. Toxic hepatitis was reproduced by intra-abdominal administration of hydrazine sulfate (50 mg / kg) at 8, 9 and 10 days. The duration of the experiment was 14 days. In homogenates, inflammation markers and cholestasis were determined – the activity of elastase and alkaline phosphatase. In the mucous membrane of the colon the determination of a marker of microbial contamination – activity of urease and non-specific antimicrobial factor – activity of lysozyme was carried out. In the serum, the determination of liver markers was performed, the activity of the alanine aminotransferase of alkaline phosphatase and the content of bilirubin.Results: Preventive use of drugs Lecasil and Quertulin effectively prevents metabolic disorders of the hepatobiliary system: reduced bilirubin levels by 20 and 28%, ALT activity – by 57 and 43% and alkaline phosphatase activity – by 49 and 17%, respectively. The studied drugs also reduced the development of dysbiosis, formed in the colon of rats under conditions of toxic hepatitis: Quertulin reduced the degree of dysbiosis by 32.2%, and Leсasil by 15.6%.Conclusion: The effectiveness of new domestic drugs in the model of toxic hepatitis in rats is shown. According to the results obtained, the more pronounced hepatoprotective effect is propuced by the dietary supplement of Lecasil, and more significant reduction of the dysbiosis degree in the mucous membrane of the colon of rats with hepatitis – by Quertulin. The application of the studied dietary supplements provides effective hepatoprotective and anti-dysbiosis action in the colon of rats with toxic hepatitis.

2225 Hydrazine Sulfate: A Case Report of Drug-Induced Acute Hepatorenal Toxicity

INTRODUCTION: Hydrazine sulfate (HS) is a synthetically manufactured ammonia derivative marketed in the US as a dietary supplement, though many patients still use it for its previously proposed anticancer properties. HS inhibits phophoenol pyruvate carboxykinase thereby blocking gluconeogenesis. In investigations since the 1980s, it has been proven ineffective with respect to its ability to improve cachexia and limit rate of tumor growth as previously postulated. Also, multiple animal trials have shown an increase in the incidence of new lung, liver, and breast tumors with use of HS. It has been listed by the IARC Working Group as a possible carcinogen to humans. Below we discuss a case of acute hepatic and renal failure from HS use after daily ingestion for 24 days. CASE DESCRIPTION/METHODS: Patient is a 74-year-old-female with history of metastatic large cell neuroendocrine rectal tumor status post chemoradiation and resection of colon with ileostomy placement and vaginectomy in 2013. In February 2019, CT chest imaging showed multiple bilateral pulmonary nodules, the largest measuring 2.3 cm, with extensive lymphadenopathy and bilateral pleural effusions. In April 2019, patient presented to the hospital with acute encephalopathy with associated transaminitis, hyperbilirubinemia, coagulopathy, and acute renal failure. Subsequent testing included negative hemolysis workup, hepatic viral and autoimmune panel, and MRCP abdomen. Patient had not followed up with oncology aboutpulmonary nodules, and instead took HS 60mg TID for 4 weeks prior to presentation. The patient’s encephalopathy improved after several days of supportive care. She was followed in clinic by gastroenterology with eventual resolution of hepatorenal toxicity after multiple weeks with cessation of HS. DISCUSSION: HS has been proven to be ineffective as any form of cancer treatment, though patients continue take it due to false hopes of cure and its ability to induce a state of euphoria with neurotropic effects. Unfortunately, many patients develop fulminant hepatorenal toxicity, severe gastrointestinal hemorrhage, hepatic necrosis, and autolysis of kidneys instead. The diagnosis of HS toxicity is often overlooked, and if diagnosed in a timely manner, extensive and costly workups could be avoided. Cancer patients with poor prognosis or limited chemotherapeutic options remain at risk for falling prey to seemingly benign naturalistic remedies. This population must be better educated on the dangers of hydrazine sulfate.

Preparation of 2,5-diamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives using MgO nanoparticles as heterogeneous basic catalysts

The synthesis of 2,5-diamino-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives was performed via the reaction of dithiocarbamate derivatives and hydrazine sulfate in presence of MgO nanoparticles as heterogeneous catalysts, which were prepared by the sol–gel method. The pure products were produced in a simple and clean method in presence of MgO nanoparticles (5 mg) in the refluxing water (0.5 cm3) around 10 h with good-to-excellent yields (up to 95%). The prepared metal oxide nanoparticles were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

THE INFLUENCE OF ANTIOXIDANT COMPOUNDS ON THE BIOCHEMICAL INDICATORS OF RATSʼ BLOOD SERUM UNDER ACUTE HEPATITIS

Introduction. Hepatitis of various etiologies is a global problem, which is caused by their high socio-economic significance and widespread prevalence among people of working age. One of the actual problems is the search for effective combinations of substances that have antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties. The most common antioxidants used to correct hepatitis include α-lipoic acid, quercetin and vitamins A, E, C. Aim. The aim of the work was to study the effectiveness of using the antioxidant complexes «Triovit» + quercetin and «Triovit» + quercetin + α-lipoic acid under the conditions of acute hepatitis. Methods. Acute hepatitis was caused by single intraperitoneal injection of hydrazine sulfate (100 mg/kg). Antioxidants were injected immediately after the injection of hydrazine sulfate in the following concentrations: "Triovit" - 50 mg / kg; quercetin - 20 mg / kg; α-lipoic acid - 100 mg / kg. The experiment lasted 24 hours. The intensity of free radical processes was determined by the concentration of diene conjugates. The state of hepatocytes was determined by the activity of ALT, AST and bilirubin concentration in serum. Synthetic function of the liver was determined by concentration of cholesterol in serum. Results. The results of the conducted research prove that using the antioxidant complex which contains quercetin and “Triovit” normalizes indexes of free radical processes in liver, promotes recovering aminotransferase and cholesterol indexes, but does not reduce the bilirubin concentration in serum. Using the antioxidant complex which contains “Triovit” + quercetin + α-lipoic acid caused activation of lipid peroxidation processes, decrease in the activity of aminotransferases and cholesterol level. Conclusion. Using the complex of antioxidants "Triovit" + quercetin is more effective in correction of acute hepatitis in comparison with "Triovit" + quercetin + α-lipoic acid.

THE CONDITION OF THE DENTOALVEOLAR SYSTEM OF RATS AT THE BACKGROUND OF HEPATITIS AND DYSBIOSIS MODELLING

Problem: impact of liver malfunction on the condition of hard and soft tissues of the oral cavity.Aim: to study the condition of the dentoalveolar system in rats at the background of experimental dysbiosis and toxic hepatitis.Methods. The research was carried out in 1-month old male rats. Intact animals served as the control group. Hepatitis modelling (group 2) was performed by intra-abdominal introduction of hydrazine sulphate (50 mg/kg twice a week) for 5 weeks, dysbiosis (group 3) was formed by adding lincomycin (70 mg/kg into potable water), rats from group 4 were given lincomycin at the last week of hepatitis formation to model dysbiosis. Estimation of caries process was performed by the method of A. P. Levytskyi, the activity of elastase and acid phosphatase was determined in the tissues of gums, and the activity of alanine aminotransferase, acid phosphatase and amount of cholesterol – in the serum.Main results. Experimental modelling in rats of both hydrazine hepatitis and dysbiosis resulted in the liver malfunction. Simultaneously, pathological changes in the oral cavity, namely increase of caries process intensity and growth of activity of inflammation markers (elastase and acid phosphatase) in the rats’ gums were observed. The most expressed inflammation of gums was observed when the pathologies were combined.Simultaneous modelling of dysbiosis and hepatitis was accompanied by increase in the activity of “liver” markers of inflammation (alanine aminotransferase and acid phosphatase) and increase of the amount of cholesterol in blood.Conclusions: dysbiosis enhances the liver pathology and increases the degree of inflammation in rats’ gums.

A Facile Synthesis of Cu2O and CuO Nanoparticles Via Sonochemical Assisted Method

Background: During past two decades, functional nanomaterials have received great attention for many technological applications such as catalysis, energy, environment, medical and sensor due to their unique properties at nanoscale. However, copper oxide nanoparticles (NPs) such as CuO and Cu2O have most widely investigated for many potential applications due to their wide bandgap, high TC, high optical absorption and non-toxic in nature. The physical and chemical properties of CuO and Cu2O NPs are critically depending on their size, morphology and phase purity. Therefore, lots of efforts have been done to prepare phase CuO and Cu2O NPs with different morphology and size. Method: The synthesis of cupric oxide (CuO) and cuprous oxide (Cu2O) NPs using copper acetate as a precursor by varying the reducing agents such as hydrazine sulphate and hydrazine hydrate via sonochemical method. The phase, morphology and crystalline structure of a prepared CuO and Cu2O NPs were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDS) and UV-Visible Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). Results: The phase of NPs was tuned as a function of reducing agents.XRD patterns confirmed the formation of pure phase crystalline CuO and Cu2O NPs. FTIR peak at 621 cm-1 confirmed Cu(I)-O vibrations, while CuO vibrations confirmed by the presence of two peaks at 536 and 586 cm-1. Further investigation was done by Raman, which clearly indicates the presence of peaks at 290, 336, 302 cm-1 and 173, 241 cm-1 for CuO and Cu2O NPs, respectively. The FESEM images revealed rod-like morphology of the CuO NPs while octahedral like shape for Cu2O NPs. The presence of elemental Cu and O in stoichiometric ratios in EDS spectra confirms the formation of both CuO and Cu2O NPs. Conclusion: In summary, CuO and Cu2O NPs were successfully synthesized by a sonochemical method using copper acetate as a precursor at different reducing agents. The bandgap of CuO and Cu2O NPs was 2.38 and 1.82, respectively. Furthermore, the phase purity critically depends on reducing agents.

Conversion of N-containing compounds of flash steam condensate from carbamide production into hydrazine sulfate

Formation of 1.5 m 3 of wastewater per 1 ton of carbamide in the form of flash steam condensate accompanies carbamide production. It is necessary to purify flash steam condensate from nitrogen compounds by two-stage desorption and hydrolysis. Disposal of residual N-containing compounds occurs at biological wastewater treatment plants under industrial conditions. Such a multistep purifying method leads to reduction of up to 72–77 % of N-containing compounds, but it requires high electrical and thermal energy costs. The method is the most modern and the most promising one, it is implemented at carbamide synthesis plants everywhere. The study proposes a new method for the disposal of N-containing compounds in flash steam condensate produced by carbamide production by processing ammonia, carbamide and biuret to hydrazine sulfate. The study on the synthesis of hydrazine sulfate in wastewater from the production of carbamide defined mechanisms occurring during synthesis of raw hydrazine in an electromagnetic reactor. The study proved that the proposed method of disposal is economically viable, environmentally friendly and energy efficient. It reduces a load on biological wastewater treatment plants, reduces the cost of electrical and thermal energy. The method gives a possibility to process N-containing compounds of flash steam condensate into an expensive product ‒ hydrazine sulfate. Experimental studies confirmed that electromagnetic radiation has a positive effect on the synthesis of raw hydrazine. This leads to an increase in efficiency of the hydrazine synthesis reactor by 88 %. We analyzed three of the most probable chemistries of the process of raw hydrazine synthesis reactions using the non-imperial method of quantum chemistry. The study showed that the initial yield of the finished product is 5.3 kg per 1 m 3 of nitrogen-containing raw materials during disposal of flash steam condensate at a model plant by processing into hydrazine sulfate taking into account an optimization parameter. There is an increase in the yield of the final product to 6 kg per 1 m 3 at repeated multiple use of the filtrate as a source of sulfuric acid. We performed a projection of the results of the model installation at industrial scale taking into account an operation of the carbamide synthesis device, with a capacity of 330,000 tons/year. Thus, we identified that the maximum estimated production capacity of the hydrazine sulfate synthesis unit is 132–150 kg/day. We calculated the profitability of the device for the synthesis of hydrazine sulfate considering the obtained data on the estimated capacity of the device. We established that the net profit is at least 12 % according to the proposed scheme in the production of hydrazine sulfate

Removal of Hazardous Indigo Carmine Dye from Waste Water Using Treated Red Mud

Abstract The present work aims at developing an effective technologies in treating such effluents from Indigo Carmine (IC) dye industry through the use of the industrial wastes such as red mud. Red mud, hazardous aluminium industry waste in its activated form using hydrazine sulphate is employed in the removal of the IC dye by batch adsorption operation. The adsorbent is characterized by FESEM, EDX and FTIR methods and found to be potent enough in up-taking the IC dye. However, sensitivity analysis is carried out in identifying the optimum operating conditions at which the ultimate the adsorption capacity of the red mud is found to be 62.6 mg/g with 94.0% overall removal of the IC dye. The adsorption mechanism is analysed by various adsorption isotherm models and the kinetics of the adsorption process is examined. Further, the thermodynamic investigation projected the operation to be spontaneous and endothermic. Regeneration studies indicated the recyclability of the developed adsorbent with % removals not falling below 85.0% even after five regenerations cycles. However, the adsorbent is tested for its reliability by applying it to the water effluents gathered from commercial IC dye polluting industry and found effective enough in its use as a potential adsorbent in water treatment operations.