Production Of Hybrids Research Articles

An Evolutionary Learning Whale Optimization Algorithm for Disassembly and Assembly Hybrid Line Balancing Problems

In order to protect the environment, an increasing number of people are paying attention to the recycling and remanufacturing of EOL (End-of-Life) products. Furthermore, many companies aim to establish their own closed-loop supply chains, encouraging the integration of disassembly and assembly lines into a unified closed-loop production system. In this work, a hybrid production line that combines disassembly and assembly processes, incorporating human–machine collaboration, is designed based on the traditional disassembly line. A mathematical model is proposed to address the human–machine collaboration disassembly and assembly hybrid line balancing problem in this layout. To solve the model, an evolutionary learning-based whale optimization algorithm is developed. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is significantly faster than CPLEX, particularly for large-scale disassembly instances. Moreover, it outperforms CPLEX and other swarm intelligence algorithms in solving large-scale optimization problems while maintaining high solution quality.

Correlation between interlaminar shear strength of CFRP and joint strength of aluminium-CFRP hybrid joints

ABSTRACT Fibre-reinforced polymers are increasingly used due to their high specific strength, making them suitable for local sheet metal reinforcement. This allows improved overall mechanical properties with reduced wall thickness of the sheet metal part and, thus, lower weight of the components. One of the main focuses of research into such hybrid structures is on the adhesive properties and the respective failure behaviour of the interfaces. Generally, the failure behaviour under the influence of mechanical loads can be divided into adhesive, cohesive and mixed-mode failure. The correlation between observed failure behaviour and adhesion properties of the hybrid composite materials is analysed in detail in this work. The hybrid composite consists of an aluminium sheet of the alloy EN AW‑6082 T6 and thermoset carbon fibre-reinforced plastic (CFRP) prepreg. The aluminium sheet was laser pretreated before hybrid production to improve the adhesion properties. The specimens studied were produced by the prepreg pressing process, in which the components are cured and joined simultaneously. The influences of the thickness of the CFRP part, the layup, the fibre orientation at the boundary layer, and the laser pretreatment parameters on the properties of the hybrid joints were investigated.

Comprehensive sustainability assessment of hybrid production processes by the application of ultrasonic vibrations and plasma heat source

Comprehensive sustainability assessment of hybrid production processes by the application of ultrasonic vibrations and plasma heat source

Artificial Induction of Polyploidy in Blueberry Breeding: A Review

Blueberry planted acreage has increased rapidly during the past four decades, and blueberry consumption has kept pace. The environments across blueberry growing regions are highly heterogeneous. Variable factors include weather, soils, cultivation practices, biotic stress, and abiotic stress. Broadening the genetic diversity of the blueberry breeding gene pool will enable the development of blueberry cultivars adapted to specific growing regions. The primary gene pool for blueberry breeders includes cultivated tetraploids and hexaploids. The tetraploids include cultivars and advanced selections of northern highbush, southern highbush, lowbush, and half highbush; the hexaploids are the rabbiteye cultivars. The secondary gene pool encompasses diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid wild blueberries in Vaccinium section Cyanococcus. The tertiary gene pool consists of 300 to 400 Vaccinium species in sections other than Cyanococcus. These are native to many parts of the world. Blueberry breeding began with interspecific hybrids in section Cyanococcus. Subsequent breeding has used diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid Cyanococcus species with limited use of species from other Vaccinium sections. A strong triploid block and partial to total sterility in progeny from heteroploid crosses have limited the use of some species in breeding. Unreduced gametes allow the production of tetraploid hybrids from diploid × tetraploid crosses and hexaploid hybrids from triploid × hexaploid and triploid × triploid crosses. Production of polyploids by in vitro and in vivo treatments with antimitotic agents can expedite interspecific and intersectional hybridization. This review addresses the contribution of artificial induction of polyploidy to blueberry genetic improvement and discusses additional possible applications of artificial induction of polyploidy for blueberry breeding.

Production of Honeycomb-Patterned Hybrid Ti2AlN/TiNi Films and Examination of Mechanical, Tribological, Adhesion and Fatigue Properties

Honeycomb-patterned hybrid Ti2AlN/TiNi films were produced on M2 and Inconel 718 substrates using a magnetron sputtering system. These films were subjected to heat treatment at 750°C. In the XRD patterns of annealed films, crystalline formations corresponding to the Ti2AlN MAX phase (honeycomb edge) and super elastic TiNi (honeycomb inner) films were achieved. Mechanical properties were separately determined for each film area due to the honeycomb-patterned hybrid Ti2AlN/TiNi films having two different film areas. The film deposited on Inconel 718 exhibited the highest hardness values, with 10.2 GPa for the TiNi film and 25.4 GPa for the Ti2AlN film. Considering the results of wear tests performed both at room temperature and at high temperature, it was detected that the friction coefficients and wear rates of the films decreased by at least 50% at high temperatures. Upon examining the adhesion performance of the films, the critical load values for the films deposited on M2 and Inconel 718 were 21 N and 26 N, respectively. According to the multi-pass scratch test results, it was observed that the film deposited on M2 maintained its structural integrity under a load of 7N and exhibited better fatigue performance. This study proved that multi-coating components with different geometric architectures can be produced in a single layer. It also showed that such hybrid coatings exhibit good performance in machine components operating under various service conditions.

Biosynthesis of a bacterial meroterpenoid reveals a non-canonical class II meroterpenoid cyclase.

Meroterpenoids are hybrid natural products that arise from the integration of terpenoid and non-terpenoid biosynthetic pathways. While the biosynthesis of fungal meroterpenoids typically follows a well-established sequence of prenylation, epoxidation, and cyclization, the pathways for bacterial perhydrophenanthrene meroterpenoids remain poorly understood. In this study, we report the construction of an engineered metabolic pathway in Streptomyces for the production of the bacterial meroterpenoid, atolypene A (1). Our research reveals a novel biosynthetic pathway wherein the structure of 1 is assembled through a distinct sequence of epoxidation, prenylation, and cyclization, divergent from its fungal counterparts. We demonstrate that the noncanonical class II meroterpenoid cyclase (MTC) AtoE initiates cyclization by protonating the epoxide via the E314 residue, which acts as a Brønsted acid within the characteristic xxxE314TAE motif. Additionally, bioinformatic analysis of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) that contain AtoE-like MTCs supports that bacteria have the potential to produce a wide array of meroterpenoids.

Accelerating tensor multiplication by exploring hybrid product with hardware and software co-design

Accelerating tensor multiplication by exploring hybrid product with hardware and software co-design

Ms44-SPT: unique genetic technology simplifies and improves hybrid maize seed production in sub-Saharan Africa

Hybrid maize seed production in Africa is dependent upon manual detasseling of the female parental lines, often resulting in plant damage that can lead to reduced seed yields on those detasseled lines. Additionally, incomplete detasseling can result in hybrid purity issues that can lead to production fields being rejected. A unique nuclear genetic male sterility seed production technology, referred to as Ms44-SPT, was developed to avoid hybrid seed loss and to improve the purity and quality of hybrid maize production. Hybrid seed yield reduction following detasseling can be attributed to leaf loss. Our analyses showed an average 2.9 leaves are lost during the detasseling process, resulting in a seed yield reduction of 14.0%. These findings suggest that deploying the Ms44-SPT technology would avoid this seed yield loss. By simplifying hybrid production and increasing seed yields, Ms44-SPT could help drive hybrid replacement, providing smallholder farmers with better access to improved hybrids.

The influence of agrotechnology elements on the productivity of sunflower hybrids

The influence of agrotechnology elements on the productivity of sunflower hybrids

Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Gene Expression Between Female and Monoecious Spinacia oleracea L.

Background: Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is an important leafy vegetable with dioecious and occasional monoecious plants. Monoecious lines are more suitable for hybrid production than dioecious lines due to their extended flowering period. However, genetic research on the sex determination of monoecism remains limited. Methods: In this study, RNA-seq analysis of monoecious and female spinach plants was performed at two distinct flowering stages. In total, we identified 4586 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were primarily involved in biological processes such as hormone signaling, cell wall biosynthesis, photosynthesis, and flower development, based on Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. Results: Among these DEGs, 354 transcription factors, including 27 genes associated with the ABCDE gene, were discovered. Furthermore, a co-expression gene regulatory network was built, identifying nine key genes that play important roles in regulating sex differentiation between female and monoecious plants. Conclusions: Our findings provide crucial molecular insights into the mechanisms of monoecism in spinach and offer a scientific basis for future spinach breeding.

Formation and Characterization of Mycelium-Potato Protein Hybrid Materials for Application in Meat Analogs or Substitutes.

There is increasing interest in the development of meat analogs due to growing concerns about the environmental, ethical, and health impacts of livestock production and consumption. Among non-meat protein sources, mycoproteins derived from fungal fermentation are emerging as promising meat alternatives because of their natural fibrous structure, high nutritional content, and low environmental impact. However, their poor gelling properties limit their application in creating meat analogs. This study investigated the potential of creating meat analogs by combining mycoprotein (MCP), a mycelium-based protein, with potato protein (PP), a plant-based protein, to create hybrid products with meat-like structures and textures. The PP-MCP composites were evaluated for their physicochemical, rheological, textural, and microstructural properties using electrophoresis, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic shear rheology, texture profile analysis, confocal fluorescence microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy analyses. The PP-MCP hybrid gels were stronger and had more fibrous structures than simple PP gels, which was mainly attributed to the presence of hyphae fibers in mycelia. Dynamic shear rheology showed that the PP-MCP hybrids formed irreversible heat-set gels with a setting temperature of around 70 °C during heating, which was attributed to the unfolding and aggregation of the potato proteins. Confocal and electron microscopy analyses showed that the hybrid gels contained a network of mycelia fibers embedded within a potato protein matrix. The hardness of the PP-MCP composites could be increased by raising the potato protein content. These findings suggest that PP-MCP composites may be useful for the development of meat analogs with more meat-like structures and textures.

Сравнительная оценка кроссов карпа по биохимическим показателям

The main goal of hybridization in the field of aquaculture is to improve the commercial qualities and increase the productivity of hybrids in comparison with the parent forms. This improvement in performance occurs due to the achieved effect of heterosis, that is, due to the inheritance of a certain set of alleles of various genes from their dissimilar parents. Heterosis is achieved by selecting males and females of different origins, thus avoiding the negative impact of the opposite effect – inbreeding depression. The results of a comparative assessment of a new three-breed carp cross with other crosses are presented, including production indicators – indices that allow one to judge the linear changes in fish during its development. It has been shown that the runnability index of the new three-breed cross is significantly lower than that of the “Sursky Malokostny” and “Petrovsky” crosses, which allows us to conclude that it has high commercial qualities. The results of the commercial assessment of fish are presented and conclusions are drawn about the value of its nutritional qualities are described. In terms of size and weight indicators, two-year-olds of the new three-breed cross are superior to other crosses, which indicates significant production potential. All recorded blood parameters of the studied fish were within physiological norms. The increased vitality indicates good resistance of the new three-breed cross-hybrid. The analysis of biochemical blood parameters allows us to draw conclusions about the high intensity of protein metabolism of the “Sursky malokostny” and the new three-breed crosses, judging by the activity of ALT and the content of total protein.

A pH-Dependent Phase Separation Drives Polyamine-Mediated Silicification from Undersaturated Solutions.

Silica polymerization from its soluble monomers is fundamental to many chemical processes. Although industrial methods require harsh conditions and concentrated precursors, biological silica precipitation occurs under ambient conditions from dilute solutions. The hallmark of biosilica is the presence of amine-rich organic macromolecules, but their functional role remains elusive. Here, we show a pH-dependent stimulatory effect of such polyamines on silica polymerization. Notably, this process is decoupled from the saturation degree, allowing the synthesis of polymer-silica hybrid products with controlled network morphologies from undersaturated solutions. The data suggest a two-step phase separation process. First, an associative liquid-liquid phase separation forms a micrometer-size dense phase. Second, silica undergoes a liquid-to-solid transition in the supersaturated condensates to form a bicontinuous silica structure. This study can inspire "soft chemistry" routes to design organic-inorganic nanomaterials with regulatory principles optimized by evolution.

The Problem of Artistry in Scientific Cinema of the 1930s (based on the Film “Physiology and Pathology of Higher Nervous Activity”)

The article examines the scientific film “Physiology and Pathology of Higher Nervous Activity” about the theory of Academician I. P. Pavlov. Based on archival documents first introduced into scientific discourse, the process of the film's creation is reconstructed, revealing fundamental contradictions in the attitudes of its participants. In the 1930s, which was a transitional period for Soviet scientific cinema, what both the Committee for Cinematography and the scientific advisers expected from a scientific film was, first and foremost, a stark presentation of documentary material addressing a narrow professional audience. The filmmakers, on the other hand, drawing on their experience in feature films, sought to influence the viewer through artistic means, and appealed to the widest possible audience. The article demonstrates that this clashing of values led to the creation of a hybrid product typical for the scientific cinema of the 1930s.

Who decides whether two lacewing populations (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae) are two different species, them or us?

Most insects were dead when they were named by taxonomists, and predominantly morphological criteria have been used for more than two centuries. But in nature there are populations with individuals looking identical, that turn out to represent two or more different species, and others that look different but are single biological species. Coastal and several continental populations of the green lacewing Chrysoperla mediterranea (Hölzel 1972) had been considered to be one species, based on identical precopulatory "song patterns" (Henry et al. 1999) and viable hybrid production. More than 20 years later, Canard & Thierry (2020) described Chrysoperla europaea Canard and Thierry, 2020 as a new species, based on continental specimens, which they decided were morphologically different enough from the coastal morph of C. mediterranea. Here, we test in free choice experiments whether virgin males and females of coastal and continental populations can detect a difference between sexual partners of their own population versus members of the other morph. No reproductive separation between three populations were found, although they show significant morphological differences in claw shape and size. We conclude that all three tested populations from Southern France, Southern Switzerland, and Central Switzerland are the same biological species, and that C. europaea is therefore a junior synonym of C. mediterranea. We suggest the future use of behavioral tests in closely related allopatric species to see whether they are in fact the same species.

Combining ability studies in desi cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.) genotypes

BackgroundStudies on genetic variation and combining ability are essential tools to employ the suitable breeding programme, particularly for hybrid production, to exploit the heterosis in cross-pollinated crops like cotton. Thus, combining ability studies in desi cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.) was carried out using 13 diverse parents through diallel mating design, evaluating 78 F1 hybrids along with their parents, without reciprocals using Griffing’s and Hayman’s approaches.ResultsGenotypes H 509, AC 3265, AKH 496, and PBN 565 exhibited superior per se performance, indicating their potential use as parents in future breeding programs to develop superior hybrids. The general combining ability (GCA) effect of the genotypes revealed that AC 3097 and AKA 13-SP1 were good general combiners for most traits in this study. Genotypes PBS 1127-SP1, AKH 496, H 509, N11-54–31-32, and AKA 13-SP1 exhibited strong combining ability, contributing to a significant specific combining ability (SCA) effect in seven selected crosses (AC 3265 × PBS 1127-SP1, AKH 496 × H 509, AKH 496 × AC 3097, PBS 1127-SP1 × N11-54–31-32, AC 3216 × AKA 13-SP1, H 503 × N11-54–31-32, and H 509 × AKA 13-SP1) for yield improvement. These crosses showed positive heterosis in a positive direction.ConclusionFrom the present study, five genotypes (AC 3097, AKA 13-SP1, N11-54–31-32, AC 3265, and H 509) were identified as good general combiners for producing hybrids, and seven combinations showed a promising hybrid for future breeding programs.

Effect of plant density and nitrogen fertilization on the productivity of some yellow maize hybrids

Effect of plant density and nitrogen fertilization on the productivity of some yellow maize hybrids

Cucumber productivity depending on the use of microbiological preparations

Relevance. In the modern production of greenhouse products, with hydroponic cultivation of crops, one of the safe ways to increase the quantity, quality of cucumber products and plant protection is the use of microbiological preparations.Methodology. The purpose of our work was to assess the effect of a complex of microbiological preparations on the productivity of cucumber hybrids in winter and spring turnover. The study was conducted in industrial greenhouses during 2021-2022. Long-fruited (Lohengrin F1) medium-fruited (Mewa F1 and Svyatogor F1) and short-fruited (Valigora F1) parthenocarpic cucumber hybrids were selected as research objects. The preparations were applied five times, at 30-day intervals throughout the entire growing period, the first application when planting plants in the production department. Measurements of economically valuable and chemical indicators were carried out weekly. Descriptive statistics and ANOVA methods were used for statistical data analysis.Results. As a result of the research, a positive stimulating effect of a complex of microbiological preparations on the accumulation of raw and dry biomass, an increase in yield and its quality in the studied cucumber hybrids was revealed. The final yield when applying microbiological preparations increased on average from 4.1 to 5.5 kg/m2 in all cucumber hybrids over the two years of study, while the yield of standard products in the total crop structure increased by 2.7% - 6.4%.

Hybrid and Plant-Based Burgers: Trends, Challenges, and Physicochemical and Sensory Qualities.

Burgers have become a staple of global cuisine and can have several different versions and combinations. For example, hybrid burgers have a percentage of animal protein in their formulation, while plant-based burgers contain 100% plant-based proteins. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the emerging trends and challenges in the formulation of hybrid and plant-based burgers, with an emphasis on new ingredients and the evaluation of their physical, chemical, and sensory properties. An integrative literature review on alternative burgers to meat ones was carried out, focusing on hybrid products (meat + plant-based) and fully plant-based burgers. The studies analyzed show that plant-based and hybrid burgers can be developed with different protein sources, such as soybeans, white beans, textured peas, pseudocereals, and cashew nuts, with good nutritional and sensory characteristics. While hybrid burgers combine meat and plant-based proteins to reduce saturated fats, plant-based burgers show equal promise, with a high protein and fiber content, a lower fat content, and good sensory acceptance. However, despite the market potential of these products, there are challenges to be overcome, among which are their texture and flavor, which are essential characteristics of animal-meat burgers. Another point to take into account is the diversity of preferences among consumers with different beliefs or eating styles: vegans, for example, do not prefer a product that is very similar to meat, unlike flexitarians, who seek products which are similar to animal meat in all attributes.

Spatial assessment of the reproducibility of Indian summer monsoon rainfall regimes in multiple gridded rainfall products

The Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is a complex and multiscale interacting climate system, which is responsible for major contribution in India’s annual rainfall. Understanding the spatial and temporal variability of ISM rainfall is critical for managing water resources, which directly impact and regulate the functioning of India’s socio-economic conditions and subsequently, sustenance of over a billion people. This study evaluates the suitability of various gridded precipitation data products with different spatiotemporal resolutions, essential requirement for hydrologic modeling, disaster mitigation, irrigation allocation and agricultural application. Hence, we evaluate the performance of seven gridded datasets in generating time-matched characteristic event occurrences and their respective magnitudes using gauge-based Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) gridded data as reference. We observe that reanalysis datasets underperform compared to satellite and hybrid products in identifying both normal and extreme precipitation events. We develop a performance measure, called ‘rank score’ that considers deviations from IMD data in magnitude, statistical moments, and rain event detectability for a robust assessment and identifying best-suited dataset. Results indicate that APHRODITE, MSWEP, and CHIRPS (in descending order) are the most suitable data products across India. Additionally, region-specific evaluations provide valuable insights into the applicability of these datasets in different climatic and homogeneous rainfall zones.